The document summarizes key information about anthrax including its history, use as a biological weapon, routes of infection, pathogenesis, and recent advances in vaccine development. It describes how anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria and can infect humans through the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Recent research developed a nasal vaccine using recombinant protective antigen and oil-water nanoemulsions that effectively protected animals against anthrax infection and could provide a safer alternative to existing vaccines.

1. Anthrax MIlad khoury Spring 2011

2. ARTICLE “New medical weapons to protect against Anthrax attacks”

3. Bouzianas et al. Current and Future Medical Approaches To Combat the Anthrax Threat. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2010; 53 (11): 4305 DOI: 10.1021/jm901024b

4. Outline I Introduction II History of the disease III Its use as a biological weapons IV Bacillus anthracis V the 3 routs of inection VI Pathogenesis VII The fight against anthrax VIII Conclusion

5. Anthrax: basics From the Greek word anthracis for coal.

6. caused by the bacteria B.anthracis

7. Zoonotic disease in herbivores (e.g., sheep, goats, cattle)

8. Human infection typically acquired through contact with anthrax-infected animals or animal products .

9. Three forms -Cutaneous -Inhalational -Gastrointestinal

10. history 1500 B.C

11. Moses threatened the Egyptian pharaoh that the hand of the lord will fall on the livestock ,horses and birds and kill everything.

12. 5 th century B.C

13. the Greek Doctor Hippocrates named the disease that caused black skin lesions as anthracis.

14. history Early 1800s - The first human cases of cutaneous anthrax in the US and UK were reported in men who contracted the disease after having been in contact with infected livestock.

15. The disease was also called Wool Sorter’s disease and Rag Picker’s disease .

16. 1876 - German bacteriologist Robert Koch confirmed bacterial origin of anthrax.

17. 1881: Louis Pasteur developed the first vaccine

18. Anthrax a biological weapon 1915 - German agents injected horses, mules, and cattle with anthrax during WWI. This was the first recorded use of anthrax as a biological weapon .

19. 1979 - In Soviet Union , aerosolized anthrax spores were released accidentally at a military facility, affecting 94 and killing 64 people.

20. 1995 - Iraq produced 8,500 liters of concentrated anthrax as part of the biological weapon program under Saddam Hussein’s administration.

21. Anthrax cases 2001 22 cases

22. -11 cutaneous

23. -11 inhalational

24. 5 deaths ( all inhalational )

25. -case in Florida

26. -2 postal workers in Maryland

27. -hospital worker in NY city

28. Farm woman in Connecticut

29. Bacillus anthracis Gram positive rod

30. has a diameter of 1-1.5 µm and a length of 3-10 µm.

31. Facilitative anaerobe

32. Belogns to the B.cereus family

33. - Nonmotile

34. -glutamyl-polypeptide capsule