1. There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. 2. Classical conditioning involves forming an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, as discovered by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments with dogs. 3. Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are modified by reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of those behaviors reoccurring, as proposed by B.F. Skinner.

1. Dr.R.Venkatesan PhD(IITM)
Professor –NICMAR Hyderabad

2. LEARNING is acquiring new or modifying
and reinforcing existing knowledge
behavior skills, values and preferences and
may involve synthesizing different types of
information.

3. 1.Classical conditioning
2.Operant conditioning
3. Observational learning

4. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
THEORY
Classical conditioning
was the first type of learning to be
discovered and studied within the
behaviorist tradition. Conditioning is a
kind of response build up through
repeated exposure.The major theorist in the development of
classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian scientist trained in biology and
medicine .

6. • The Unconditioned Stimulus
is one that unconditionally, naturally, and
automatically triggers a response. : Food
• The Unconditioned Response
is the unlearned response that occurs
naturally in response to the unconditioned
stimulus. : Salivation

7. • The Conditioned Stimulus
is previously neutral stimulus that, after
becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response. : Ring + food
• The Conditioned Response
is the learned response to the previously
neutral stimulus. : Ringing + Salivation

8. Classical conditioning
was the first type of learning to be discovered
and studied within the behaviorist tradition.
Conditioning is a kind of response build up
through repeated exposure.
The major theorist in the development
of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian scientist trained in biology and
medicine .

10. During Conditioning
Food- US( Unconditioned Stimulus)
Bell – NS ( Neutral stimulus)

11. After conditioning
Bell - Conditioned stimulus
Dog - Conditioned response

13.  One of the famous example of classical
conditioning was John B. Watson's experiment
in which a fear response was conditioned in a
young boy known as “Little Albert”. The child
initially showed no fear of a white rat, but
after the presentation of the rat was paired
repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child
would cry when the rat was present. The
child's fear also generalized to other fuzzy
white objects.

15. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in
which behaviors are emitted to repeat a
pleasurable actions or to avoid punishment.

17. REINFORCEMENT is something that happens
after a behavior or event that strengthens or
increases behavior likely to occur again.

18. + VE REINFORCRMRNT -VE REINFORCEMENT
 Positive reinforcements
are favorable events or
outcomes that are
presented after the
behavior. A behavior
is strengthened by the
addition of something.
Negative reinforcement
In these situations, a
response is
strengthened by the
removal of something
considered unpleasant.
(e.g. headache–by taking
aspirin headache gone)

19.  PUNISHMENT is the presentation of an
adverse event or outcome that causes a
decrease in the behavior it follows.

20.  Classical
Conditioning
Here, the person
learns an association
between two stimuli.
 It usually deals with
reflexive or
involuntary
responses such as
physiological or
emotional responses.
 Operant conditioning
Here, the person
learn an association
between the behavior
and its
consequences.
 it usually deals with
voluntary behaviors
such as active
behaviors that
operate on the
environment.

21.  Operant conditioning is the basic learning
process that involves changing the
probability that a response will be repeated
by manipulating the consequences that
response.
a. Reinforcement
1. Followed by desirable event
2. Ends an undesirable event
b. Punishment
1. Followed by an undesirable event
2. Ends a desirable event

24.  Learning by
observing others.
Also called SOCIAL
LEARNING.
 Do we learn by
observing others?
 What do we learn by
observing others?

25.  Attention — Observing the behavior.
 Retention — Remembering what you paid
attention to
 Reproduction — Being able to reproduce the
image, Including physical capabilities.
 Motivation — Includes having a good reason
to imitate.
 Action — Behaving and practicing .

27. The ability to store information is an
important part of the learning process
REMEMBERING & RECALLING

28. Once you have paid attention to the model and
retained the information, it is time to actually
perform the behavior you observed.
IMITATING

30. ACTION

31. attention retention processing
motivationaction

32. - Is a theory of
learning based upon the idea that all
behavior are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment.