This document discusses disease prevention and control. It outlines 4 levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It also discusses disease control, which aims to reduce transmission and the effects of disease. Key aspects of disease control include early diagnosis, notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, interrupting transmission through vaccination and other methods, and surveillance. The goal of disease prevention and control methods is to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of infectious diseases.
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of session, the learner shall be able to:
Differentiate Control, elimination and eradication.
Apply Levels of prevention.
Apply Modes of intervention.
Describe International Classification of Disease
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of session, the learner shall be able to:
Differentiate Control, elimination and eradication.
Apply Levels of prevention.
Apply Modes of intervention.
Describe International Classification of Disease
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
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Content
What is disease and disease control ?
What is disease Elimination and Eradication ?
Concept of control
Disease control measures
Breaking the chain of infection
National Health Programs for Disease Control
Learning Objectives
Describe about disease and disease control
Differentiate between disease elimination and eradication
Describe the chain of infection and measures to break it
Describe action to be taken for controlling of disease
Enlist the types of surveillance
Enlist the health program runs in India for controlling of disease
Disease
A pathogenic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.
Source of disease
Human Tb, chickenpox, Covid-19
Water cholera, diarrhea, typhoid
Animal Rabies
Disease control
It refers to reducing the transmission of a disease to a level when it no longer remains a “public health problem”.
Example :- In London John Snow controlling the cholera by removing the handle of incriminated water pump.
Disease Elimination:
Reduction of incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area to a predetermined very low level or to zero with continued intervention is known as elimination.
Example - Elimination of Measles, Polio and Diphtheria from large geographic regions or areas.
Disease Eradication:
Eradication is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts.
Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots".
Example - Small pox is only a disease which is Eradicated
It is eradicated in 1980
Concept of control
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing :-
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complication
The financial burden to the community.
DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES
Every disease has certain weak link in the ‘Chain of transmission’.
The basic principle or approach in disease control is to identify that weakest link and break it.
This requires sound epidemiological knowledge about the disease study such as - Epidemiological determinants, Magnitude of disease, distribution of disease etc.
IV. Disease control measures are undertaken to –
- Prevent occurrence of disease
- Reduce morbidity and mortality due to disease
V. It requires :-
Teamwork,
Community participation,
Inter sectoral coordination
Political support and
Adequate information about disease epidemiology
• For disease control action taken at the following levels–
Controlling the Source of Infection
Interruption Transmission of Disease
Protection of Susceptible Host
Reservoir & Controlling the Source of Infection
The chain of transmission of a disease starts from the source or reservoir.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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ASA GUIDELINE
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Disease - Prevention
Activities designed to protect patients and
other members of the public from actual or
potential health threats and their harmful
consequences.
from: Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 8th
edition 2009.
4. Primordial Prevention
Prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or
population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
INTERVENTION: Individual and mass education.
EXAMPLES: National programmes and policies on
Food and nutrition
Against smoking and drugs
To promote regular physical exercise
Primary Prevention
• Action taken prior to onset of disease, which removes the possibility that
a disease will ever occur.
• INTERVENTION: Prepathogenesis stage of disease.
• MODESOFINTERVENTION: Health promotion and Specific protection
5. Secondary Prevention
Action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and
prevents complication.
INTERVENTION: Early pathogenesis stage
MODESOF INTERVENTION: Early diagnosis and Adequate/prompt
treatment.
Tertiary Prevention
• All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities
and minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health
and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions.
• INTERVENTION: Late pathogenesis stage
• MODESOFINTERVENTION:Disability limitations and Rehabilitation
6. Disease - Control
Disease control is reducing the transmission of disease
agent a low level that it ceases to be a public health
problem.
It describes operations aimed at reducing-
1. The incidence of disease.
2. The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of
transmission.
3. The effects of infection, including both the physical and
psychosocial complications.
4. The financial burden of the community.
7. Controlling the reservoir
1. Early diagnosis
2. Notification
3. Epidemiological investigations
4. Isolation
5. Quarantine
Interruption of transmission
The susceptible host
1. Active immunization
2. Passive immunization
3. Combined passive and active immunization
4. Chemoprophylaxis
5. Non specific measures
Disease control involves-
8. Early diagnosis
Needed for-
1. Treatment of patient
2. Epidemiological investigation for ex to trace the
source of infection from the known or index case to
the unknown.
3. To study the time, place and person distribution.
4. For the institution of prevention and control
measures.
9. Notification
Once a infectious disease has been detected or suspected is
should be notified to local health authority.
Disease undersurveillance by WHO
1. Louse borne-typhus fever 5 relapsing fever
2. Paralytic polio 6 malaria
3. Viral influenza A 7 SARS
4. small pox
Disease under International Health Regulation(IHR)-
Cholera, Plague and Yellow fever.
10. Epidemiological Investigation
The outbreak investigation helps to identify-
1. The source of infection
2. Factors influencing the Spread.
These may include
1. Geographical situations
2. climatic condition, social and behavioral patterns
3. The character of the agent , reservoir, the vector and
vehicles and susceptible host population.
11. Isolation
Separation for the period of communicability of infected
persons or animals from others in such places and under
such conditions, as to prevent or limit the direct or indirect
transmission of the infectious agent from infected to
susceptible.
The duration of isolation depends on duration of
communicability of disease and effect of chemotherapy on
infectivity .
E.g. chicken pox until all lesions
crusted ,usually about 6 days after
onset of rash.
12. Treatment
The objectives of treatment are-
1. To kill the infectious agent when it is still in the
reservoir before it is disseminated.
2. Reduce the communicability of disease.
3. Cut short the duration of illness and
4. Prevent development of secondary cases
13. Quarantine
Defined as “ the limitation of freedom of movement of such
well person or domestic animal exposed to communicable
disease for a period of time not longer than the longest
usual incubation period of disease in such manner as to
effective contact with those not so exposed”
3 types-
Absolute
Modified
Segregation
14. Interruption of transmission
Means changing some components of man’s environment
to prevent the infective agent from a patient or carrier
from entering the body of susceptible person.
E.g. simple chlorination to complex water
treatment will prevent water borne disease.
Vector control.
Personal hygiene.
15. Active & Passive Immunization
Active - strengthening of host defence ; control of some
infectious disease is solely based on active immunization-
e.g. polio , tetanus, diphtheria and
measles.
Passive – 3 types of preparations are available
1. Normal human Ig
2. Specific (hyperimmune) human immunoglobulin
3. Antisera or antitoxin
17. Chemoprophylaxis
Implies the protection from, or prevention of,
disease.
Achieved by –
1. Causal prophylaxis-early elimination of
invading or migrating causal agent.
2. Clinical prophylaxis- prevention of clincal
symptom.
18. Non specific measures
Mainly interrupt pathways of transmission.
Improvements on the Quality of Life (eg better
housing, water supply, nutrition, education)
Formulation of legislative measures and
integrated program.
Have played a dominant role in decline of
diseases like TB, Cholera, Leprosy and Child
Mortality.
19. Surveillance
SURVEILLANCE must follow control measures.
Defined as “ the continuous scrutiny of all aspects
of occurrence and spread of disease that are
pertinent to effective control.”
The ultimate objective of surveillance is
“PREVENTION”.
20. Types of surveillance
4 types
1. Individual surveillance- surveillance of infected person
until they are no longer a significant risk to other
individual..
2. Local population surveillance- surveillance of malaria.
3. National population surveillance- surveillance of small
pox after it has been eradicated.
4. International surveillance- WHO maintains surveillance
of important diseases like influenza, malaria ,polio.