This document discusses pseudo-order kinetics. It defines pseudo-order as occurring when one reactant is present in excess, making its concentration appear constant and effectively zero-order. This can turn an overall second-order reaction into an apparent first-order reaction. Continuous experiments can also show pseudo-order kinetics if one reactant is isolated. The half-life of a pseudo-first-order reaction depends on the concentration of the excess reactant, unlike a true first-order reaction.

1. Reaction Kinetics
Pseudo-order Demystified

2. Pseudo-order
Demystified
1. Definition of pseudo-order
2. Application in continuous expts
3. Half-life for pseudo 1st order reactions

3. Definition of
Pseudo-order
Consider reaction where A and B reacts to form P:
A+B→P
Assume we already know the rate eqn:
Rate = k[A]1[B]1
Overall order = 2

4. Definition of
Pseudo-order
When an expt is carried out with:
[A] = 0.0100 mol dm–3
[B] = 0.100 mol dm–3
10 times more concentrated
If the reaction were to go to completion,
[B] remaining would be 0.099 ≈ 0.100 mol dm–3
i.e. [B] remains constant throughout the expt.

5. Definition of
Pseudo-order
Rate = k[A]1[B]1
For expt where [B] >> [A], [B] = constant
Rate = (k[B]1) [A]1
Rate = k’[A]1
where k’ = k[B]1
Experimental results will show that the overall order is 1
instead of 2.

6. Definition of
Pseudo-order
When a reactant is made much more concentrated than the
other, it is made to have no effect on the rate of that
particular expt i.e. appears to be zero order.
Rate = k[A]1[B]1
reaction is 2nd order
For expt where [B] >> [A],
[B] = constant
Rate = k’[A]1
reaction appears to be 1st order
pseudo (‘fake’) 1st order

7. Application in
Continuous Expts
The concept of pseudo-order is especially important in
continuous expts.
Recall:
Continuous expt  single run, monitor conc. of one rxt
with time.

8. Application in
Continuous Expts
Consider reaction where A and B reacts to form P:
A+B→P
General rate equation:
Rate = k[A]m[B]n

9. Application in
Continuous Expts
Assume we carried out a continuous expt and monitored
[A] vs t:

10. Application in
Continuous Expts
Observation: half-life is constant
Conclusion: reaction is first order
Rate = k[A]m[B]n
Question:
Is m=1 or n=1?
Is it first order w.r.t. A or B?

11. Application in
Continuous Expts
Is it first order w.r.t. to A or B?
Most students would answer ‘A’ as that is the case for
typical qns.
The correct answer is: the order observed in a continuous
expt is the overall order (m+n)
Then why is it that for typical qns, we can conclude the
reaction is first order w.r.t. A?

12. Application in
Continuous Expts
Then why is it that for typical qns, we can conclude the
reaction is first order w.r.t. A?
That is because for continuous expts to be meaningful, we
isolate one reactant by making the concentrations of the
other reactant(s) much higher i.e. the other reactant(s)
appear to be zero order.

13. Application in
Continuous Expts
Assume the expt was carried out with:
[A] = 0.0100 mol dm–3
–3
Rate = k[A]m[B]n
[B] = 0.100 mol dm
Since [B] >> [A], [B] appears to be zero order (n=0)
From the graph,
m+n=1
m=1
Reaction is 1st order w.r.t. A

14. Application in
Continuous Expts
Another possible scenario where pseudo-order kinetics is
observed is when one reactant is a catalyst.
Catalyst is chemically unchanged/ regenerated through the
expt; concentration of catalyst is constant i.e. appears to be
zero order

15. Application in
Continuous Expts
Assume the expt was carried out with:
[A] = 0.0100 mol dm–3
[B] = 0.0100 mol dm–3
(B is a catalyst)
B is a catalyst i.e. n = 0
From the graph,
m+n=1
m=1
Reaction is 1st order w.r.t. A

16. Application in
Continuous Expts
Rate = k[A]m[B]n
To find m and n using continuous expt, we need to isolate
one reactant at a time by making the concentration of
the other reactant much higher.
To find m, we perform an expt where [B] >> [A]
To find n, we perform an expt where [A] >> [B]

17. Half-life for
pseudo 1st order expts
For a 1st order reaction:
- Half-life is constant
- Value of half-life is independent on conc. of reactants
t1/2 =
ln2
k

18. Half-life for
pseudo 1st order expts
For a pseudo 1st order reaction:
- Half-life is constant
- Value of half-life is dependent on conc. of reactants
t1/2 =
ln2
k’

19. Half-life for
pseudo 1st order expts
Example:
A+B→P
Rate = k[A]1[B]1

20. Half-life for
pseudo 1st order expts
Expt 1 (t1/2):
[A] = 0.0100 mol dm–3
Rate = (k[B]1) [A]1
Rate = k’[A]1
[B] = 0.100 mol dm–3
where k’ = k[B]1
pseudo first order
ln2
t1/2 =
k’
ln2
=
=
k[B]
ln2
k[0.100]

21. Half-life for
pseudo 1st order expts
Expt 2 (t1/2’)
[A] = 0.0100 mol dm–3
ln2
t1/2’ =
k’
[B] = 0.050 mol dm–3
ln2
ln2
=
=
= 2 x t1/2
k[B]
k[0.050]