Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior acquired through experience. There are three main theories of learning: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism posits that learning is based on conditioning responses to stimuli through reinforcement or punishment. Cognitivism views learning as knowledge construction and information processing. Constructivism is based on the idea that people actively construct new knowledge based on interactions and experiences.
Mezirow's Perspective Transformation and its relevance to group dynamics in a competitve work environment. Wilfred Bion's work is examined as a complement to Mezirow's thoughts.
An overview on commonly used reflective models for education (or practice based areas). This includes the strengths & weaknesses of each to enable practitioners to select a framework that meets their needs.
Mezirow's Perspective Transformation and its relevance to group dynamics in a competitve work environment. Wilfred Bion's work is examined as a complement to Mezirow's thoughts.
An overview on commonly used reflective models for education (or practice based areas). This includes the strengths & weaknesses of each to enable practitioners to select a framework that meets their needs.
It covers a lot of aspects of psychology like what is learning, definition of learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning, Ivon Pavlov experiment on dogs and a lot of other aspects.
This PPT contains topic Learning from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.SC.Nursing.
Learning, as a cognitive process, involves acquiring knowledge, skills, understanding, and behaviors through experience, study, practice, or teaching. It's a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling individuals to adapt, solve problems, make decisions, and improve their performance in various domains of life. Cognitive processes play a critical role in how we perceive, encode, store, and retrieve information during the learning process.
In this content consists of 'Learning Theories', presented by Dr. S.S. Srinithi as an Invited Resource Person in the webinar hosted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.Any kyc Account
Learn how to use Binance Savings to expand your bitcoin holdings. Discover how to maximize your earnings on one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as how to earn interest on your cryptocurrency holdings and the various savings choices available.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
2. LearningLearning
Learning
• Involves change
• Is relatively permanent
• Is acquired through experience
Learning
• Involves change
• Is relatively permanent
• Is acquired through experience
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience.
3. Roots in TraditionalRoots in Traditional
Learning ThemesLearning Themes
You are what you have experiencedYou are what you have experienced
Learning occurs via outcomesLearning occurs via outcomes
– (rewards and punishments)(rewards and punishments)
– Best to study animalsBest to study animals
9. Classical Conditioning and Ivan
Pavlov
Russian physiologist who studied
digestion
Used dogs to study salivation when
dogs were presented with meat powder
Also known as Pavlovian or
Respondent Conditioning
Reflex: Automatic, non-learned
response
10. Fig. 8.2 An apparatus for Pavlovian conditioning. A tube carries saliva from the dog’s mouth to a lever that
activates a recording device (far left). During conditioning, various stimuli can be paired with a dish of
food placed in front of the dog. The device pictured here is more elaborate than the one Pavlov used in
his early experiments.
12. Theories of LearningTheories of Learning
Key Concepts
• Unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned response
• Conditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response
Key Concepts
• Unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned response
• Conditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual
responds to some stimulus that would not
ordinarily produce such a response.
13.
14. Fig. 8.7 Hypothetical example of a CER becoming a phobia. Child approaches dog (a) and is frightened
by it (b). Fear generalizes to other household pets (c) and later to virtually all furry animals (d).
Fig. 8.7 Hypothetical example of a CER becoming a phobia. Child approaches dog (a) and is frightened
by it (b). Fear generalizes to other household pets (c) and later to virtually all furry animals (d).
An Example
16. Operant Conditioning
Behavior is the function of its
consequences
• People learn to behave to get something they want
or to avoid something they don’t want.
------------------------------------
Behaviour Consequence
•Work is payed
•Talks to others meets more people
•Enters to restaurant Obtains food
•Enters Library Finds a book
•Increase productivity Received merit pay
17. The Skinner box. This simple device, invented by B. F. Skinner, allows careful study of operant
conditioning. When the rat presses the bar, a pellet of food or a drop of water is automatically released.
The Skinner box. This simple device, invented by B. F. Skinner, allows careful study of operant
conditioning. When the rat presses the bar, a pellet of food or a drop of water is automatically released.
18. Theories of Learning (cont’d)Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Key Concepts
• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
• Conditioned (learned) behavior
• Reinforcement
Key Concepts
• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
• Conditioned (learned) behavior
• Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
An example
19. ig. 8.10 Reinforcement and human behavior. The percentage of times that a severely disturbed child
said “Please” when he wanted an object was increased dramatically by reinforcing him for making a
polite request. Reinforcement produced similar improvements in saying “Thank you” and “You’re
welcome,” and the boy applied these terms in new situations as well. (Adapted from Matson et al.,
1990
ig. 8.10 Reinforcement and human behavior. The percentage of times that a severely disturbed child
said “Please” when he wanted an object was increased dramatically by reinforcing him for making a
polite request. Reinforcement produced similar improvements in saying “Thank you” and “You’re
welcome,” and the boy applied these terms in new situations as well. (Adapted from Matson et al.,
1990
20.
21.
22. Dr
Shahram
Yazdani
2
Key Principles: CognitivismKey Principles: Cognitivism
Learning is a change of knowledge state
Knowledge acquisition is described as a mental
activity that entails internal coding and
structuring by the learner.
Learner is viewed as an active participant in
the learning process
Emphasis is on the building blocks of
knowledge (e.g. identifing prerequisite
relationships of content)
Emphasis on structuring, organizign and
sequencing information to facilitate optimal
processing
23. 1. Learning is Constructive1. Learning is Constructive
Constructivism: People combine existing knowledge
with new information to build new knowledge
Learning = constructing meaning
Students need to make their own discoveries and
thus construct their own knowledge
Duckworth (2006) on Piaget: Create a classroom
where students can discover
*Piaget & others
3
25. Increasing Probability of BehaviourIncreasing Probability of Behaviour
One of the most important consequences that
influences behaviour is reinforcement.
Reinforcement is the process by which stimuli
strengthen behaviours.
A reinforcer is a stimulus that follows some
behaviour and increases or maintains the
probability of that behaviour.
25
26. Positive ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement
The application or addition of a stimulus that
increases or maintains the probability of some
behaviour.
The reinforcer is dependent or contingent on the
occurrence of some desired behaviour.
E.g., If you participate in class (increase or maintain behaviour), then
you will earn high participation marks (application of stimulus)
26
27. Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement
The removal of a stimulus from a situation that
increases or maintains the probability of some
behaviour.
Negative reinforcement occurs when a response
prevents some event or stimulus from occurring.
E.g., If you participate in class (increase or maintain
behaviour), then I will stop calling on you (removal
of stimulus)
28. Reducing Probability of BehaviourReducing Probability of Behaviour
Sometimes learned behaviours are detrimental to
the operation of an organization and they need to be
reduced or eliminated.
There are two strategies that can reduce the
probability of learned behaviour:
– Extinction
– Punishment
28
29. ExtinctionExtinction
The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the
termination of reinforcement.
If the behaviour is not reinforced, it will gradually
dissipate or be extinguished.
E.g., If you talk to your peers while others are
speaking (unwanted behaviour), then I will stop
smiling.
29
30. PunishmentPunishment
The application of an aversive stimulus following
unwanted behaviour to decrease the probability of
that behaviour.
A nasty stimulus is applied after some undesirable
behaviour in order to decrease the probability of
that behaviour.
E.g., If you talk to your peers while others are
speaking (unwanted behaviour), then I will ask you
if you would like to share your conversation with the
class (aversive stimulus).
30
32. Study Question 4: What are reinforcement theories and how
are they linked to motivation?
Study Question 4: What are reinforcement theories and how
are they linked to motivation?
33. 33
Study Question 4: What are reinforcement theories and how
are they linked to motivation?
Study Question 4: What are reinforcement theories and how
are they linked to motivation?
34. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
•Response are elicited from a
person (reactive
•Response are emitted by a person
(Reactive)
•Response are fixed to a stimulus
( No choice)
•Reponses are variable in types and
degree (Choice)
•CS is stimulus such as sound, an
object or person
•CS is situation such as office, a
social setting, a specific set of
circumstances
•Reinforcement is not received by
choice
•Person is instrumental in securing
reinforcement by operating in the
environment
Difference B/W Classical and Operant conditioning
35. Theories of Learning (cont’d)Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Key Concepts
• Attentional processes
• Retention processes
• Motor reproduction processes
• Reinforcement processes
Key Concepts
• Attentional processes
• Retention processes
• Motor reproduction processes
• Reinforcement processes
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation
and direct experience.
36. Theories of Learning (cont’d)Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Key Concepts
• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
• Some rewards are more effective than others.
• The timing of reinforcement affects learning
speed and permanence.
Key Concepts
• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
• Some rewards are more effective than others.
• The timing of reinforcement affects learning
speed and permanence.
Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that
moves an individual closer to the desired response.
37. Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
each time it is demonstrated.
(circus)
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
often enough to make the
behavior worth repeating but not
every time it is demonstrated.
38. Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced at
uniform time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after a
fixed or constant number of
responses.
39. Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)
Fixed-ratio
Pay cheque
every month
Boss visit to
employee
Piece rating or
bonus for every
given amount of
sales
Jack pot
41. 2–41
OB MOD Organizational ApplicationsOB MOD Organizational Applications
Well Pay versus Sick Pay
– Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not
absence.
Employee Discipline
– The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training Programs
– OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
Self-management
– Reduces the need for external management control.
Editor's Notes
Constructivism emphasizes the importance of the knowledge, beliefs, and skills an individual brings to the experience of learning.
It recognizes the construction of new understanding as a combination of prior learning, new information, and readiness to learn.
Individuals make choices about what new ideas to accept and how to fit then into their established views of the world (Brooks & Brooks, 1995).
Learners are active
What do people see? map; side of a cow; a bearded man
WE ALL SEE THINGS DIFFERENTLY!
What each person 'sees' (or 'observes') depends more on what is already stored in that person's brain than on light being emitted (or not) from the image.
We project onto phenomena what we already know about them.
We each construct a unique mental image by combining information in our heads with the information we receive from our sense organs (in this case, our eyes).
Learning from our environment is an active, rather than a passive, process.”
Gestalt theory; 'a whole is different than the sum of its parts.’