Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of chromosomes are taken in order to determine the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number.
A cytological technique to detect the nature of adjacent chromosomal regions by using different staining technique assisted with some pre treatment of metaphase chromosomes prepared on the slides
A cytological technique to detect the nature of adjacent chromosomal regions by using different staining technique assisted with some pre treatment of metaphase chromosomes prepared on the slides
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Apart from the nucleus DNA is also found within another cellular organelle, the mitochondrion.
Each mitochondrion contains multiple copies of a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule of 16,569 base pairs.
This DNA has 37 genes out of which encodes 13 peptides that are subunits of proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation.
There is a complete set of 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Apart from the nucleus DNA is also found within another cellular organelle, the mitochondrion.
Each mitochondrion contains multiple copies of a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule of 16,569 base pairs.
This DNA has 37 genes out of which encodes 13 peptides that are subunits of proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation.
There is a complete set of 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs.
Introduction to HUMAN CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS: Conventional Karyotyping Method (G...SABARI KRISHNAN B. B.
This text is a report made on behalf of the training session organised by Dr M. Jeevan Kumar, PhD., Research Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur. The report covers the laboratory practices involved in karyotyping (GTG Banding) human chromosome from whole blood, the explanation to each step of karyotyping, the details about the functions of each reagent, reagent preparation protocols, etc. Karyotyping was done using GenASIs BandView software. The text involves invaluable information about the landmarks of each chromosome in a much simplified and organised way and several symbols approved by the ISCN used in karyotyping routine. Wishing all the very best to the readers and young scientists, for whom this text will find worthful.
diagnosis of cancer, bioluminescent detection, diagnosis of cancer, haplotype mapping, imaging gene expression in vivo, types of cancer diagnosis method, ultrasound imaging
Applied Anatomy of Orbit and Eyeball.pptxMathew Joseph
The eye sits in a protective bony socket called the orbit. Six extraocular muscles in the orbit are attached to the eye. These muscles move the eye up and down, side to side, and rotate the eye.
The extraocular muscles are attached to the white part of the eye called the sclera. This is a strong layer of tissue that covers nearly the entire surface of the eyeball.
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptxMathew Joseph
Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System.pptxMathew Joseph
The female reproductive organs include several key structures, such as the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and vulva. The functions of these organs are involved in fertility, conception, pregnancy, and childbirth.
Histology/Micro Anatomy of Small Intestine.pptxMathew Joseph
The small intestine is an organ located in the gastrointestinal tract, between the stomach and the large intestine. It is, on average, 23ft long and is comprised of three structural parts; the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Functionally, the small intestine is chiefly involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It receives pancreatic secretions and bile through the hepatopancreatic duct which aid with its functions.
Gross Anatomy & Histology of Muscle Tissue.pptxMathew Joseph
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.
Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body. In vertebrates the three types are: skeletal or striated; smooth muscle (non-striated) muscle; and cardiac muscle.[1] Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium.[citation needed] Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through the interaction of the central nervous system as well as by receiving innervation from peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) activation. Striated or skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, upon the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging cortical structures until after the contraction has occurred.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Pelvis.pptxMathew Joseph
The rich vascular supply of the pelvis not only supports the structures contained within it, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, but also extends to the lower extremities. For a complete understanding of vascular anatomy as it pertains into the endovascular procedures of interventional radiology, it is useful to discuss the vascular structures in sections, from the bifurcation of the aorta and the inferior vena cava to the level of the common femoral arteries and veins. We will also review the anatomy of the iliac vessels, including their branches, common variants, and various collateral pathways
The small intestine or small bowel is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion. The small intestine is about 5.5 metres (18 feet) long and folds many times to fit in the abdomen. Although it is longer than the large intestine, it is called the small intestine because it is narrower in diameter.
The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, the shortest, is where preparation for absorption through small finger-like protrusions called villi begins.[2] The jejunum is specialized for the absorption through its lining by enterocytes: small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.
The sciatic nerves branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Sciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve
Nerve roots: L4-S3.
Motor functions:
Innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) and the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus (remaining portion of which is supplied by the obturator nerve).
Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) all the muscles of the leg and foot.
Sensory functions: No direct sensory functions. Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) the skin of the lateral leg, heel, and both the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot.
On the front of the thorax the most important vertical lines are the midsternal, the middle line of the sternum; and the mammary, or, better midclavicular, which runs vertically downward from a point midway between the center of the jugular notch and the tip of the acromion
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
The main artery of the lower limb is the femoral artery. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery (terminal branch of the abdominal aorta). The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor magnus, contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior thigh.
Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying some of the muscles on the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its neck and head. In a fracture of the femoral neck this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular necrosis of the femur head can occur.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The arterial supply to the upper limb is delivered via five main vessels (proximal to distal):
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the arteries of the upper limb – their anatomical course, branches and clinical correlations.
The tibiofibular joints are a set of articulations that unite the tibia and fibula. These two bones of the leg are connected via three junctions; The superior (proximal) tibiofibular joint - between the superior ends of tibia and fibula. The inferior (distal) tibiofibular joint - between their inferior ends.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. KARYOTYPING
Dr Mathew Joseph
MBBS, MD(AIIMS), BCC(Palliative Medicine)
Assistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur
2. What is karyotyping?
• Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of
chromosomes are taken in order to determine the
chromosome complement of an individual, including the
number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
• The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in
a species or in an individual organism and for a test that
detects this complement or measures the number.
The chromosomes are depicted
(by rearranging a
photomicrograph) in a standard
format known as a karyogram or
idiogram: in pairs, ordered by size
and position of centromere for
chromosomes of
the same size.
3.
4. • Samples used in clinical karyotyping:
– Biopsies
– Bone marrow
– Blood cells
– Cells from amniotic fluid
– Cells from chorionic villus
Artificial media are used for cell culture
Colchicine treatment arrests the cells at mitotic metaphase
Giemsa stain (contains a mixture of Azure, Methylene blue, and
Eosin dye and is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and
attaches itself to where there are high amounts of adenine-
thymine bonding)
Photographs of chromosomes are taken
The photographs of chromosomes are arranged in
descending order as per size
Sex chromosomes are placed after the autosomes
Chromosomes depicted with short p arms at the top and long
q arms at the bottom
6. Significance & Importance of Karyotype and
karyotyping
• Karyotypes of different species can be compared
• Similarities in the karyotype represent the
evolutionary relationship
• Karyotype can be used to solve taxonomic disputes
• Karyotype can indicate primitive and advanced
features
– Symmetric karyotype- Primitive
– Asymmetric karyotype- Advanced (e.g.
Zymographic flowers)
Species with special characteristics in their karyotype
Mouse: Acrocentric chromosomes
Amphibians: Metacentric chromosomes
7. Contd.
• Provides structural features of chromosomes
• Clinical cytologists can determine the genetic
changes
• Karyotype also reveals the numerical anomalies
in chromosomes
– Trisomy at 21st chromosome (Down Syndrome)
– Trisomy at sex chromosome- XXY (Klinefeltners
syndrome)
– Monosomy at sex chromosome- XO (Turner syndrome)
Karyotype also helps in detection of some cancers
8. Modern method of Karyotyping
• Fluorescence in- situ hybridization technique (FISH)
is used for karyotyping
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that uses
fluorescent probes which bind to special sites of the chromosome
with a high degree of sequence complementarity to the probes.
The fluorescent probes are nucleic acid labeled with fluorescent
groups and can bind to specific DNA/RNA sequences. Thus, we can
understand where and when a specific DNA sequences exist in cells
by detecting the fluorescent group. It was developed in the early
1980s. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the
fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes and flow
cytometry can be used to detect the binding quantitatively. This
FISH protocol is for a Cy5 and FAM labeled probe used in flow
cytometry detection and fluorescence microscopy detection.
9.
10. Figure A Figure B
(A) FISH technique applied in a normal pattern of chromosomes obtained from peripheral
lymphocytes of a blood sample from a normal/healthy child. The dual color
translocation probes [TEL/AML1] were used to show two green signals (TEL) at
chromosome 12p and two orange signals (AML1) at chromosome 21p22 as contrast.
(B) FISH technique applied to a pattern of chromosomes obtained from peripheral
lymphocytes of a blood sample from patient with Pallister-Killian syndrome. There
were four green signals and two orange signals indicating the presence of 4-arms of
chromosome 12p [green] and two signals for chromosome 21p22 [orange].
11. Oligo Paint Fish Platform
• Researchers at the Harvard Medical School and the University of Michigan
in 2012 described the design and synthesis of a platform useful for
the visualization of genomes with oligopaint FISH probes (Beliveau et al.).
• This technique allows a scientist to study any sequenced organism by
interrogating the relationship between nuclear architecture or
chromosome position and processes such as gene expression by its ability
to visualize chromosomes in situ.
• The method combines an oligonucleotide- and PCR-based strategy for
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a bioinformatic platform.
The proper design of the probes enables the technology to be used for the
study of any organism whose genome has been sequenced.
• Additionally, it provides researchers a precise control over the sequences
they target and allows for single and multicolor imaging of regions ranging
from tens of kilobases to megabases.
• Therefore the technique leads to an enhanced ability to visualize
interphase
and metaphase chromosomes in the future.
12. Oligo Paint FISH
Platform
Each oligonucleotide in the
library is composed of 32
bases of genomic sequence
flanked by 21-base primer
sequences.
primers
One
carries
fluorophore,
of the
a 5′
whereas the
other contains a recognition
site for a nicking
endonuclease (NE). A
nicking reaction
by denaturing
followed
gel
electrophoresis yields 53-
base ssDNAs.