The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explore the various semiconductor injection laser diode structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a mathematical treatment of parameters of an LED such as output power and efficiency. A few worked out examples can also be found.
Field Effect Transistor, JFET, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, Depletion MOSFET, Enhancement MoSFET, Construction, Basic operation, Regions of Operation, Drain Characteristics, Transfer Characteristics, Biasing, Non-Ideal Characteristics of E-MOSFET, DC Analysis, AC equivalent circuit and Parameters, E-MOSFET as an Amplifier, AC analysis, MOSFET as a Switch, MOSFET as a diode, MOSFET as a resistor, High frequency equivalent circuit, Miller Capacitance, Frequency Response, NMOS and CMOS inverter
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the different types of optical sources used for optical fiber communications, the requirements for light sources for optical fiber communications, direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors and different types of LEDs in use today along with their comparison. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Measurement of optical fiber refractive indexCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation discusses the various methods for measurement of refractive index of an optical fiber. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a mathematical treatment of parameters of an LED such as output power and efficiency. A few worked out examples can also be found.
Field Effect Transistor, JFET, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, Depletion MOSFET, Enhancement MoSFET, Construction, Basic operation, Regions of Operation, Drain Characteristics, Transfer Characteristics, Biasing, Non-Ideal Characteristics of E-MOSFET, DC Analysis, AC equivalent circuit and Parameters, E-MOSFET as an Amplifier, AC analysis, MOSFET as a Switch, MOSFET as a diode, MOSFET as a resistor, High frequency equivalent circuit, Miller Capacitance, Frequency Response, NMOS and CMOS inverter
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the different types of optical sources used for optical fiber communications, the requirements for light sources for optical fiber communications, direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors and different types of LEDs in use today along with their comparison. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Measurement of optical fiber refractive indexCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation discusses the various methods for measurement of refractive index of an optical fiber. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, applications and drawbacks of an optical time domain reflectometer. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the electromagnetic spectrum classification, attempts to explain the need for modulation and process of analog modulation. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
EST 130, Transistor Biasing and Amplification.CKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the need for biasing in transistor amplifiers and the different biasing arrangements used in transistor circuits. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
EST 200, Design Thinking in Automobile IndustryCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts a case study exploration of how automobile industry has benefited through the implementation of design thinking and innovation. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of bipolar junction transistors. The material will benefit KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation reviews the construction, working and applications of shift registers built using D Flipflops. The material will be useful for KTU second year students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of PN Junction Diodes. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the methods of oral and written communication which the design engineers use to communicate with the clients or the audience. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation reviews the construction, working and timing diagrams of ring and johnson counters as well as asynchronous and synchronous up, down, up/down and decade counters using popular flipflop ICs. The material will be useful for KTU B Tech second year students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
EST 200, Designing Triggers for Behavior ChangeCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions Shikakaeology,the Japanese method for behavioral change. The material will be useful for those who aspire to become design engineers.
EST 200, Communicating Designs GraphicallyCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the methods adopted by design engineers to communicate their designs. The material focuses on graphical methods of design communication. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineeirng.
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the different materials used for the construction of semiconductors. It offers structural and energy level explanation on the properties exhibited by the semiconductor materials. It also throws light on the structure and behaviour of a PN junction and use of PN junctions in active electronic components. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the merits and limitations of team work in design thinking. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
EST 200, Design Thinking in a Work Place.CKSunith1
The attached narrated power point stresses the need for introducing design thinking practices in a work place. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction and working of RS, D, JK, T and JK Master Slave Flipflops using Logic Gates. The material will be useful to KTU second year B Tech Computer Science and Engineering students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
EST 200, Convergent and Divergent ThinkingCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the various aspects and activities in divergent and convergent thinking and the necessity of divergent and convergent thinking in the design thinking process. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the implementation and benefits of design thinking at a work place. A few case studies are also included. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the principles process and frame work of design thinking. The material also mentions a few applications of design thinking. The material will be useful for KTU second year students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation discusses the different types of active components used in electronics engineering and the methods to identify active electronic components. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the working of multiplexers and demultiplexers and familiarises oneself with popular multiplexer, demultiplexer and decoder ICs. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students in Computer Science and Engineering who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
The attached narrated power point (with audio) presentation mentions the constructional features, different types of inductors, their ratings, methods for testing and precautions for handling. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
3. 3
Heterojunctions
• Dielectric step due to different refractive
indices at either side of the junction.
• Radiation confinement to active region (walls
of an optical waveguide).
• Efficiency of containment depends on the
magnitude of the step, dictated by difference
in bandgap energies and wavelength of
radiation.
• Double-heterojunction (DH) structure - carrier
and optical confinement reduce threshold
currents (50 to 200 mA) for lasing by around
100.
4. 4
Heterojunctions
• Homojunction - single p-n junction from a
single-crystal semiconductor material.
• Radiative properties improved using
heterojunctions.
• Heterojunction - interface between two
adjoining single crystal semiconductors
with different bandgap energies.
• Heterostructure - devices fabricated with
heterojunctions.
5. 5
Heterojunctions
• Isotype (n–n or p–p) or anisotype (p–n).
• Isotype heterojunction - potential barrier
within the structure for confinement of
minority carriers to a small active region
(carrier confinement).
• Reduces carrier diffusion length and volume
within the structure where radiative
recombination take place.
• Fabrication of injection lasers and high-
radiance LEDs.
6. 6
Heterojunctions
• Isotype heterojunctions used in LEDs to
provide a transparent layer close to active
region - reduces absorption of light emitted
from structure.
• Anisotype heterojunctions - large bandgap
differences improve injection efficiency of
either electrons or holes.
8. 8
Heterojunctions
• Applied voltage for bandgap energy of the active
layer - large number of electrons(or holes)
injected into active layer, laser oscillation
commences.
• Carriers confined to active layer by energy
barriers provided by heterojunctions placed
within diffusion length of injected carriers.
• Refractive index step at heterojunctions provides
radiation containment to active layer.
9. 9
Heterojunctions
• Active layer forms center of dielectric
waveguide, confines electroluminescence
within the region.
• Refractive index step desirable to prevent
losses due to lack of waveguiding.
• Reduce defects at interfaces - misfit
dislocations or inclusions cause nonradiative
recombination, reduce internal quantum
efficiency.
• Lattice matching needed.
10. 10
Semiconductor Materials
• Materials to lend themselves to the formation
of p–n junctions.
• Efficient electroluminescence - high
probability of radiative transitions, high
internal quantum efficiency.
• Useful emission wavelength - materials to
emit light at wavelength to be utilized with
current optical fibers and detectors.
• Direct bandgap semiconductors/indirect
bandgap semiconductors with appropriate
impurity centers.
12. 12
Semiconductor Materials
• GaAs/AlGaAs DH system used for fabricating
lasers and LEDs for shorter wavelengths.
• InGaAsP/InP material system for both long
wavelength light sources and detectors.
• Ternary-nitride-based alloys have advantage
over GaAs or InP-based alloys - better index
match with silica optical fibers.
• Introducing nitrogen reduces bandgap
sufficiently, gallium nitride (GaN) for blue
lasers.
13. 13
Semiconductor Injection Lasers
• Also called Injection Laser Diodes (ILD) or
Injection Lasers.
• Stimulated emission by recombination of
injected carriers.
• Optical cavity in the crystal structure to
provide feedback of photons.
14. 14
Advantages of Semiconductor
Injection Lasers
• High radiance due to amplifying effect of
stimulated emission - milliwatts of optical
output power.
• Narrow linewidth of the order of 1 nm.
• Modulation capabilities to extend up to GHz.
• Relative temporal coherence to allow
heterodyne (coherent) detection.
• Good spatial coherence - output focused by
lens into a spot - efficient coupling.
20. 20
Gain Guided Lasers
Kink
Filamentary behavior within active region due to crystal defects
Lasing changes from fundamental lateral mode to higher order lateral mode.
spike
21. 21
Index Guided Lasers
• Active region
waveguide thickness
varied by growing it
over a channel or
ridge in the substrate.
• Edges of the ridge
reflect light, guides it
within active layer,
forms a waveguide.
22. 22
Optical Confinement in Index-
Guided Lasers
• Positive Index Guided – central region has
higher refractive index.
• Negative Index Guided - central region
has lower refractive index.
+-Gain guided
24. 24
Buried Heterostructure Lasers
Strong index guiding along junction plane
Active volume completely buried in a material of wider band gap and lower refractive index
Optical field confined in transverse and lateral directions
25. 25
Distributed Feedback Lasers
• Approach to single-frequency operation.
• Use of distributed resonators, fabricated into
laser structure to give integrated wavelength
selectivity.
• Distributed Bragg diffraction grating provides
periodic variation in refractive index in the laser
heterostructure waveguide along the direction of
wave propagation.
• Feedback of optical energy obtained through
Bragg reflection.
30. 30
Injection Laser Characteristics
• Threshold current temperature dependence
T0 - threshold temperature coefficient
Jth - threshold current density
32. 32
Injection Laser Noise
• Phase or frequency
noise.
• Instabilities - kinks in
light output against
current characteristic
and self-pulsation.
• Reflection of light
back into the device.
• Mode partition noise.
• Dynamic shift of peak
wavelength emitted -
frequency chirping.
34. 34
Reliability
• Catastrophic degradation – result of mechanical
damage of mirror facets, leads to partial or
complete laser failure.
• Gradual degradation:
(a) defect formation in the active region.
(b) degradation of the current-confining
junctions.
- Characterized by increase in threshold current
for the laser, decrease in external quantum
efficiency.