Rustam's lecture outline covered various types of learning. It defined learning as a relative change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. The lecture discussed classical conditioning, where a biologically strong stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus. It also covered operant conditioning, where behaviors are linked to consequences through rewards and punishments. Observational learning was explained as learning by watching others' behaviors. The lecture outlined how both classical and operant conditioning lead to learning through different pairings and explained the processes of observational learning involve imitation.

1. Learning presented by Rustam

2. Lecture Outline
• What is Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Observational Learning
• Changes By Learning

3. What is Learning
• Learning is relative change in behavior or
knowledge that is due to experience.
Behaviourism
• Learning is the process of acquiring new
understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills,
values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to
learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some
machines; there is also evidence for some kind of
learning in certain plants

4. Types of Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Observational
Learning

5. Classical Conditioning
• Discovered by Pavlov Russian Psychologist
• Two stimulus Linked together to produce a
new learned response in a person or animal
• A biologically strong stimulus is paired with a
previously neutral stimulus

7. Operant Conditioning
• Discovered by B.F Skinner
• Operant conditioning, or instrumental
conditioning, is a method of learning that
focuses on rewards and punishments for
behavior.
• Through operant conditioning, an association
is made between a behavior and a
consequence (whether negative or positive)
for that behavior.

9. Reinforcement
• Any event that strengthen
or increases the behavior
Punishment
• It is designed to weaken or
eliminate a response rather
than increase it.
• It is an aversive event that
decreases the behavior that
is follows.

10. Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
• Student get good position
you gift him a bike but he
didn’t maintain his position
finally you did Snatch his
bike temporarily.
Negative Reinforcement
• When student came back to
his good grading position
you did Return his bike
happily.

11. Punishment
Positive Punishment
• Give child some extra home
work which he didn’t want
to gain
Negative Punishment
• Snatching his mobile phone
permanently which he
didn’t want to give

12. Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Both classical conditioning and operant
conditioning are processes that lead to
learning.
• Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli,
while operant conditioning pairs behavior and
response.
• Classical conditioning always works with
involuntary responses, while operant
conditioning works with voluntary behaviors.

13. Classical and Operant Conditioning

14. Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura-Social Learning Theory
• Observational learning is the process of
learning by watching the behaviors of others.
• The targeted behavior is watched, memorized,
and then mimicked.
• Also known as shaping and modeling,
observational learning is most common in
children as they imitate behaviors of adults.

15. Process of observational learning
(Solomon et al, 1999)

16. Children learn from the authority figures
and peers in their lives

17. Changes By Learning
Physical Changes
Neural Changes
Mental Changes
Psychological Changes

18. Thanks