Module13
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The document discusses the behaviorist theory, which views human behavior as something that can be studied and predicted based on conditioning and reinforcement. It outlines several major behaviorist theorists like Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. The document also describes different types of behaviorism and some of behaviorism's key ideas like classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Finally, it provides some examples of educational applications of behaviorist principles like using positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior in students.
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EME2040 Learning Theories
Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning. He presented food to dogs and rang a bell, and the dogs soon salivated to the bell alone. Watson studied childhood emotional development and conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment to show emotions can be conditioned. Skinner developed operant conditioning theory, showing behaviors are reinforced through rewards or punishments. Bandura's social learning theory emphasized modeling behaviors from others. These classic theories helped explain learning and behavior.
Popovich behaviorism
Behaviorism is a learning theory introduced by B.F. Skinner that focuses on observable behaviors and responses to stimuli. Learning is viewed as the acquisition of new behaviors through conditioning, whether classical conditioning of innate reflexes or operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment. In a classroom, behaviorism would shape student behavior quickly using positive or negative feedback, allow students to adapt to the environment, and allow teachers to measure behavior. The document provides examples of how behaviorism could be applied in a classroom through rewards, stickers, and tests.
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The key issues identified in the classroom were the teacher's lack of effective classroom management, negative labeling of students, low self-efficacy, and creating an unsupportive learning environment through favoritism and inconsistent discipline. Theories discussed include learned helplessness, social cognitive theory, reinforcement theory, and zones of proximal development. Recommended solutions were to implement positive reinforcement, improve relationships, provide scaffolding for learning, and create a more student-centered approach.
Behaviorism in
This document summarizes key concepts from behaviorism as it relates to education. It describes classical conditioning, where involuntary responses are acquired through repeated pairing of stimuli, and operant conditioning, where voluntary behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on environmental consequences like reinforcement and punishment. Specific examples are provided of how teachers can apply these behaviorist principles in the classroom through conditioning desired student responses and modifying behaviors using positive or negative reinforcement as well as punishment.
Behaviorism in Education
This document summarizes key aspects of the educational learning theory of behaviorism. It discusses important figures like Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner and their contributions to classical and operant conditioning. The key point is that behaviorism focuses on reinforcing desired behaviors through praise to shape student learning. Classroom implications involve the teacher rewarding good student behaviors and academics to influence their learning in a positive way.
Behaviorist Theory Presentation
1. Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through interactions with the environment and consequences.
2. Key behaviorist theorists include John B. Watson, E.L. Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner. Their work established principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors.
3. Robert Gagne extended behaviorism by identifying different types of learning outcomes and proposing a hierarchy of learning. He also outlined nine instructional events teachers can follow to optimize learning conditions.
Behaviorism
This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It describes two types of conditioning: classical conditioning described by Ivan Pavlov which involves involuntary reflex responses, and operant conditioning described by B.F. Skinner which involves reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors. While behaviorism provides practical techniques for shaping behavior, it is limited in not accounting for all types of learning and internal cognitive processes.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a learning theory that was dominant in the first half of the 20th century and emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors. Key figures in behaviorism include John B. Watson, who argued that psychology should only study objective behaviors, and B.F. Skinner, who studied how environments shape new learned behaviors through reinforcement. Behaviorism sees learning as changes in performance from adaptations to the environment through processes like shaping behaviors with cues and reinforcement.
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EME2040 Learning Theories
Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning. He presented food to dogs and rang a bell, and the dogs soon salivated to the bell alone. Watson studied childhood emotional development and conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment to show emotions can be conditioned. Skinner developed operant conditioning theory, showing behaviors are reinforced through rewards or punishments. Bandura's social learning theory emphasized modeling behaviors from others. These classic theories helped explain learning and behavior.
Popovich behaviorism
Behaviorism is a learning theory introduced by B.F. Skinner that focuses on observable behaviors and responses to stimuli. Learning is viewed as the acquisition of new behaviors through conditioning, whether classical conditioning of innate reflexes or operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment. In a classroom, behaviorism would shape student behavior quickly using positive or negative feedback, allow students to adapt to the environment, and allow teachers to measure behavior. The document provides examples of how behaviorism could be applied in a classroom through rewards, stickers, and tests.
Ed psy pbl
The key issues identified in the classroom were the teacher's lack of effective classroom management, negative labeling of students, low self-efficacy, and creating an unsupportive learning environment through favoritism and inconsistent discipline. Theories discussed include learned helplessness, social cognitive theory, reinforcement theory, and zones of proximal development. Recommended solutions were to implement positive reinforcement, improve relationships, provide scaffolding for learning, and create a more student-centered approach.
Behaviorism in
This document summarizes key concepts from behaviorism as it relates to education. It describes classical conditioning, where involuntary responses are acquired through repeated pairing of stimuli, and operant conditioning, where voluntary behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on environmental consequences like reinforcement and punishment. Specific examples are provided of how teachers can apply these behaviorist principles in the classroom through conditioning desired student responses and modifying behaviors using positive or negative reinforcement as well as punishment.
Behaviorism in Education
This document summarizes key aspects of the educational learning theory of behaviorism. It discusses important figures like Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner and their contributions to classical and operant conditioning. The key point is that behaviorism focuses on reinforcing desired behaviors through praise to shape student learning. Classroom implications involve the teacher rewarding good student behaviors and academics to influence their learning in a positive way.
Behaviorist Theory Presentation
1. Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through interactions with the environment and consequences.
2. Key behaviorist theorists include John B. Watson, E.L. Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner. Their work established principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors.
3. Robert Gagne extended behaviorism by identifying different types of learning outcomes and proposing a hierarchy of learning. He also outlined nine instructional events teachers can follow to optimize learning conditions.
Behaviorism
This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It describes two types of conditioning: classical conditioning described by Ivan Pavlov which involves involuntary reflex responses, and operant conditioning described by B.F. Skinner which involves reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors. While behaviorism provides practical techniques for shaping behavior, it is limited in not accounting for all types of learning and internal cognitive processes.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a learning theory that was dominant in the first half of the 20th century and emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors. Key figures in behaviorism include John B. Watson, who argued that psychology should only study objective behaviors, and B.F. Skinner, who studied how environments shape new learned behaviors through reinforcement. Behaviorism sees learning as changes in performance from adaptations to the environment through processes like shaping behaviors with cues and reinforcement.
Final ed psy_pbl
The key problem the teacher faces is poor classroom management. She created a negative environment through favoritism, has low self-esteem, inconsistent discipline, and sets tasks beyond students' abilities without support. Theories like social learning, behaviorism, and zones of proximal development help explain her approach and how it affects students' motivation and perception of themselves. Solutions include improving relationships, reinforcing positive behavior, scaffolding lessons, and developing a more student-centered approach.
Presentation on behaviorism
This document provides an overview of behaviorism and its influences on acquiring English as a second language. It discusses the key theorists and experiments in behaviorism, including Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, and Skinner's operant conditioning experiment with rats. The document also notes strengths and weaknesses of applying behaviorism to second language acquisition, such as the challenges of overcoming influences from one's first language. Finally, it describes the roles of students and teachers in a behaviorist framework, with students as passive receivers of knowledge and teachers as the central authority figures.
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1) Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments showing that dogs could be classically conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus like the ringing of a bell through repeated pairing with food, known as classical conditioning.
2) B.F. Skinner expanded on Pavlov's work, applying classical conditioning to human behavior modification using positive and negative reinforcement.
3) Albert Bandura focused on social learning theory and how people learn behaviors by observing others.
Behaviourism Learning Theory
1) The document discusses the Behavioral Learning Theory, including its origins with philosophers like Aristotle and experiments by psychologists like Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner.
2) Key aspects of the theory are classical and operant conditioning, where associations are made between stimuli and responses.
3) The theory influenced education and John B. Watson saw potential for applying conditioning principles in the classroom. Conditioning could help associate positive emotions with learning.
Learning Theories Behaviorism
This document summarizes key aspects of behaviorism in psychology and education. It discusses how behaviorism views learning as occurring through conditioning and reinforcement rather than internal mental processes. Some of the major figures discussed are Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; B.F. Skinner, who studied operant conditioning; and Albert Bandura, who researched observational learning and self-efficacy. The document also provides examples of how behaviorist principles could be applied in classroom settings, such as through frequent objective testing and rewarding students for desired behaviors and learning.
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This document defines behaviorism as a theory that measures observable behaviors and responses to stimuli. It discusses how behaviorists believe learning occurs through positive and negative reinforcement in response to external stimuli, without internal cognitive processing. It profiles the influential behaviorists Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura, and their classic conditioning experiments with animals. The document also considers how teachers can apply behaviorist principles in the classroom using rewards and technology, and how students are expected to learn through conditioning of behaviors.
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Behaviorism is a worldview that believes all human behavior can be explained through stimulus-response associations without consideration of internal mental states. Key behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, B.F. Skinner, who developed the theory of operant conditioning through experiments with animals and reinforcement, and Albert Bandura, who found that behavior can be learned through observation and not just direct rewards and punishments. Behaviorism had implications for education, suggesting student behavior and learning could be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement in the classroom.
Behaviorism theory of learning
Behaviorism theory proposes that all learning is based on conditioning responses to external stimuli. Key founders include John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. Their work established that learning occurs through reinforcement or punishment in response to stimuli, without consideration of internal mental processes. Teachers can apply behaviorism by using positive and negative reinforcement, testing specific skills, and focusing on individual work over group learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is the study of observable behavior and contends that internal mental states cannot be directly studied. It influenced 20th century education. Classical conditioning explains how involuntary responses are learned through associations between stimuli and responses. Operant conditioning explains how voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences like reinforcement and punishment. Behaviorists like Pavlov and Skinner conducted experiments to better understand these learning processes and their implications for teaching.
Behaviorism
This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli. It outlines several key figures in behaviorism, including Ivan Pavlov who discovered classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment, and Albert Bandura who emphasized social learning. The document also explains how behaviorism can be applied in education through a system of reinforcing positive behaviors and punishing negative ones to modify student learning.
Behaviorism and education
Behaviorism is a psychological approach that views learning as conditioned responses to stimuli and looks to reward and punishment to shape behavior. Key theorists include Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning through his dog experiments, Edward Thorndike who proposed the Law of Effect that behaviors followed by reward become stronger, John Watson who believed behavior results from specific stimuli and responses, and B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning which examines the causes and consequences of actions. Behaviorism influenced education by advocating a system of rewards, targets, and breaking learning into small steps from simple to complex tasks.
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This document discusses different theories of learning, including behaviorism. It describes classical conditioning experiments by Ivan Pavlov demonstrating that animals can learn novel responses to stimuli. B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is also discussed, where behaviors are reinforced through rewards to increase the likelihood they will reoccur. The document notes criticisms of Skinner's view that it does not account for individual autonomy, feelings, or that mistakes are important for learning.
Introduction to behaviorism
This document provides an introduction to behaviorism by explaining its key concepts and figures. Behaviorism asserts that behavior is shaped by environmental stimuli and reinforced responses. It focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. Important behaviorist theorists discussed include B.F. Skinner, who emphasized positive reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement, and Edward Thorndike, who studied learning in animals through trial and error. The document also describes how behaviorism is applied in classrooms, such as breaking skills into units, providing feedback, and using reinforcement to increase positive behaviors.
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The document discusses the behaviorist theory of psychology. It describes behaviorism as focusing on observable behaviors that can be measured, trained, and changed through principles like operant and classical conditioning. Key figures in behaviorism mentioned include Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. The document also outlines how a behaviorist approach would structure a classroom environment and instruction using rewards and consequences to shape behaviors.
BJackson, CRC Presentation
1. Brent Jackson presents on helping to increase girls' physical self-efficacy through the use of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) in physical education classes.
2. He discusses how traditional, behaviorist models of physical education are not motivating girls, but that TGfU and constructivist approaches show potential to better engage females.
3. Research was conducted using TGfU alone and with the addition of the GPAI at two schools, and results showed that both TGfU and the combination of TGfU and GPAI can positively impact girls' physical self-efficacy over time.
Learning theorists
This document provides an overview of behaviorism as a learning theory. It discusses the key theorists Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura and their contributions to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social cognitive theory/observational learning. Behaviorism views learning as the prediction and control of observable behaviors through reinforcement and punishment. The document also discusses how behaviorism principles are applied in classroom settings through positive and negative reinforcement as well as the use of technology for immediate feedback.
Little Albert Experiment
John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment on a 9-month old boy called Little Albert to study emotional learning and stimulus generalization. They showed Albert neutral stimuli like a white rat while making a loud noise, causing him to become afraid of the rat and other similar objects. Unfortunately, they returned Albert to his mother without undoing the conditioning, and he died at age 6 still fearful without understanding why. The experiment supported Watson's behaviorist theory that all behaviors are learned through conditioning and reinforcement.
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The document discusses several key concepts in psychology including field theory, Gestalt theory, psychodynamic approach, behavioral approach, cognitive model, and the biomedical and biopsychosocial models of health. Field theory proposes that behavior is a result of both personal and environmental factors. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious processes and childhood experiences. The behavioral approach views behavior as motivated by environmental influences, while the cognitive model focuses on mental processes like memory, problem-solving, and language.
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Final ed psy_pbl
The key problem the teacher faces is poor classroom management. She created a negative environment through favoritism, has low self-esteem, inconsistent discipline, and sets tasks beyond students' abilities without support. Theories like social learning, behaviorism, and zones of proximal development help explain her approach and how it affects students' motivation and perception of themselves. Solutions include improving relationships, reinforcing positive behavior, scaffolding lessons, and developing a more student-centered approach.
Presentation on behaviorism
This document provides an overview of behaviorism and its influences on acquiring English as a second language. It discusses the key theorists and experiments in behaviorism, including Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, and Skinner's operant conditioning experiment with rats. The document also notes strengths and weaknesses of applying behaviorism to second language acquisition, such as the challenges of overcoming influences from one's first language. Finally, it describes the roles of students and teachers in a behaviorist framework, with students as passive receivers of knowledge and teachers as the central authority figures.
Behaviorism presentation
1) Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments showing that dogs could be classically conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus like the ringing of a bell through repeated pairing with food, known as classical conditioning.
2) B.F. Skinner expanded on Pavlov's work, applying classical conditioning to human behavior modification using positive and negative reinforcement.
3) Albert Bandura focused on social learning theory and how people learn behaviors by observing others.
Behaviourism Learning Theory
1) The document discusses the Behavioral Learning Theory, including its origins with philosophers like Aristotle and experiments by psychologists like Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner.
2) Key aspects of the theory are classical and operant conditioning, where associations are made between stimuli and responses.
3) The theory influenced education and John B. Watson saw potential for applying conditioning principles in the classroom. Conditioning could help associate positive emotions with learning.
Learning Theories Behaviorism
This document summarizes key aspects of behaviorism in psychology and education. It discusses how behaviorism views learning as occurring through conditioning and reinforcement rather than internal mental processes. Some of the major figures discussed are Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; B.F. Skinner, who studied operant conditioning; and Albert Bandura, who researched observational learning and self-efficacy. The document also provides examples of how behaviorist principles could be applied in classroom settings, such as through frequent objective testing and rewarding students for desired behaviors and learning.
Alliefoster pwpt
This document defines behaviorism as a theory that measures observable behaviors and responses to stimuli. It discusses how behaviorists believe learning occurs through positive and negative reinforcement in response to external stimuli, without internal cognitive processing. It profiles the influential behaviorists Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura, and their classic conditioning experiments with animals. The document also considers how teachers can apply behaviorist principles in the classroom using rewards and technology, and how students are expected to learn through conditioning of behaviors.
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Behaviorism is a worldview that believes all human behavior can be explained through stimulus-response associations without consideration of internal mental states. Key behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, B.F. Skinner, who developed the theory of operant conditioning through experiments with animals and reinforcement, and Albert Bandura, who found that behavior can be learned through observation and not just direct rewards and punishments. Behaviorism had implications for education, suggesting student behavior and learning could be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement in the classroom.
Behaviorism theory of learning
Behaviorism theory proposes that all learning is based on conditioning responses to external stimuli. Key founders include John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. Their work established that learning occurs through reinforcement or punishment in response to stimuli, without consideration of internal mental processes. Teachers can apply behaviorism by using positive and negative reinforcement, testing specific skills, and focusing on individual work over group learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is the study of observable behavior and contends that internal mental states cannot be directly studied. It influenced 20th century education. Classical conditioning explains how involuntary responses are learned through associations between stimuli and responses. Operant conditioning explains how voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences like reinforcement and punishment. Behaviorists like Pavlov and Skinner conducted experiments to better understand these learning processes and their implications for teaching.
Behaviorism
This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli. It outlines several key figures in behaviorism, including Ivan Pavlov who discovered classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment, and Albert Bandura who emphasized social learning. The document also explains how behaviorism can be applied in education through a system of reinforcing positive behaviors and punishing negative ones to modify student learning.
Behaviorism and education
Behaviorism is a psychological approach that views learning as conditioned responses to stimuli and looks to reward and punishment to shape behavior. Key theorists include Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning through his dog experiments, Edward Thorndike who proposed the Law of Effect that behaviors followed by reward become stronger, John Watson who believed behavior results from specific stimuli and responses, and B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning which examines the causes and consequences of actions. Behaviorism influenced education by advocating a system of rewards, targets, and breaking learning into small steps from simple to complex tasks.
Behaviourism
This document discusses different theories of learning, including behaviorism. It describes classical conditioning experiments by Ivan Pavlov demonstrating that animals can learn novel responses to stimuli. B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is also discussed, where behaviors are reinforced through rewards to increase the likelihood they will reoccur. The document notes criticisms of Skinner's view that it does not account for individual autonomy, feelings, or that mistakes are important for learning.
Introduction to behaviorism
This document provides an introduction to behaviorism by explaining its key concepts and figures. Behaviorism asserts that behavior is shaped by environmental stimuli and reinforced responses. It focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. Important behaviorist theorists discussed include B.F. Skinner, who emphasized positive reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement, and Edward Thorndike, who studied learning in animals through trial and error. The document also describes how behaviorism is applied in classrooms, such as breaking skills into units, providing feedback, and using reinforcement to increase positive behaviors.
Behaviorist Theory
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of psychology. It describes behaviorism as focusing on observable behaviors that can be measured, trained, and changed through principles like operant and classical conditioning. Key figures in behaviorism mentioned include Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. The document also outlines how a behaviorist approach would structure a classroom environment and instruction using rewards and consequences to shape behaviors.
BJackson, CRC Presentation
1. Brent Jackson presents on helping to increase girls' physical self-efficacy through the use of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) in physical education classes.
2. He discusses how traditional, behaviorist models of physical education are not motivating girls, but that TGfU and constructivist approaches show potential to better engage females.
3. Research was conducted using TGfU alone and with the addition of the GPAI at two schools, and results showed that both TGfU and the combination of TGfU and GPAI can positively impact girls' physical self-efficacy over time.
Learning theorists
This document provides an overview of behaviorism as a learning theory. It discusses the key theorists Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura and their contributions to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social cognitive theory/observational learning. Behaviorism views learning as the prediction and control of observable behaviors through reinforcement and punishment. The document also discusses how behaviorism principles are applied in classroom settings through positive and negative reinforcement as well as the use of technology for immediate feedback.
Little Albert Experiment
John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment on a 9-month old boy called Little Albert to study emotional learning and stimulus generalization. They showed Albert neutral stimuli like a white rat while making a loud noise, causing him to become afraid of the rat and other similar objects. Unfortunately, they returned Albert to his mother without undoing the conditioning, and he died at age 6 still fearful without understanding why. The experiment supported Watson's behaviorist theory that all behaviors are learned through conditioning and reinforcement.
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Communicative Language Teaching (Clt)
The document outlines the steps in planning a lesson using Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). It involves presenting a real-world situation through dialogues, having students discuss vocabulary and language functions, asking questions, identifying grammatical structures, and providing opportunities for oral production and evaluation through communicative activities. The lesson cycle is completed by allowing students to apply what they learned to new situations.
Communicative Competence I
Communicative competence refers to an individual's ability to convey and interpret messages through effective interaction that achieves their communication goals. It involves managing messages to generate meanings within social contexts and cultures. Communicative competence allows people to share or negotiate meaning through self-presentation, relationship, and instrumental goals. It is demonstrated by one's degree of satisfaction in achieving goals without jeopardizing further opportunities, as well as the ability to function appropriately in communicative settings through knowledge of linguistic forms.
Humanistic education
The document discusses different approaches to humanistic teaching as described by various theorists. It outlines David Hargreaves' categorization of teachers as "lion-tamers," "entertainers," and "new romantics." It then covers key aspects of liberal and radical humanistic approaches, including the work of theorists like Rogers, Freire, Illich, and Mezirow who emphasized learner empowerment, facilitating natural curiosity, critical reflection, and situated learning.
Communicative Language Teaching
The document discusses the origins and principles of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), an approach that focuses on developing students' communicative competence. CLT emerged in the 1960s as a response to prior audiolingual and situational language teaching methods. It emphasizes using language functionally and communicatively to develop students' ability to use language appropriately in real-world contexts. The document outlines the key dimensions of communicative competence and principles that guide CLT, such as involving meaningful tasks and real communication.
Psychological Approaches
The document discusses several key concepts in psychology including field theory, Gestalt theory, psychodynamic approach, behavioral approach, cognitive model, and the biomedical and biopsychosocial models of health. Field theory proposes that behavior is a result of both personal and environmental factors. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious processes and childhood experiences. The behavioral approach views behavior as motivated by environmental influences, while the cognitive model focuses on mental processes like memory, problem-solving, and language.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT/CLL)
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) originated in the 1960s in response to the limitations of prior language teaching approaches that focused on grammar rules without developing communicative ability. CLT emphasizes using language for meaningful communication and having students engage in interactive activities. Key representatives who advocated for CLT include British applied linguists like Henry Widdowson and American sociolinguists such as Dell Hymes. The goal of CLT is to develop students' "communicative competence" through focus on interaction, problem solving, and performing language functions rather than just mastering structures.
The silent way Approach
The Silent Way is a language teaching method developed by Caleb Gattegno in the 1970s that emphasizes learner independence and minimal teacher talking. Key principles include the teacher remaining silent as much as possible to encourage student production, and students relying solely on instructional materials to learn. Materials include word charts, pronunciation charts, colored rods, and pointers. The teacher's role is to present new language once and then observe and facilitate learning, while students are expected to develop autonomy, responsibility, and cooperation through self-correction and problem-solving.
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)
Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by Dr. James Asher based on his observations of how children acquire their first language. TPR teaches language through physical actions in response to verbal commands. Students listen and then perform actions commanded by the instructor in the target language without having to vocally respond themselves. TPR is often used with beginners and young learners to develop listening comprehension and vocabulary through coordinated speech and movement before introducing speaking.
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Behaviorisim Presentation
Here are the key points from the discussion:
1. Classical conditioning is a learning process where a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response, and then a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the original stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the response on its own.
2. Operant conditioning is a method of learning through rewards and punishments for behaviors. Associations are made between behaviors and consequences.
3. Positive reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement increases a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
4. Behaviorist principles are used in Navy classrooms through techniques like shaping behaviors with reinforcement, using objectives to define expected behaviors, and structuring lessons based on principles like readiness, exercise,
Learning theory
Behaviorism learning theory is based on the idea that learning is defined as a change in observable behaviors through positive and negative reinforcement and punishment in response to environmental stimuli. Key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning in dogs, B.F. Skinner who studied operant conditioning through positive reinforcement with animals, and Albert Bandura who showed learning can occur through observation. The implications for the classroom are that teachers should use reinforcement to encourage positive behaviors and discourage negative behaviors to shape student learning.
BEHAVIORISM. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY PPT.pptx
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental causes. It argues that behaviors are learned through classical and operant conditioning, not innate factors. Key theorists include Watson, who established behaviorism, and Skinner, who developed radical behaviorism. Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an innate response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism to include cognition and internal mental states. It emphasizes observational learning, where behavior is learned by watching others, and self-efficacy, one's belief in their own abilities. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated children learning aggression through observation.
Andragogical Approach to Learning And Training Processes
This document discusses andragogy, or adult learning, as an approach to distance education. It defines andragogy as "the art and science of helping adults learn" and outlines key assumptions about adult learners, including that they are self-directed, draw on life experiences in learning, and are problem-centered in their orientation. The document also contrasts pedagogy and andragogy, noting differences in how they view the learner, readiness to learn, and motivation.
Learning theory presentation
This presentation discusses three major learning theories: behaviorism, cognitive theory, and constructivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and how the environment shapes learning through reinforcement. Cognitive theory, developed by Bruner, Miller, and Neisser, explains learning in terms of mental processes and how the brain receives and processes information. Constructivism, influenced by Piaget, emphasizes how people actively construct knowledge and make sense of information based on their experiences. The presentation provides background on the key theorists who developed these theories and how they can be applied in educational contexts like traditional classrooms and online learning.
FACILITATING LEARNER-CENTERED TEACHING pptx
This document discusses different perspectives on learning, including behaviorism and cognitivism. It provides details on several influential theorists within each perspective. For behaviorism, it describes the theories and experiments of Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It also discusses neo-behaviorism and the social learning theory of Albert Bandura. For cognitivism, it defines the cognitive perspective and outlines Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which explores how human beings construct knowledge through adaptation and equilibration.
Behaviorism : Personalityskinner
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning. Some key aspects of Skinner's work include:
- He focused on observable behavior and studied how environmental consequences shape behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
- He conducted experiments using operant conditioning techniques like positive reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement in animals and humans.
- His theory of operant conditioning and concepts like reinforcement schedules and shaping behavior were influential but also criticized for being too narrow.
- He applied his behaviorist ideas to society and technology through concepts like teaching machines and behavioral control in communities.
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning. Some key aspects of Skinner's work include:
- He focused on observable behavior and studied how environmental consequences shape behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
- He conducted experiments using operant conditioning techniques like positive reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement.
- His theory of operant conditioning differed from Thorndike and Hull's theories in that he took a strictly descriptive approach rather than an explanatory one.
- Skinner's research influenced psychology for decades and contributed to behavior modification techniques, but he was also criticized for his extreme behaviorism and narrow focus on observable behavior only.
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Andragogical Approach to Learning And Training Processes
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Module13
- 1. The Behaviorist Theory By: Sam Barnette
- 2. What is Behaviorism? The prediction and control of human behavior where independent thinking plays no real part in its teaching methods Belief that men could be studied based on their behavior A school of thought began in the 19th century
- 3. Major Theorists of Behaviorism B.F Skinner Ivan Pavlov Albert Bandura Some other theorists include: John B. Watson Edward Lee Thorndike Rudolf Carnap B.F. Skinner
- 4. Types of Behaviorism Methodical (Watson) Radical (Skinner) Teleological (post-Skinner thought) Theoretical (post-Skinner thought) Biological (post- Skinner thought) Psychological (Arthur Staats) These movements were the primary, but not only thoughts within the behaviorist movement. Many thoughts branched from those of Skinner and Watson and focused on the study of human behavior in schools.
- 5. Behaviorist Ideas Pavlov and classic conditioning: natural response a human has to a certain stimuli (experimented with a dog salivating at the sound of a bell because after the bells “dings”, the dog gets food) Behaviorists found that humans are conditioned based on what they are conditioned for (the more the dog was given food after the bell, the more that became the norm for the dog)
- 6. Behaviorist Ideas (Continued) Skinner and operant conditioning: learning is controlled and results in shaping behavior through the reinforcement of stimulus-response patterns Skinner found that people shape their behavior based on positive reinforcement and rewards (or the stimulus-response theory) Reinforcement is a powerful motivator Bandura’s focus was on social learning to see why it is that Skinner’s theory is true for humans and why we respond well to motivators Observational modeling: watching something and then mimicking the observed behavior
- 8. Use positive reinforcement (motivators) to reward those students who follow instructions
- 9. Show other students they can earn the same rewards for good behaviors
- 11. Reward good grades with extra computer time