Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, can develop 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge. They are caused by four main factors - crowded hospital conditions, new microorganisms, increasing number of immune-compromised patients, and increasing bacterial resistance. The most common modes of transmission are contact, droplet, vector-borne, airborne, and common vehicle. Common sites of infection include the urinary tract, lungs, bloodstream, and surgical sites. Prevention methods focus on isolation, sterilization, proper hand hygiene, and use of protective equipment like gloves and aprons.

1. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION Presented by, Saima fazal B.S(3 rd year)

2. INTRODUCTION Nosocomial infection comes from Greek words “ nosus ” meaning disease and “ komeion ” meaning to take care of Also called as HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION Infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48hrs or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge.

3. Crowded hospital conditions New microorganism Increasing number of people with compromised immune system Increasing Bacterial resistance Rise in nosocomial infection as a result of four factor

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY Nosocomial infections can be exogenous (external organism) and endogenous (opportunist normal flora) Host susceptibility Is an important factor in the development of nosocomial infection. Medical equipments and procedures (surgery) are often responsible for infections

5. MODES OF TRANSMISSION There are five main modes of transmission Contact Vector borne Air borne Droplet Common vehicle

6. DROPLET TRANSMISSION Droplet generated by sneezing Coughing or respiratory tract procedures like Broncoscopy or suction VECTOR TRANSMISSION Transmitted through insects and Other invertebrates animals such as mosquitoes and fleas.

7. AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION Tiny droplet nuclei that remain (<5) suspended in air. COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION Transmitted indirectly by materials contaminated with the infections.

8. CONTACT TRANSMISSION Most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections, is divided into two subgroups : Direct-contact transmission Indirect-contact transmission. Direct-contact transmission Involves a direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person, such as occurs when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath

9. Indirect-contact transmission Involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as contaminated instruments, needles , or dressings, or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients

10. AGENTS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS VIRUS BACTERIA FUNGI

12. COMMON SITES OF INFECTION

13. COMMON INFECTIONS Following are the most common nosocomial infections: Urinary tract infection Catheter associated infection Pneumonia Blood stream infections

14. PROBLEMS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS Nosocomial infections will become more important as public health problems as it causes, Nosocomial suffering Prolonged hospital stay Increase the cost of care significantly

15. SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS They are also frequent The definition is mainly clinical (purulent discharge around wounds or the insertion site of drain, or spreading cellulites from wounds) The infections can be exogenously or endogenously

16. NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA The most important are patients on ventilators in ICU. Recent and progressive radiological opacities of the pulmonary parenchyma, purulent sputum and recent onsite fever. Most commonly caused by acinetobacter.

17. NOSOCOMIAL BACTERAEMIA The incidence is increasing particularly for certain organisms such as multi resistance coagulase negative staphylococcus and candida. Infections may occurs at the skin entry site of the IV device or in the sub cutaneous path of catheter.

19. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS It is the most common cause of nosocomial infections 80% of the infections are associated with indwelling catheters.

20. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Prevention and control of nosocomial infections can be done by the following ways, ISOLATION Designed to prevent transmission of microorganisms by common routes in hospitals. Because agent and host factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission.

21. Sterilization Sterilization of all reusable equipments such as ventilator, humidifier and any device that come in contact with the respiratory tract.

23. Wear Gloves They re worn for two reasons: Provide a protective barrier and prevent contamination of hands Reduce the liklihood that microorganism present on the hands will be transmitted to the patients during invasive and other patient care procedure.

24. Tell your doctor everything All symptoms Previous disease Other alternative treatment Other over the counter medication

25. Wear Aprons Wearing an apron during patient care reduces the risk of infections. Apron is must for preventing yourself from getting disease.

26. Get educated Learn about your conditions and treatment is the best way to prevent an error. Get involved Be assertive about your rights To be a part of the decision Process for your medical care

27. There is no official national approach and no real managerial support from authorities for nosocomial infection Only thing is proper asepsis, proper hand washing and sterilization. CONCLUSION

28. Thank you