Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
In general concrete construction, we have seen that whatever the elements cast (beams, columns, slabs etc.) Require time for setting. This is a long drawn process necessary for hardening of concrete. However, nowadays in large scale projects, newer methods of faster construction are being explored. Fast and efficient construction of the concrete core of a building is essential to maintain phased progress on other parts of the building. Formwork is one of the most important factors in determining the success of a construction project in terms of speed, quality cost and safety of work as it accounts about 40% of the total project cost of the structure. To minimize the costs the contractor needs to complete the project as soon as possible and the client wants the building to use the building as early as possible for the intended purpose. In building construction the most efficient way to speed up the work is by achieving a very short floor cycle. That directly depends on the selected form work type for the construction.
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
Definition Where this system can be used
Features of the Grid Slab
Decorative grid slabs in historical structures
Types of Grid Slab
Comparison: Long Span Structures
Construction
Technique
Formwork Required
Reinforcements Details
Modification in Grid Slab for Utility
Services Provided in Grid Slab
Benefits
Iconic Landmarks using Grid Slabs
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Industrial building
• Any building structure used by the industry to store
raw materials or for manufacturing products of the
industry is known as an industrial building.
• Industrial buildings are generally used for steel
plants, automobile industries, utility and process
industries, thermal power stations, warehouse,
assembly plants, storage, garages, etc.
3. Factors considered while selecting site for industrial building
• Site should be located on an arterial road.
• Local availability of raw material.
• Facilities like water supply, electricity
• Topography of an area
• Soil conditions with respect to foundation design
• Waste disposal facilities
• Transportation facilities
• Sufficient space for storage of raw materials
6. • Roof Sheet: Material used to cover the shed is known
as roof shed.
• Roof trusses: A structure that is compound of a
number of line members pined connected at ends to
form a triangular form work is called truss.
8. • Purlin: A member supported on the panel points of
two consecutive roof truss is called purlin.
• Girts: Girts are the secondary structural member
which provide support to roof and wall covering and
also transferred wind load from wall material to
primary frame.
• Eave strut: The member located at the intersection of
roof and exterior wall is known as eave strut.
9. • Bracing: A member which transfer horizontal load
from the frame to the foundation is known as bracing.
• Wind Bracing: Two roof trusses are connected by
cross members to stabilize it against the action of
wind, such a members are called wind bracing.
12. Points to be considered while planning and designing
of industrial building
1. Selection of roofing and wall materials
13. Roofing Material:
• Roofing material is used to cover the roof of truss.
• In India, corrugated galvanized iron (GI) sheets are
usually adopted as coverings for roofs and sides of
industrial buildings.
• Light gauge cold-formed ribbed steel or aluminium
decking can also be used.
• Sometimes asbestos cement (AC) sheets are also provided
as roof coverings owing top their superior insulating
properties.
14. • Galvanized Iron Sheet: Galvanized iron sheets are made by
black sheets rolled from good quality low carbon mild steel.
For corrugated G.I. sheets, the purlin space may vary from
1.5 to 1.75 m.
• End overlap of 150 mm is required.
15. • Asbestos Cement Sheets: Asbestos cement sheets do
not decay because of atmospheric action.
• These sheets are available in 1.75 m, 2.0 m and 3.0 m
lengths. These are manufactured in 6 mm and 7 mm
thickness.
• For asbestos cement sheet, the purlin space may be
vary from 1.4 m for 6 mm sheet and 1.6 m for 7 mm
sheet.
16. • In selection of wall system, the designer should
consider the following areas:
• Cost
• Interior surface requirements
• Aesthetic appearance
• Acoustic and dust control
• Maintenance
• Ease and speed of erection
• Insulating properties
• Fire resistance
17. 2. Selection of bay width
• A bay is defined as the space between two
adjacent bents. The roof truss along with
the columns constitutes a bent.
• An industrial building may have a single
span or multiple spans
18.
19.
20.
21. • In most cases, the bay width may be dictated
by owner requirements. Gravity control
generally control the bay size
• For crane buildings (light or medium cranes),
bays are approximately 4-8 m may be
economical because of the cost of the crane
gantry girder
23. • For the purpose of structural analysis and design,
industrial buildings are classified as:
• Braced Frames
• Unbraced frames
• In braced buildings, the trusses rest on columns with hinge
type of connections and the stability is provided by
bracings in three mutually perpendicular planes.
• Braced frames are efficient in resisting the loads and do
not sway.
24. • Unbraced frames: They are in the form of portal frames
and are used mostly, distinguished by its simplicity,
cleanliness and economy.
• The frames can provide large column free areas,
offering maximum adaptability of the space inside the
building. Such large span buildings require less
foundation and eliminate internal columns and
drainage.
25. • They are advantageous for more effective use of steel
then in simple beams, easy extension at any time and
ability to support heavy concentrated point loads.
• The disadvantages include really high material unit
cost and susceptibility to differential and temperature
stresses. In addition, these frames produce horizontal
reaction on the foundation, which may be resisted by
providing a long tie beam or by designing the
foundation for this horizontal reaction
28. CONFIGURATION OF TRUSSES
Pitched Roof Trusses :
• Most common types of roof trusses are pitched roof trusses
wherein the top chord is provided with a slope in order to
facilitate natural drainage of rainwater and clearance of
dust/snow accumulation.
• These trusses have a greater depth at the mid-span. Due to
this even though the overall bending effect is larger at mid-
span, the chord member and web member stresses are
smaller closer to the mid-span and larger closer to the
supports.
29. • The typical span to maximum depth ratios of
pitched roof trusses are in the range of 4 to 8,
the larger ratio being economical in longer
spans. Pitched roof trusses may have different
configurations.
30. • In Pratt trusses web members are arranged in such a way
that under gravity load the longer diagonal members are
under tension and the shorter vertical members
experience compression. This allows for efficient
design, since the short members are under compression.
31.
32.
33. • However, the wind uplift may cause reversal of
stresses in these members and nullify this benefit.
The converse of the Pratt is the Howe truss, This
is commonly used in light roofing so that the
longer diagonals experience tension under
reversal of stresses due to wind load.
34.
35. Fink trusses are used for longer spans having high
pitch roof, since the web members in such truss are
sub-divided to obtain shorter members.
36. Fan trusses are used when the rafter members of the roof
trusses have to be sub-divided into odd number of panels
37. A combination of fink and fan can also be used to some
advantage in some specific situations requiring appropriate
number of panels.
Mansard trusses are variation of fink trusses, which have
shorter leading diagonals even in very long span trusses,
unlike the fink and fan type trusses.
38. • The economical span lengths of the pitched roof
trusses, excluding the Mansard trusses, range from 6
m to 12 m. The Mansard trusses can be used in the
span ranges of 12 m to 30 m.
39.
40. Types of truss Span used
Pitched fink truss Upto 9 m (economical)
Pratt truss 6 to 15 m
Compound fink truss Longer span upto 28 m
Simple fan truss 12 m
Compound fan truss Upto 24 m
42. • Purlin support roof sheeting, and loads from the
sheeting are transferred to the purlins.
• The loads acting on the purlins are weight of roof
covering and fixtures self-weight of purlin, live load
from sheeting, snow load, and wind load
43. Sections used as purlins:
1.Angle Purlins: It is used in small shops when
spacing of roof truss is between 3 to 5 m.
44.
45. •Channel Purlins: It is used for medium shops, when
spacing of roof truss is between 4 to 6 m.
46. • Beam Purlin: It is used for heavy shops, when
spacing of roof truss is between 6 to 8m.
47. Spacing of Purlin:
• The spacing of purlin depends largely on the maximum safe
span of the roof covering and glazing sheets. Hence they
should be less than or equal to their safe span when they are
directly placed on purlins.
• Thus for corrugated GI sheet, the purlin spacing may vary
from 1.5 to 1.75 m, and for corrugated AC sheets, it is
limited to 1.4 m, for 6 mm thick sheets, and 1.6 m, for 7 mm
thick sheets.
48. • For larger spans, if the configuration of the truss is such that
it is not feasible to place purlin at the nodes of upper chords,
the purlin are placed between the nodes, thus introducing
bending moment in the upper chords, in addition to the
compressive force due to truss action.
• Hence in this case, the weight of the truss may be increased
by about 10-15 %. Therefore, it is preferable to place purlin
at the nodal point of the truss, so that the upper chord
member are subjected to only direct compression
52. Loads on trusses
• The main loads on trusses are dead, imposed and
wind loads.
• The dead loads is due to sheeting or decking and their
fixtures, insulation, false ceiling, weight of purlins
and self weight. This load may range from 0.3 to 1.0
kN/m2
Page no 30, table 1 IS 875-1
53. • The weights of purlins are known in advance as they
are designed prior to the trusses. Since the weight of
truss is small compared to total DL,LL, considerable
assumptions is taken in account for weight of truss
and it will not have a great impact on the stresses in
the various members.
54. • For Live load upto 2 kN/m2, following formula is
used to get the approximate value of weight of truss
• W =20 + 6.6L (w=wt of truss in N/mm2, L=span in
m)
• For welded trusses, the self wt of truss is
w=53.7 + 0.53A (A= area of one bay).
• For LL > 2 kN/m2, the value of w may be multiplied
by the ratio of actual live load in kN/m2/2
55. Load calculations for design
• The following load combinations of loads are
considered when there is no crane load
• DL + LL
• DL + Snow load
• DL + WL (normal to ridge or parallel to ridge
whichever is severe)
• DL + LL + WL(most critical)
56. • The weight of bracings may be assumed to be 12-15
N/m2 of the plan area.
• The imposed load on roofs will be as per IS-875-II.
Page no 15, table 2 IS 875-2
57.
58. • The wind load should be calculated as per IS -
875-III
• Since EQ load depends on the mass of the
building, earthquake load do not govern the
design of light industrial buildings. Thus wind
load governs the design of normal trussed
roofs