Powerpoint presentation about learning

1. Learning
Pamela Mae T. Castro

2. Definition of Learning
• Learning is a mental activity by means of
which knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes ad
ideals are acquired, and utilized, resulting in
the progressive adaptation and modification
of conduct and behavior
• Learning is a relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result of experience
in the environment

3. Ways of Learning
• One can learn by direct exposure to the events
by experiencing the events, by acting and
seeing the consequences of his actions
• One can learn things vicariously, by watching
others experience the events
• One can learn through language, either by
being told directly or reading

4. Theories of Learning
• Behaviorist-Associationists
– View learning as resulting from the forming of
connections between stimuli and observable
responses
• Cognitive-Gestaltists
– view learning as a reorganization of a number of
perceptions and the forming of new relationships

5. Association Theories
• Classical Conditioning Theory
– A form of learning in which previously neutral
stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response
(CR)
• Operant Conditioning Theory
– Refers to that form of learning in which the
consequences of behavior lead to changes in the
probability of its occurence

6. Major Classes of Consequences of Behavior
• Positive reinforcement
– Leads to an increase in the probability of its
occurrence
• Negative reinforcement
– Refers to removal or avoidance of a negative event
• Punishment
– Leads to a decrease in the frequency of the
behavior

7. Cognitive Theories
• Insight Learning
– Form of cognitive change that involves recognition
of previously unseen relationships
• Modeling or Observational Learning
– People learn by observing the behaviors of others

8. Transfer of Learning
• Transfer of learning is the ability to apply what
has been leaned in one situation to situations
that are in some way similar

9. Types of Transfer
• Positive transfer
– Learning in one situation facilitates learning in
another situation
• Negative transfer
– Learning in one situation has a detrimental effect on
learning in another situation
• Zero transfer
– Training in one subject, tasks or situation produces no
observable influence or change in efficiency in the
second subject or situation