This document describes the design of a steel foot over bridge at Shelu railway station in India. The existing foot over bridge is made of reinforced concrete and located at the far end of the platform, making it inconvenient for users. The objectives of the new design are to create a light-weight yet durable and economical bridge structure that can be safely accessed from both sides of the platform using steel materials. The design will be done manually according to Indian codes and analyzed using ANSYS software. The key components of the bridge that are described include the truss, slab, girders and staircase. Design loads, material properties, and dimensions of the bridge are also provided.
Rails, Types, Joints, Creep, Failure of Rails and Welding of Railssrinivas2036
The document discusses rails used in railway tracks. It defines different types of rails including double headed, bull headed, and flat footed rails. Flat footed rails, also called Vignoles rails, are now most commonly used. Standard rail sections used in Indian railways, such as 52kg and 60kg, are presented. Requirements of an ideal rail and factors affecting rail wear and failure are explained. Methods to reduce rail wear include use of special alloys, track maintenance, reducing expansion gaps, and lubricating rails.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document provides an overview of steel structures. It defines steel as an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements. It then discusses the classification of steels based on carbon content and introduces the basic components of structures like beams and columns. The document outlines the advantages of steel structures such as lower costs, strength, recyclability, and flexibility. It also notes some disadvantages like maintenance costs and reduced strength in fires. Finally, it discusses common steel sections, connection types, and provides examples of famous steel buildings.
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
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www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Pile foundations Case Study Delhi Metro Site VisitMohd Kashif
This document provides information about deep foundations, including what they are, where they are used, how they are classified, and examples of different pile types. It defines deep foundations as transferring loads to deeper layers of soil or rock compared to shallow foundations. It classifies piles based on function and material and provides details on common types like timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. The document also includes a case study describing the construction of drilled shaft pile foundations for a metro station in Delhi, with steps like drilling, stabilizing holes, and pouring concrete.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
Rails, Types, Joints, Creep, Failure of Rails and Welding of Railssrinivas2036
The document discusses rails used in railway tracks. It defines different types of rails including double headed, bull headed, and flat footed rails. Flat footed rails, also called Vignoles rails, are now most commonly used. Standard rail sections used in Indian railways, such as 52kg and 60kg, are presented. Requirements of an ideal rail and factors affecting rail wear and failure are explained. Methods to reduce rail wear include use of special alloys, track maintenance, reducing expansion gaps, and lubricating rails.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document provides an overview of steel structures. It defines steel as an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements. It then discusses the classification of steels based on carbon content and introduces the basic components of structures like beams and columns. The document outlines the advantages of steel structures such as lower costs, strength, recyclability, and flexibility. It also notes some disadvantages like maintenance costs and reduced strength in fires. Finally, it discusses common steel sections, connection types, and provides examples of famous steel buildings.
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Pile foundations Case Study Delhi Metro Site VisitMohd Kashif
This document provides information about deep foundations, including what they are, where they are used, how they are classified, and examples of different pile types. It defines deep foundations as transferring loads to deeper layers of soil or rock compared to shallow foundations. It classifies piles based on function and material and provides details on common types like timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. The document also includes a case study describing the construction of drilled shaft pile foundations for a metro station in Delhi, with steps like drilling, stabilizing holes, and pouring concrete.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
The document describes the analysis and design of a steel truss footbridge with an isolated foundation. It discusses modeling the superstructure in STAAD PRO and Tekla Structure software. The bridge is a 9.63m high steel structure. Methodology includes drafting plans in AutoCAD, modeling in Tekla Structure, analysis in STAAD PRO, material properties, design of truss components, fabrication of steel, and conclusion. A modified queen post steel truss is analyzed and designed to be economical, safe, and easily assembled for pedestrian use.
Open web girders (OWG) are bridge structures where the web part is only partially filled. This allows OWGs to be lighter than closed web girders while still providing enough structural strength. OWGs are commonly used for railway bridges due to their ability to support large spans without intermediate columns and resist lateral loads through their open web design. The document discusses the types, fabrication, merits, and uses of OWGs, concluding that they provide an economical support structure for applications like bridges over rivers and valleys.
Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles without blocking passage underneath. The key components of bridges include foundations, abutments, piers, piles, girders, decks, and bearings. Foundations transmit loads from the rest of the bridge evenly to the soil or bedrock below. Piers and abutments support the superstructure of beams and decks that people or vehicles pass over.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
This document provides an analysis and design overview of a cable-stayed bridge project. It introduces cable-stayed bridges and their components, including pylons, decks, cables, and bearings. The project involves the design of a three-span cable-stayed bridge with two 130m pylons and an 80-cable system arranged in a double plane configuration. The bridge deck is 28m wide with 6 lanes and consists of I-girders, X-girders, and stringers. Cables are initially 12cm in diameter and spaced 12m apart. Bridge components and construction are further described. Tests on cable-stayed bridge models are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of estimating and costing for the 2nd year intermediate vocational course in construction technology. It discusses key definitions like estimating, costing, and procedures for estimating. The importance of estimation and costing is explained. The data required for preparing an estimate like drawings, specifications, and rates is described. The document also discusses complete estimates, lump sum items, and work charged establishment. Measurement units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are listed with the applicable unit of measurement and payment.
This presentation introduces plastic analysis concepts. It discusses stress-strain curves and the difference between elastic and plastic analysis. Key assumptions of plastic analysis are that plane sections remain plane and the stress-strain relationship is identical in compression and tension. Plastic hinges form where the moment equals the plastic moment. Shape factors determine the plastic modulus for different cross-sections. Methods of plastic analysis include static and kinematic approaches. Failure mechanisms involve forming plastic hinges until collapse. Beam examples and problems are provided to demonstrate plastic analysis methods.
what is earthwork? and what is earthwork equipment ?. types of earthwork equipment, tractor, motor grader, backhoe, dragline, clamshell, bulldozer and their applications.
This document provides an overview of railway stations and yards. It defines a railway station as a place where trains stop for passengers and goods. Stations are selected based on factors like adequate land availability, level ground, proximity to towns, and infrastructure like approach roads and water supply. Facilities at stations include booking offices, platforms, lighting, waiting areas, and traffic infrastructure. Stations are classified based on passenger and goods volume. Station yards require adequate platforms, signaling infrastructure, and sidings. Different types of yards include passenger, goods, marshalling, and locomotive yards. Marshalling yards are designed to receive, sort, and form new trains, with considerations like unidirectional wagon movement and future expansion.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION & APPLICATIONSMaharshi Dave
The PPT about pile foundation and types of pile foundation.It is very useful and make very properly.If you don't know about pile foundation then no problem only just refer this PPT and then you will become to know about pile foundation very well.I hope this will helpful to someone.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
The document discusses different types of bridge foundations. Shallow foundations include spread foundations and raft foundations, which are suitable for small bridges on soil with good bearing capacity. Deep foundations are needed when the bearing soil is deep below ground or water levels are high. Common deep foundation types are pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Caisson foundations involve sinking large, reinforced concrete boxes into the ground under water. Well foundations involve constructing circular brick or stone structures that are filled with compacted soil. The type of foundation chosen depends on the subsoil conditions and hydraulic requirements at the bridge site.
This document provides information on industrial buildings, including their components and factors to consider in design. Key points include:
- Industrial buildings are used for manufacturing and storage by industries and include steel plants, warehouses, and factories.
- Site selection considers access, raw materials, utilities, land characteristics, and transportation.
- Major components include the roof, trusses, purlins, girts, bracing, and foundations.
- Design considerations cover roofing/wall materials, bay widths, structural framing, truss configurations, and bracing to resist lateral loads.
Hill roads require special design considerations due to mountainous terrain. They include curved alignments, retaining walls, drainage features, and formation in cuttings or embankments. Landslides are a key hazard for hill roads and can be caused by heavy rainfall, erosion, earthquakes, or human activities like mining. Prevention methods involve benching slopes, installing drainage, constructing retaining structures, soil stabilization, and increasing vegetation.
Review On Parametric Study Of Performance Of Different Types Of Trusses For P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing and designing different types of trusses for a proposed steel bridge in Pune, India across the Bhima River. It will analyze Warren trusses, Pratt trusses, and Howe trusses using STAAD PRO software. The bridge will be 366 meters long and 7.6 meters wide with 30 bays of 12.2 meters each. Seismic and wind analysis will be conducted according to Indian codes and standards. The goal is to determine the most cost-effective truss structure. Previous research on steel bridge truss design and analysis is also summarized.
IRJET- A Review on Comparative Study between Girder Bridge and Extradosed...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares girder bridges and extradosed bridges. It first provides background on extradosed bridges, noting they are a hybrid of girder and cable-stayed bridges. The structural behavior of extradosed bridges differs from cable-stayed bridges. It then describes common girder bridge types like plate girder, box girder, I-beam, and T-beam bridges. The document reviews literature on bridge modeling and analysis, including a study comparing the response of extradosed and cable-stayed bridge decks. It concludes that extradosed bridges have lower towers, simpler cable anchoring, and lower construction costs than cable-stayed bridges, making them a competitive alternative when height
The document describes the analysis and design of a steel truss footbridge with an isolated foundation. It discusses modeling the superstructure in STAAD PRO and Tekla Structure software. The bridge is a 9.63m high steel structure. Methodology includes drafting plans in AutoCAD, modeling in Tekla Structure, analysis in STAAD PRO, material properties, design of truss components, fabrication of steel, and conclusion. A modified queen post steel truss is analyzed and designed to be economical, safe, and easily assembled for pedestrian use.
Open web girders (OWG) are bridge structures where the web part is only partially filled. This allows OWGs to be lighter than closed web girders while still providing enough structural strength. OWGs are commonly used for railway bridges due to their ability to support large spans without intermediate columns and resist lateral loads through their open web design. The document discusses the types, fabrication, merits, and uses of OWGs, concluding that they provide an economical support structure for applications like bridges over rivers and valleys.
Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles without blocking passage underneath. The key components of bridges include foundations, abutments, piers, piles, girders, decks, and bearings. Foundations transmit loads from the rest of the bridge evenly to the soil or bedrock below. Piers and abutments support the superstructure of beams and decks that people or vehicles pass over.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
This document provides an analysis and design overview of a cable-stayed bridge project. It introduces cable-stayed bridges and their components, including pylons, decks, cables, and bearings. The project involves the design of a three-span cable-stayed bridge with two 130m pylons and an 80-cable system arranged in a double plane configuration. The bridge deck is 28m wide with 6 lanes and consists of I-girders, X-girders, and stringers. Cables are initially 12cm in diameter and spaced 12m apart. Bridge components and construction are further described. Tests on cable-stayed bridge models are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of estimating and costing for the 2nd year intermediate vocational course in construction technology. It discusses key definitions like estimating, costing, and procedures for estimating. The importance of estimation and costing is explained. The data required for preparing an estimate like drawings, specifications, and rates is described. The document also discusses complete estimates, lump sum items, and work charged establishment. Measurement units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are listed with the applicable unit of measurement and payment.
This presentation introduces plastic analysis concepts. It discusses stress-strain curves and the difference between elastic and plastic analysis. Key assumptions of plastic analysis are that plane sections remain plane and the stress-strain relationship is identical in compression and tension. Plastic hinges form where the moment equals the plastic moment. Shape factors determine the plastic modulus for different cross-sections. Methods of plastic analysis include static and kinematic approaches. Failure mechanisms involve forming plastic hinges until collapse. Beam examples and problems are provided to demonstrate plastic analysis methods.
what is earthwork? and what is earthwork equipment ?. types of earthwork equipment, tractor, motor grader, backhoe, dragline, clamshell, bulldozer and their applications.
This document provides an overview of railway stations and yards. It defines a railway station as a place where trains stop for passengers and goods. Stations are selected based on factors like adequate land availability, level ground, proximity to towns, and infrastructure like approach roads and water supply. Facilities at stations include booking offices, platforms, lighting, waiting areas, and traffic infrastructure. Stations are classified based on passenger and goods volume. Station yards require adequate platforms, signaling infrastructure, and sidings. Different types of yards include passenger, goods, marshalling, and locomotive yards. Marshalling yards are designed to receive, sort, and form new trains, with considerations like unidirectional wagon movement and future expansion.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION & APPLICATIONSMaharshi Dave
The PPT about pile foundation and types of pile foundation.It is very useful and make very properly.If you don't know about pile foundation then no problem only just refer this PPT and then you will become to know about pile foundation very well.I hope this will helpful to someone.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
The document discusses different types of bridge foundations. Shallow foundations include spread foundations and raft foundations, which are suitable for small bridges on soil with good bearing capacity. Deep foundations are needed when the bearing soil is deep below ground or water levels are high. Common deep foundation types are pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Caisson foundations involve sinking large, reinforced concrete boxes into the ground under water. Well foundations involve constructing circular brick or stone structures that are filled with compacted soil. The type of foundation chosen depends on the subsoil conditions and hydraulic requirements at the bridge site.
This document provides information on industrial buildings, including their components and factors to consider in design. Key points include:
- Industrial buildings are used for manufacturing and storage by industries and include steel plants, warehouses, and factories.
- Site selection considers access, raw materials, utilities, land characteristics, and transportation.
- Major components include the roof, trusses, purlins, girts, bracing, and foundations.
- Design considerations cover roofing/wall materials, bay widths, structural framing, truss configurations, and bracing to resist lateral loads.
Hill roads require special design considerations due to mountainous terrain. They include curved alignments, retaining walls, drainage features, and formation in cuttings or embankments. Landslides are a key hazard for hill roads and can be caused by heavy rainfall, erosion, earthquakes, or human activities like mining. Prevention methods involve benching slopes, installing drainage, constructing retaining structures, soil stabilization, and increasing vegetation.
Review On Parametric Study Of Performance Of Different Types Of Trusses For P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing and designing different types of trusses for a proposed steel bridge in Pune, India across the Bhima River. It will analyze Warren trusses, Pratt trusses, and Howe trusses using STAAD PRO software. The bridge will be 366 meters long and 7.6 meters wide with 30 bays of 12.2 meters each. Seismic and wind analysis will be conducted according to Indian codes and standards. The goal is to determine the most cost-effective truss structure. Previous research on steel bridge truss design and analysis is also summarized.
IRJET- A Review on Comparative Study between Girder Bridge and Extradosed...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares girder bridges and extradosed bridges. It first provides background on extradosed bridges, noting they are a hybrid of girder and cable-stayed bridges. The structural behavior of extradosed bridges differs from cable-stayed bridges. It then describes common girder bridge types like plate girder, box girder, I-beam, and T-beam bridges. The document reviews literature on bridge modeling and analysis, including a study comparing the response of extradosed and cable-stayed bridge decks. It concludes that extradosed bridges have lower towers, simpler cable anchoring, and lower construction costs than cable-stayed bridges, making them a competitive alternative when height
IRJET- Analysis of T-Beam Bridge with Mild Steel Strip in various PositionsIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the use of mild steel strips in various positions within the web of a T-beam bridge to reduce deflection under service loads. Three models of a 16m span bridge were created - one without steel strips, one with strips along the full depth of the web, and one with strips at the top and bottom of the web. Analysis in ANSYS found that both strip configurations reduced deformation compared to the conventional bridge, with full depth strips performing slightly better.
IRJET- Study on Cable Stayed Bridge using Csibridge SoftwareIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study conducted using CSiBridge software to analyze the behavior of a cable-stayed bridge under loading conditions. The researchers modeled a cable-stayed bridge in CSiBridge, varying parameters like deck section properties and pylon geometry. They defined lanes, vehicle loads, and load patterns to simulate traffic and other loads. The bridge model was then analyzed to compare displacement and bending moment results under different parameters, with the goal of evaluating the bridge's performance under loads. CSiBridge was chosen for its advanced modeling features and sophisticated analysis capabilities for bridge structures.
Comparative study on Time period and Frequency of Full Arch and Vierendeel T...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the time period and frequency of full arch and vierendeel truss steel pedestrian bridges with spans of 40m, 50m, and 60m. Finite element analysis is performed using SAP 2000 software to analyze the bridges under dynamic excitation. The time history analysis is conducted according to IRC codes to determine the natural frequency and time period of different vibration modes. Tables show the calculated time periods and frequencies for the first 12 modes of both bridge types over the three spans. Charts compare the variation of time period and frequency with mode shape. The results show differences in the dynamic response of full arch bridges versus vierendeel truss bridges, and how responses change with increasing span length.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of a Bridge at Bhoothathankettu BarrageIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a bridge at Bhoothathankettu Barrage in Kerala, India. The bridge has a total span of 211 meters divided into 10 spans of 21.1 meters each. STAAD Pro software was used to analyze the bridge. The superstructure consists of prestressed concrete girders and the substructure consists of reinforced concrete. Details of the deck slab, cantilever portion, longitudinal girders, cross girders, and bearings are provided. The prestressing losses at various stages are calculated. The results of the STAAD analysis including bending moment and shear force diagrams are presented.
The document discusses cable-stayed bridges, providing information on their components, design considerations, advantages, and analysis methods. It introduces the Midas Civil software for bridge design and analysis. It then discusses the Durgam Cheruvu cable-stayed bridge project in Hyderabad, India, which was proposed to ease traffic congestion. Key components of cable-stayed bridges are described, including pylons, girders, cables, and anchoring systems. Methods of structural analysis for these bridges, including for construction stages, are also summarized.
IRJET - Repair and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete BridgeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on repairing and rehabilitating a deteriorated reinforced concrete bridge. The paper discusses how bridges often require repair to restore structural integrity and protect reinforcement from weathering. It then details the specific repair project of a three-span bridge in India. The repairs included removing and replacing damaged concrete, strengthening structural elements, replacing bearings, and treating expansion joints. Monitoring equipment was used to evaluate the bridge's behavior before and after rehabilitation. The results showed the techniques successfully strengthened the bridge's load capacity and extended its usable lifespan.
IRJET - Analysis and Design of Steel Box Girder Bridge using Tekla StructuresIRJET Journal
This document presents the analysis and design of a steel box girder bridge with four different cross-sectional models using Tekla Structures software. The models include a single cell, double cell, triple cell, and multi-cell steel box girder bridge. The bridges are designed for a highway loading according to IRC specifications and codes. The models are analyzed under dead loads, live loads, and other load combinations. Results show that bending moments and stresses increase with more cells in the cross-section. The single cell box girder results in the lowest bending moment, requiring less steel and providing the most economical cross-section compared to the other multi-cell options when loading and support conditions are kept the same.
The document summarizes the Chenab Bridge project in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It discusses:
1) The need for the bridge as part of the Udhampur-Baramulla railway project to improve transportation in the mountainous terrain.
2) Key details of the bridge design including a 467m long steel arch bridge with a 1315m total length and 320m height above the Chenab River.
3) International design standards that were used to supplement Indian standards given the large spans, including standards from Britain, the UIC, and Eurocodes.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Retrofitted StructureIRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes retrofitting methods for strengthening old stone masonry piers of railway bridges in India to support increased train axle loads.
2) It describes retrofitting a pier by jacketing, which increased its factor of safety against overturning by 32.3% and against sliding by 57.1%, allowing it to safely support the increased loads.
3) The study concludes that retrofitting is an effective way to strengthen existing structures rather than demolishing and rebuilding them.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BRIDGE FOUNDATIONScott Donald
This document discusses the analysis and design of bridge foundations using structural engineering software. It begins by describing the importance of properly analyzing and designing bridge substructures. It then details the analysis of a bridge in India using Autodesk InfraWorks to model the structure and Staad Pro to analyze forces in the superstructure. Finally, it outlines the design of pile foundations in Staad Pro for the bridge based on relevant codes of practice. The document demonstrates how engineering software can help efficiently analyze and design complex bridge substructures.
Design and Analysis of Pre Stressed I Girders by Midas Civil Softwareijtsrd
Today the construction of bridges has gained worldwide importance. Bridges are an important feature of all road networks and the use of pre stressed bridges is increasingly popular in the construction of bridges due to their better stability, service friendliness, economy and durability, beauty and appearance of the building. Reinforced concrete construction, steel or steel construction using composite construction. In the case of high spaces, reinforced concrete construction makes no money due to the large space. cross section is used more effectively than cross section of reinforced concrete. Prefabricated concrete is used for long bridges with a length of more than 10 meters. Typically, when bridges are calculated, the superstructure and substructure are analyzed separately. The supernatural structure is usually a grid made of large strips, a shortcut membrane and a desk slab. vertical grid Columns of large girders with anchors. The superstructure is tested according to IRC 62014 and according to IRC 182000 with unimaginable gravity loads and loads of moving vehicles. Reduced stress and deviation rates compared to a straightforward tender profile. Rishabh Singh | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Design and Analysis of Pre-Stressed I-Girders by Midas Civil Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50694.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50694/design-and-analysis-of-prestressed-igirders-by-midas-civil-software/rishabh-singh
IRJET- Conditional Assessment of Bridges Case Study: Kund-Mala BridgeIRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study of the visual inspection of the Kund-Mala Bridge located in India. The bridge consists of two segments - a concrete slab bridge and a steel truss bridge. Engineers conducted a visual inspection of the bridge and observed several issues including cracks in the concrete, exposed reinforcement, corrosion of the steel, erosion of bridge foundations, and damage to structural connections. The visual inspection is the first step in assessing the condition of the bridge and determining if further testing is needed.
IRJET - Dynamic Analysis of Steel Truss Bridge under Various Combinational Mo...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the dynamic behavior of a steel truss bridge under various combinational moving loads. A truss bridge model is created in STAAD Pro software and subjected to dead loads, live loads, seismic loads, and moving vehicle loads according to Indian codes. Natural frequencies of the bridge are determined for different load combinations including seismic loads alone and with moving loads. It is observed that natural frequencies are higher for load combinations of seismic and moving loads compared to seismic and static vehicle loads. Mode shapes of the bridge are also identified under seismic loading.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Segmental Box Girder BridgeIRJET Journal
The document analyzes and compares the design of segmental box girder bridges using AASHTO and IRC standards. Two bridge designs are analyzed - a 4-cell and single-cell pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge. The bridges are 30m in length and designed for IRC Class AA loading. The analysis is performed using CSI Bridge software. Results for stresses, shear, moment, deflection, and frequency are compared between the two bridge designs and loading standards. The analysis found that shear, torsion, and moment due to IRC loading are higher than for AASHTO loading, indicating IRC considers a heavier vehicle load.
COST COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE AND RCC STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative cost study of a steel-concrete composite structure and equivalent reinforced concrete structure (RCC) for a proposed G+4 residential building. The building was modeled and analyzed using STAAD.Pro software. Both composite and RCC designs were done according to Indian codes. Cost estimates found the composite structure to be around 6% cheaper than the RCC structure due to faster construction and more efficient use of materials. Therefore, the study concluded the steel-concrete composite design is more economically feasible for this building project.
IRJET- Design AID to IS 800-2007: Safe Load for Angle StrutsIRJET Journal
This document provides a design aid for determining the safe load capacity of angle struts according to IS 800-2007, the Indian code for steel design that uses limit state design (LSD). It contains tables with the compressive resistance of common rolled steel angle sections. The tables facilitate faster LSD calculations for students and engineers. The document compares LSD values from IS 800-2007 to the previous working stress design (WSD) values from IS 800-1984 to illustrate the differences between the two design methods. Overall, the design aid aims to promote better understanding and application of LSD according to IS 800-2007 for steel design in India.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RCC OVERHEAD WATER TANK FOR TAMGAON USING IS CODE IS 3...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a circular reinforced concrete overhead water tank located in Tamgaon, India using STAAD Pro software according to IS code 3370. Key aspects of the design include determining the tank capacity, designing the footing, columns, beams, walls, and base slab. STAAD Pro was used to analyze the structural components. The final design resulted in a 1000 cubic meter capacity tank that is 4.95 meters high with an 18 meter diameter located on a 23 meter tall structure.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a transmission tower located in Allahabad, India. It provides background on transmission towers and their components. It then outlines the scope of work, which is to design a 25m tall lattice tower that supports 7 cables using STAAD.Pro software. The objectives are to safely and economically design the tower under wind, self-weight and cable loads according to Indian codes and standards. The methodology section describes applying the loads to create a finite element model and analyzing the critical load combination.
Similar to IRJET- Design of Railway Foot Over Bridge (Shelu) (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.