The document discusses learning, defining it as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from prior experience. It provides definitions of learning from several psychologists and references. Key characteristics of learning mentioned are that it is purposeful, the result of experience, multi-faceted, an active process, involves a change in behavior, and is reflected in changed behavior. The principles of learning discussed include readiness, exercise/practice, the effect of emotional reactions, primacy, intensity, recency, motivation, recognition of individual differences, reinforcement, feedback, meaningfulness of material, and transferring learning to work. Finally, the learning process is described as involving stimuli, attention, recognition, translation, reinforcement, behavior change, rewards, habit formation, motives,

1. LEARNING

2. Meaning and definition of Learning
• The process of acquiring the ability to respond
adequately to a situation which may or may not have
been previously encountered.
• It is relatively permanent change in behaviour as a
result of prior experiences.
• It is an important psychological process determining
human behaviour.
• It is a continuous process and it occurs all the time.
• Thus, learning could be defined as the sum total of
behavioural changes resulting from experience at
training.

3. Definition
E.R. Hilgard: “Learning is a relatively permanent change in
behaviour that occurs as a result of prior experience.”
but it could be said that change in behaviour
indicates that learning has taken place and that
learning is a change in behaviour.
W. McGehee: Learning has taken place if an individual
behaves, reacts, responds as a result of experience in a
manner different from the way he formerly behaved.”
Sanford: “Learning as a relatively enduring change in
behaviour brought about as a consequence of
experience.”

4. Dictionary of Psychology: Learning means the process of
acquiring the ability to respond adequately to a
situation which may or may not have been previously
encountered the favourable modification of response
tendencies consequent upon previous experience,
particularly the building of a new series of complex
coordinated motor response; the fixation of items in
memory so that they can be recalled or organized; the
process of acquiring insight into a situation.”
Martya Sloman: “Learning is the process y which a person
constructs kn, skills and capabilities.”

5. Nature and Characteristics of Learning
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Learning is purposeful
It is the result of experience
It is multi-faceted
It is an active process
It involves a change
Learning is reflected in behaviour.

6. Principles of Learning
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Readiness
Exercise: things most repeated are best remembered.
Effect: …depends on emotional reaction of the learner.
primacy: the state of being first often creates a strong, almost unshakable
impression.
Intensity
Recency
Employee motivation
Recognition of individual differences
Practice
Reinforcement
Feedback
Goal: it can accelerate learning
Meaningfulness of material.
Transferring what is learnt to wrok.

7. Learning Process
Learning process is a mental and habit formation process.
1. Stimuli
2. Attention
3. Recognition
4. Translation
5. Reinforcement
6. Behaviour: learning changes behaviour.
7. Reward
8. Habits: a permanent change in behaviour becomes a habit.
9. Motives: this depends on employee satisfaction.
10. Efforts: habits help achieve good efforts and performance. It is a
continuous process.