Standard precautions are the basic level of infection control precautions designed to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe handling of needles and other sharp instruments, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment, and appropriate handling and disposal of linens and waste. Transmission-based precautions provide additional precautions for patients known or suspected to be infected by epidemiologically important pathogens spread by airborne, droplet, or contact transmission.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
A. Standard Precautions-Standard precautions are to be followed for all patients, irrespective of their infection status.
These are to be used to avoid contact with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions regardless of whether contaminated grossly with blood or not; non intact skin; and mucous membrane.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients
Infection control measure to be undertaken by hospital- Use standard precaution for the care of all patients.
This general mandate is necessary because it is sometimes not known if the patient is colonized or infected with certain pathogenic microorganisms.
Barrier precautions reduce the need to handle sharps.
B. Transmission Precautions- The second tier condenses the disease-specific and categories approach to isolation into new transmission categories to be taken based on the route of transmission of organisms like contact precautions, airborne precautions, etc.
These precautions are designed for specific patients with highly transmissible pathogens
A. Standard Precautions-Standard precautions are to be followed for all patients, irrespective of their infection status.
These are to be used to avoid contact with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions regardless of whether contaminated grossly with blood or not; non intact skin; and mucous membrane.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients
Infection control measure to be undertaken by hospital- Use standard precaution for the care of all patients.
This general mandate is necessary because it is sometimes not known if the patient is colonized or infected with certain pathogenic microorganisms.
Barrier precautions reduce the need to handle sharps.
B. Transmission Precautions- The second tier condenses the disease-specific and categories approach to isolation into new transmission categories to be taken based on the route of transmission of organisms like contact precautions, airborne precautions, etc.
These precautions are designed for specific patients with highly transmissible pathogens
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The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
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2. DEFINITION
Standard Precautions
• Previously known by various names including “universal
precautions”
• Standard precautions are designed to reduce the risk of
transmission of bloodborne and other pathogens from
both recognized and unrecognized sources to a
susceptible host.
• They are the basic level of infection control precaution
• Hospital Infection is the result of a combination of
factors: Microbial source + Transmission + Susceptible
host = Infection
3. History of Infection Control Precautions
Year Infection Control Precautions
1877,1910 Separates facilities, Antisepsis and disinfections ... etc
1985 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS (guidelines for protecting healthcare
worker because the emergence of HIV & other bloodborne
pathogens)
1987 BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION ( focused on protecting patients and
health personnel from all moist body fluids not just blood: semen,
vaginal secretions, wound drainage, sputum, saliva etc
1996 STANDARD PRECAUTIONS:Two level approach:
•Standard Precautions which apply to all clients and patients
attending healthcare facilities
•Transmission-based Precautions which apply only to hospitalized
patients
2007 ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS (new pathogens; SARS, Avian Influenzae
H5N1, H1N1)
4. Standard precautions Transmission-based precautions
• Universal precautions
• Body substance isolation
•Airborne precautions
•Droplet precautions
•Contact precaution
5. Key Elements of Standard Precautions
1. Hand hygiene
2. Gloves
3. Mask, gogles, face masks
4. Gown
5. Prevention of needle stick & injuries from sharp instruments
6. Respiratory hygiene & cough etiquette
7. Environmental cleaning
8. Linens
9. Waste disposal
10. Patient care equipment
WHO, 2007
PPE
6. Definitions of Hand hygiene
• Hand-washing
– Washing hands with plain soap and water
• Antiseptic hand-wash
– Washing hands with water and soap or other detergents
containing an antiseptic agent
• Alcohol-based hand-rub
– Rubbing hands with an alcohol-containing preparation
• Surgical hand hygiene/antisepsis
– Hand-washing or using an alcohol-based hand-rub before
operations by surgical personnel
Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-care Settings. MMWR 2002; vol. 51, no. RR-16.
10. This I do believe !
The single most important thing that you can do to stop
the spread of any germs is to wash your hands
11. PPE
PPE Working Condition
gloves should be used when touching blood, body fluids,
secretions, excretions, or contaminated items and for
touching mucous membranes and nonintact skin.
gowns should be used during procedures and patient care
activities when contact of clothing and/or exposed skin
with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions is
anticipated. Aprons are sometimes used as PPE over
scrubs, such as in hemodialysis centers when
inserting a needle into a fistula.
Mask and
goggles or a
face shield
should be used during patient care activities that are
likely to generate splashes and sprays of blood, body
fluids, secretions, or excretions.
13. Activities at risk of sharp injury
• Needle re-capping
• Body fluids aliquoting
• Open the tubes
• Throw the sharps not to sharp container
Discard if 2/3 full
• HBV : 27 – 37% ( 30%)
• HCV : 3 – 10 % (3,0 %)
• HIV : 0,2 – 0,4% (0,3%)
14. Transmission-Based Precautions
• Used in addition to Standard Precautions for
Specified Patients
• Designed for the Care of Specified Patients
known or suspected to be infected by
epidemiologically important pathogens spread by:
airborne, droplet, or contact transmission.
15. Droplet Transmission
• For infectious agents with droplet nuclei >
5 microns
• Examples:
– Pertussis
– Meningococcal meningitis
• Precaution Examples:
– Private room
– Mask if within 3’ of patient
16. Droplet Precautions
• Prevent infection by
large droplets from
– Sneezing
– Coughing
– Talking
• Examples
– Neisseria meningitidis
– Pertussis
– Influenza
17. Airborne Transmission
• For infectious agents with droplet nuclei < 5
microns
• Examples:
– Tuberculosis
– Measles
• Precaution Examples
– Isolation rooms under negative pressure
– N95 or HEPA respirator use
18. Airborne Precautions for Avian
Influenza
• Respiratory Protection
– N95 respirator
• Patient in isolation/cohorting
• Patient Transport
– Limit patient movement
and transport,
place a surgical mask
on the patient
• Airborne isolation room, if available
– Air exhaust to outside or
re-circulated with HEPA filtration
19. Linens
• Handle, transport, and process used
linen in a manner which:
• Prevents skin and mucous membrane
exposures and contamination of clothing.
• Avoids transfer of pathogens to other
patients and or the environment.
20. Waste disposal
• Ensure safe waste management.
• Treat waste contaminated with blood, body
fluids, secretions and excretions as clinical
waste, in accordance with local regulations.
• Human tissues and laboratory waste that is
directly associated with specimen processing
should also be treated as clinical waste.
• Discard single use items properly.
21. Patient care equipment
• Handle equipment soiled with blood, body
fluids, secretions, and excretions in a
manner that prevents skin and mucous
membrane exposures, contamination of
clothing, and transfer of pathogens to
other patients or the environment.
• Clean, disinfect, and reprocess reusable
equipment appropriately before use with
another patient.
22. Contact Precautions
• For protection against skin-to-skin contact and physical
transfer of microorganisms to a host from a source
• Precaution Examples:
– Private room
– Handwashing
– Glove changes
• Examples
– Scabies
– VRE