This document summarizes the characteristics of chordates and the five classes of vertebrates: Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. It notes that chordates are defined by the presence of a notochord, which is replaced by a vertebral column in vertebrates. It provides examples like fish, frogs, snakes, birds, and mammals to illustrate the key traits of each vertebrate class. These include their habitats, respiratory and locomotive structures, temperature regulation, and reproductive characteristics.
This presentation tells about the insect order 'Mecoptera", their characteristic features, life cycle and families included under the order, and also about typical mating or copulation mechanism in them
This presentation tells about the insect order 'Mecoptera", their characteristic features, life cycle and families included under the order, and also about typical mating or copulation mechanism in them
This PPT is for F.Y.B.Sc students of course I Semester I, belonging to Mumbai University of Maharashtra India. You can email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in for further query.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
This PPT is for F.Y.B.Sc students of course I Semester I, belonging to Mumbai University of Maharashtra India. You can email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in for further query.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. introduction
Cat, dog, bird, fish all belong to this phylum of animals
Called chordates b/c of presence of rod like, solid, elastic supporting structure the
NOTOCHORD.
also contains Nerve cord & pharyngeal gill slits.
Nerve cord is made of neurons cells.
Pharyngeal gill slits are paired openings in the walls of pharynx.
All above features are essentially present in all chordates and later on
modified of even lost.
4. chordates
Chordates belong to phylum vertebrata.
In these notochord is replaced by vertebrae series of bones arranged in a
column called vertebral column.
Vertebrates are classified into five groups:
1. Pisces (fishes)
2. Amphibia
3. Reptilia
4. Aves
5. Mammalia
5. Class Pisces
Aquatic vertebrate.
Breath by gills.
Body differentiated into head, trunk & tail.
Skin is covered with scales.
Paired Fins helps in swimming.
Mouth has teeth helps in cutting, tearing or grassing, not or grinding of food.
6. Class Pisces
Cold blooded body temperature is changeable.
Examples are
Sharks
Labeo (rohu)
Trout
Hilsa (pallah)
Cat fish (khagga)
7. Labeo (rohu)
Edible fish found in fresh water.
Gills covered with bony plate called opercula (sing. Operculum)
large scales makes external skeleton
8. Class ambhibia
These organism has dual life in water and on land as well.
They have four limbs (legs) fingers are clawless (not separate)
Gills in early ages and replaced by lungs in adult stage for respiration.
Cold blooded.
Examples are Frogs, Toads, and Salamander.
(frog is studied in details in chapter no: two)
10. Class Reptiltia
Completely terrestrial (land) som are also aquatic.
Skin covered with epidermal scales.
Breath by lungs.
Limbs have claws (fingers are separate)
upper & lower jaws have teeth.
Cold blooded (but some are warm blooded as well)
Examples are lizard, tortoise, turtle, snake & crocodile.
11. Class Reptiltia
HOUSE (WALL) LIZARD
Feeds on insects.
Crawls on walls and ceilings because of special kind of adhesive (sticky) pads on
their fingers.
12. Class Reptiltia
SNAKES
LIMB-LESS reptiles.
COBRA known for deadly poison.
Venom (poison) is produced by poison gland located near upper jaws.
Poison injected through teeth called FANGS (can be regenerated if broken)
most snakes are non-poisonous.
13. Class Aves (Birds)
Birds, vertebrates whose bodies are covered with feathers.
Wings formed,
Mouth with no tooth.
Jaws are prolonged into BEAK.
Bones are hollow and light.
Many birds can fly with help of wings and feathers.
can also swim & walk with help of hind limbs.
Live on land but some also can live in water.
14. Class Aves (Birds)
Syrinx box produces a sweet voice in birds present at base of their neck.
Eggs are large, covered by hard shell contain reserve food usually in the form of
yolk.
Birds are warm blooded.
Examples are Parrot, sparrow, Pigeon, ostrich & kiwi.
16. Class Aves (Birds)
KIWI
Found in New Zealand.
Don’t have power of flight.
Their wings are short and feathers are hair-like therefore called flight-less bird.
17. Class Mammalia
These organisms are called Mammals because of presence of a hormone called
Mammary Gland.
Mammary gland secrete milk in females and feed their babies.
Skin covered over with Hair.
Skin also contain Sweat glands, sebaceous glands & scent glands.
Mouth bear teeth of various types.
Mammals are warm blooded.
Mammals give birth to young ones.
18. Class Mammalia
Mammals are divided into three sub-groups.
Egg laying mammals,
Pouched mammals,
Placental mammals.
19. Class Mammalia
Egg laying mammals
Simple mammals.
Lay egg like reptiles but they produce milk (mammary glands) like mammals.
Duck billed platypus & spiny ant eater are examples of this group, found only in
Australia.
20. Class Mammalia
Pouched mammals
These organisms have pouch on their belly.
Give birth to premature babies, mother keeps them in pouch until develop fully.
Pouch bear opening of mammary glands for feeding milk to babies.
Examples are Kangaroo, Koala bear & opossum.
21. Class Mammalia
Placental mammals.
Most mammals including man belong to this group.
In this group of organism baby completes its development inside the body of its
mother.
during the period while baby is inside mother’s body its fed through an organ
called placenta.
After birth, the baby is fed on mother’s milk secreted from the mammary gland.
22. Class Mammalia
Placental mammals.
Examples are man, monkey, elephant, rat, cat, lion, bat, seal, whale & dolphin.
most mammals are terrestrial but some live in water e.g. whale, dolphin, seal.
Blue whales are largest animals.
Bats are unique as they can fly.
