This document discusses isolation precautions in hospitals. It outlines the rationale for isolation precautions, noting that infection transmission requires a microorganism, source, susceptible host, and means of transmission. Various sources of infection and host factors are described. The main routes of transmission - contact, droplet, airborne, and vector-borne - are explained. Guidelines for isolation precautions from the CDC in 1983, 1990, and 1996 are summarized. These include category-specific and disease-specific isolation as well as standard and transmission-based precautions. Specific precautions for airborne, droplet, and contact transmission are provided. Fundamental aspects of isolation precautions like hand washing, gloves, patient placement, and transport are also covered
Standard Precautions for Infection Control in Hospitals.pptxanjalatchi
Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes), and mucous membranes.
Standard Precautions for Infection Control in Hospitals.pptxanjalatchi
Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes), and mucous membranes.
Infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission.
Risk assessment must be considered whenever patient required for isolation
Type of isolation are source or protective
Tires of precautions include stander precaution and transmission based precaution which based on 3 mode of transmission contact, airborne, or droplets.
Hospital Acquired Infections/Health care associated infections/Nosocomial infection .
More useful for MBBS ,PG (MD/MS) Students to get a brief idea about HAI.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission.
Risk assessment must be considered whenever patient required for isolation
Type of isolation are source or protective
Tires of precautions include stander precaution and transmission based precaution which based on 3 mode of transmission contact, airborne, or droplets.
Hospital Acquired Infections/Health care associated infections/Nosocomial infection .
More useful for MBBS ,PG (MD/MS) Students to get a brief idea about HAI.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Hepatitis B infection in Chronic KidneydiseaseAJISH JOHN
Hepatitis B infection is common among CKD patients especially those on dialysis. The various issues regarding its management and approach to renal transplantation
any infection developing in a patient after
two days of hospitalization can be labelled as healthcare-associated infection (HAI)or hospital Aquired infection . Among them, there are four
major types which are commonly encountered and
therefore need to be discussed in detail. These are also the
HAIs for which surveillance is recommended.
1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
2. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
4. Surgical site infection (SSI).
Out of these, the first three (CAUTI, CRBSI, VAP) are
together called as device associated infections (DAIs).
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
OR HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INTECTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INFECTION ACQUIRED IN THE HOSPITAL BY A PATIENT:
WHO WAS ADMITTED FOR A REASON OTHER THAT INFECTION
FACTORS AFFECTING HAIS
SOURCES OF INFECTION
MICRORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFECTION
TYPES OF HAIS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PREVENTION OF HAIS
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MR. MOHAMMAD TALAL AL JOHANY
RESPIRATORY THERAPIST
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
4. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALs
HOST
Age
Underlying disease
Treatment :
1 -Antimicrobial.
2 – Corticosteroids.
3 – Immunosuppressive agents.
Weak in first line of defense mechanisms eg;
Surgical operations .
Anesthesia .
Catheters .
5. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
Transmission
Its main routes :
Contact a -Direct contacts.
b - Indirect contacts.
c - Droplet transmission ( 3 feet ).
Common vehicle transmission
Water equipment devices.
Airborne transmission.
Airborne droplet nuclei ( 5 micrometers or small )
Evaporated droplets or dust particles eg TB , Measles ,
chickenpox.
Vector borne.
6. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
Interruption of transmission of micro-organisms is
directed primarily at transmission.
Disadvantages of isolation.
Special equipment, environmental modification ,
more cost.
Patient care may be affected.
Deprives patient of normal social relationship.
Disadvantages to be weighed against prevention
values .
Early isolation practices .
7. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
1877 Separate facilities.
1910 Cubical system, separate gown , wash hands, disinfect
objects.
1950 Infectious disease hospital begin to close.
1960 T.B Hospitals decreased.
1970 CDC Isolation manual.
1983 CDC Guidelines.
1 - Category specific isolation.
Disease specific isolation.
Use guidelines to develop a system .
2- Encourage personnel to make decision on what
precautions to be taken.
3 – Encourage personnel to make decision about the
likelihood of exposure to reduce costs.
9. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
Consider epidemiology of each infectious disease.
Highly educated.
To be updated.
Universal precautions ( 1985 ) :
Applying blood & body fluid precautions universally
to all people.
Prevention of needle stick injuries.
Traditional barriers e.g gloves .
Eye coverings in certain procedures . Amniotic ,CSF,
semen, & vaginal secretions.
Not to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat,
&tears.
10. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
Body substance isolation ( 1987 ):
Isolation of all moist &potentially infectious body
substances ( blood, urine, feces, sputum, saliva,
wound drainage, other body fluids regardless of
their presumed infection status ).
Stop sign alert (( airborne )).
DISADVANTAGES :
Added costs.
Overprotection of personnel.
Difficulty in maintaining routine application.
Lack of hands washing after gloves removal.
Droplet infection.
11. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
New Isolation Guidelines ( 1990 ) :
Problem of multi-drug resistance T.B.
Multi-drug resistant of micro organisms.
New guidelines should :
1- Be epidemiologically sound .
2- Recognize importance of all body secretions.
3- Adequate precautions of airborne, droplets
contact routes.
4- Simple.
5- Use new terms to avoid confusions.
6- In expensive
13. ISOLATION PRECAUTION
IN HOSPITALS
HICPAC Isolation Precautions (1996 )
1 – Standard precautions
a - Blood
b - All body fluids
c - Non intact skin
d - mucous membranes.
( to reduce transmission from organized & unorganized source
of infection.)
2- Transmission based precautions :
( patient documented or suspected to be infectious)
a - Airborne precautions
b - Droplet precautions
c - Contact precautions.
( may be combined for diseases with multiple route of
transmission).
14. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Consider all patients and their bodily fluids (except sweat) to be
potentially infectious
Use appropriate barrier precautions when there is a risk of exposure
to blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes
and non-intact skin.
Patients with known or suspected infections are NOT to have their
medical records labeled as “infectious”.
Specimens of patients with known or suspected infections are NOT
to be labeled as “infectious”. All specimens are to be treated in the
same safe manner .
Used needles and sharps should be disposed of safely ( in puncture
proof sharp boxes ) .
Needles should NOT be recapped .
All Health care workers should receive the HBV vaccine .
16. AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
Airborne spreads upon aerosolization of small
particles (=< 5 micron) of the infectious agent
that can then travel over long distances through
the air .
Most common nosocomial pathogens transmitted
by this route :
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
- Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) .
- Measles .
- Smallpox.
- ? SARS .
17. AIRBORNE
PRECAUTIONS
Place the patient in a negative pressure
room with at least 6 – 12 air exchanges
per hour .
Room exhaust must be appropriately
discharged outdoors or passed through a
HEPA ( high – efficiency particulate
aerator ) filter before recirculation within
the hospital .
The door of the room should be kept
closed .
18. DROPLET TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplets are large particles (>5 micron)
expelled during .
- Coughing .
- Sneezing .
- Talking.
- During procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscope .
Droplets travel < 1,5 meter from the source patient .
Example :
• Neisseria meningitides .
• Haemophilus influenza type b ( invasive ) .
• Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) .
• Mycoplasma pneumonia .
19. DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
Private room preferred; cohorting allowed
if necessary.
Special air handling and ventilation are
unnecessary .
The door of the room may remain open .
Wear a mask when within 1 meter of the
patient .
Mask the patient during transport .
20. DROPLET TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplets are large particles (>5 micron)
expelled during .
- Coughing .
- Sneezing .
- Talking.
- During procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscope .
Droplets travel < 1,5 meter from the source patient .
Example :
• Neisseria meningitides .
• Haemophilus influenza type b ( invasive ) .
• Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) .
• Mycoplasma pneumonia .
22. TRANSMISSIONRequires
1) Pt’s Hands of health care workers .
2) Survive for several minutes .
3) Non or Inadequate hand hygiene .
4) Contaminated Hands Pt’s
23. ISOLATION PRECAUTION
IN HOSPITALS
Air borne precautions :
Dissemination of droplet nuclei .
Small particle residue of 5 micrometers or less of evaporated
droplets.
Suspended on the air for long time.
Dust particles containing the infectious agents.
Special air handling & ventilation required e.g measles ,
varicella , TB .
Droplet precautions :
Large particles droplets
Invasive HI type b.
Invasive N Meningitides.
Diphtheria , Mycoplasma , sterptococcal infection.
Viral infections : adenovirus , mumps, rubella .
24. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
Contact precautions :
Patient known or suspected to have serious illness
transmitted by contact.
a - GIT, Respiratory , skin or wound infection with
multi drug resistant bacteria or colonization.
b – Enteric infections : shigella, HIV, E.coli, O157,
117 .
c – Respiratory viruses .
d – Skin infections Diphtheria , Herpes, Cellulitis
Scabies , VHF.
25. Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood Collection
Essentials, Seventh Edition
Diana Garza • Kathleen Becan-McBride
Pearson Education
Copyright 2005
Herpes
Neonatal infection with herpes simplex virus
type 1, showing ulcerating and vesicular skin
lesions.
Lesions may be present in small numbers.
The virus was transmitted during birth.
26. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
Additional Emperic Precautions :
Diarrhea Enteric organism contact
Vesicular rash Varicella air borne
Maculopapular rash measles air borne
cough, fever, upper lobe infilterate TB air borne
Risk of multi drug resistant bacteria contact
Abscess draining wound strept, staph contact
FUNDAMENTAL OF ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
1- Hand washing
After touching blood , body fluid….etc
After removing gloves
Between pt’s contact.
27. Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood
Collection Essentials, Seventh
Edition
Pearson Education
Copyright 2005
Standard Precautions
Figure 5.9 Rinse Hands in a Downward Motion with Water
28. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
2- Gloves :
a – for touching blood, body fluid …etc.
b – Mucous membranes .
c – contaminated items
d- a septic procedures .
3 - Patient placing:
a - Private room.
b - Hand wash & other facilities.
c - With appropriate room mate ( cohorting ).
d - Private room with appropriate ventilation e.g T.B.
4- Transport of infected patients :
a – limit movement .
b – Appropriate measure if needed .
29. Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood
Collection Essentials, Seventh
Edition
Pearson Education
Copyright 2005
Standard Precautions
Figure 5.11 Supplies for Isolation Procedures
31. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
IN HOSPITALS
c – Notify other departments.
d – Patient education.
5 – Mask respiratory, Eye precautions , Eye shields.
6 – Gowns , boots, shoe covers, leg coverings (
remove gown before leaving). .
7 – Environmental control .
8- linen
9- proper waste disposal ( e.g sharp)
32. Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood
Collection Essentials, Seventh
Edition
Pearson Education
Copyright 2005
Standard Precautions
4. Face shields
Figure 5.18 Face shields or goggles
may be worn
33. Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood
Collection Essentials, Seventh
Edition
Pearson Education
Copyright 2005
Standard Precautions
Specific Isolation
Techniques and
Procedural Steps
.2Gowning
Figure 5.13 Gowns should be large
enough to cover all clothing
34. Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood
Collection Essentials, Seventh
Edition
Pearson Education
Copyright 2005
Standard Precautions
5. Completing the
protection
Figure 5.19 Gloves should be pulled over
the ends of gown sleeves
35. Precautions Needed for
Cases
Condition Type Duration
Pulmonary TB S+A Till sputum Negative
Chicken Pox S+A Till rash crusted
M-meningitis S+D 24 Hrs
HIV S Duration of stay
Clinical Syndromes:
Empiric precautions as per clinical presentation