A complete power point presentation to know how Public Switching Telephone Network works. Useful for those in the working field or for the ones who want to know more or submitting any project report..
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
What is SS7? An Introduction to Signaling System 7Alan Percy
SS7 or Signaling System 7 is the dominant protocol used to control the public telephone network. Call routing, number portability, caller-ID, mobile SMS and more are handled using SS7 in the public network. SS7 (along with SIGTRAN for transport), allow application to access public network resources for call control and authentication. During this session, we share some background on SS7, show how it is used in everyday communications, and provide some use cases in popular applications.
Field of telecommunications has evolved from crudest form of communications to electrical, radio and electro-optical communications. From manual exchange like local battery, central battery exchange, to crossbar switching, director system and to common control systems, telephone communications had started evolving to cater to better and better specifications and needs. Touch tone dial telephone opened a new horizon in the field of end to end signalling. Then came computerised stored program control systems, various multiplexing techniques. With increase in traffic there was a need to study traffic and blocking capabilities....
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
What is SS7? An Introduction to Signaling System 7Alan Percy
SS7 or Signaling System 7 is the dominant protocol used to control the public telephone network. Call routing, number portability, caller-ID, mobile SMS and more are handled using SS7 in the public network. SS7 (along with SIGTRAN for transport), allow application to access public network resources for call control and authentication. During this session, we share some background on SS7, show how it is used in everyday communications, and provide some use cases in popular applications.
Field of telecommunications has evolved from crudest form of communications to electrical, radio and electro-optical communications. From manual exchange like local battery, central battery exchange, to crossbar switching, director system and to common control systems, telephone communications had started evolving to cater to better and better specifications and needs. Touch tone dial telephone opened a new horizon in the field of end to end signalling. Then came computerised stored program control systems, various multiplexing techniques. With increase in traffic there was a need to study traffic and blocking capabilities....
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
PSTN is the global collection of interconnects originally designed to support circuit switched voice communication.
The PSTN provides traditional Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), also known as “landline phone” service , to residences & many other establishments.
Parts of the PSTN are also utilized for DSL, voIP & other Internet based network technologies.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
PSTN is the global collection of interconnects originally designed to support circuit switched voice communication.
The PSTN provides traditional Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), also known as “landline phone” service , to residences & many other establishments.
Parts of the PSTN are also utilized for DSL, voIP & other Internet based network technologies.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
chapter four circuit switching communicationGeletaAman
chapter four circuit switching network End-to-end dedicated circuits between clients
Client can be a person or equipment (router or switch)
Circuit can take different forms
Dedicated path for the transfer of electrical current
Dedicated time slots for transfer of voice samples
Dedicated frames for transfer of Nx51.84 Mbps signals
Dedicated wavelengths for transfer of optical signals
Circuit switching networks require:
Multiplexing & switching of circuits
Signaling & control for establishing circuits
These are the subjects covered in this chapter
Optical fiber link carries several wavelengths
From few (4-8) to many (64-160) wavelengths per fiber
Imagine prism combining different colors into single beam
Each wavelength carries a high-speed stream
Each wavelength can carry different format signal
e.g., 1 Gbps, 2.5 Gbps, or 10 Gbps
Synchronous Optical NETwork
North American TDM physical layer standard for optical fiber communications
8000 frames/sec. (Tframe = 125 sec)
compatible with North American digital hierarchy
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) elsewhere
Needs to carry E1 and E3 signals
Compatible with SONET at higher speeds
Greatly simplifies multiplexing in network backbone
OA&M support to facilitate network management
Protection & restoration
Defines electrical & optical signal interfaces
Electrical
Multiplexing, Regeneration performed in electrical domain
STS – Synchronous Transport Signals defined
Very short range (e.g., within a switch)
Optical
Transmission carried out in optical domain
Optical transmitter & receiver
OC – Optical Carrier
chapter four circuit switching network End-to-end dedicated circuits between clients
Client can be a person or equipment (router or switch)
Circuit can take different forms
Dedicated path for the transfer of electrical current
Dedicated time slots for transfer of voice samples
Dedicated frames for transfer of Nx51.84 Mbps signals
Dedicated wavelengths for transfer of optical signals
Circuit switching networks require:
Multiplexing & switching of circuits
Signaling & control for establishing circuits
These are the subjects covered in this chapter
Optical fiber link carries several wavelengths
From few (4-8) to many (64-160) wavelengths per fiber
Imagine prism combining different colors into single beam
Each wavelength carries a high-speed stream
Each wavelength can carry different format signal
e.g., 1 Gbps, 2.5 Gbps, or 10 Gbps
Synchronous Optical NETwork
North American TDM physical layer standard for optical fiber communications
8000 frames/sec. (Tframe = 125 sec)
compatible with North American digital hierarchy
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) elsewhere
Needs to carry E1 and E3 signals
Compatible with SONET at higher speeds
Greatly simplifies multiplexing in network backbone
OA&M support to facilitate network management
Protection & restoration
Defines electrical & optical signal interfaces
Electrical
Multiplexing, Regeneration performed in electrical domain
STS – Synchronous Transport Sign
The history of synchronisation in digital cellular networks3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect within BT Architecture and Strategy team in the CW (Cambridge Wireless) Heritage SIG (#CWHeritage) event 'Time for Telecoms' on 16 March 2018 at the Science Museum, London.
*** Shared with Permission ***
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
How PSTN phone works?
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5. Switching in public networks CSPDN: Circuit switched public data net* PSPDN: Packet switched public data net** DQDB: Distributed queue dual bus * Used by European Telecom’s that use X.21 in circuit switched nets **Used by British Telecom’s Packet-switched Service (PSS), Data Pac (Canada) ... Cell switching - resembles packet switching - difference: cells (packets) have a fixed size : offers bounded delay guarantees (QoS compatible, long packets won’t stuck cells)
6. Circuit switching Time switch - Makes switching between time slots - In the figure incoming slot 3 is moved to outgoing slot 3 for one voice direction - Each coming timeslot stored in Speech Store (SS) - Control store (CS) determines the order the slot are read from SS - The info in CS is determined during setup phase of the call Space switch - makes switching between PCM lines - works with electronic gates controlled by CS Cross-point controlled by CS Circuit switching - dedicated path - constant delay/bandwidth - voice/data - paid by time - examples: PSTN, VPN TDMA
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8. Packet switching Node structure Packet structure Seq: sequence number Op code: message/control identifier CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Code Note: - source address required for retransmission in ARQ - byte count could be also an end flag
9. Connection-oriented and connectionless switching Connection oriented - Applies same route - QoS well defined - Phases - Connection setup - Data transmission - Release - Packets received in same order - Example: ATM, frame relay, PCM Connectionless - Use of different routes for each packet possible - Each packet have address fields - QoS not guaranteed - Packets may come in different order - Example: IP (Internet Protocol), TCP takes care of cleaning the mess
10. Transfer modes & connections summarized Circuit switching Packet switching Connection oriented Connectionless - hand-shaking - strict error requirements - for fast data transfer - broadcasting - modest error rates often accepted - fast data in good channels Transfer modes Connection types - developed for data - nowadays also for voice - Statistical multiplexing - variable delays - developed for voice - nowadays also for data - well-specified delays - echo problems PSTN ISDN PCM IP, Frame-relay ATM X.25 ATM Frame-relay IP, UDP* *User Datagram Protocol
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13. Integrated Services Digital Network( ISDN ) Telephone network Digital data network Facsimile network Telex network Services and network integrations ISDN Digital technologies Computer control technologies
14. ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) B B D 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 16 kbit/s Basic rate interface (2B+D) 144 kbit/s B ch for information transfer D ch for signaling transfer 2B+D
15. Primary Rate Interface (PRI) D B B B 30B+D 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s Primary Rate Interface (2.048 Mbit/s) 30 B channels
17. To be integrated by B-ISDN ATM and Optical Fiber Network Broadband ISDN (continued)
18. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Information (48 Bytes) Header (5Bytes) ATM Cell Structure Incoming data is chopped every 48 bytes, added a header then an ATM cell is formed. Transmission and switching are conducted by cell basis.
20. Example of cell switching: Distributed queue dual buss (DQDB) Function - transport units constant length - access units access info in the ring: - know subscribers in access unit’s subnets and route packets for them - access protocol applies token ring Properties - distributed switching (Compare to FDDI*) - ATM compatible - rates: 64 kb/s ... 45 Mb/s - geographical limit up to 200 km *FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface see: http://www.iol.unh.edu/training/fddi/htmls/ Transport Unit (same as in ATM)
21. Connecting into PSTN exchange: Equipment in the access network ISDN connection example: 30B+D (2.048 Mb/s) Twisted pair - connection Private Branch Exchange Multiplexer On-line subscriber with several telephones Business subscriber Wireless access (or radio access point) Distribution point Cross connection point ISDN 2B+D 144 kb/s Q.512 specifies exchange interfaces
22. Local exchange Switch ETC: Exchange terminal circuit IN: Intelligent network conference calls, call waiting, broadcasting ... Signaling (SS7) with users and other exchanges Traffic concentration - Operation & maintenance support (Q.513) - Charging - Supplementary (IN) services - Subscriber data, switch control Control
23. Subscriber stage To ETC ETC: Exchange terminal circuit Speech store: shift registers storing bits for time switching Control store: gates guiding speech store switches Connects to: digit receivers, info tones, test equipment Control System: subscriber authentication, routing, billing, O & M, ... Concentrator internet access (DSLAM) centrex service MUX
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29. PSTN ISDN exchange interfaces Q.512 ) NT:Network T. (in ISDN) T:Terminal V4 Peek to Q-recommendations
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33. Connecting the local loop: Line interface circuit (LIC) Used for signaling in certain coin-operated pay-phones and PBX
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36. The hybrid-circuit If the impedance Z b equals the line impedance no incoming voice (down right) leaks to outgoing voice (up right) but the signal goes via the two wire connection on the left To exchange From exchange Local loop