Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management. -RAJARSHI

1. Prepared by:
RAJARSHI PATTY
B.Tech, M.Tech (CE&M)
CIVIL Engineering.
TUNNELING
&
ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENTS

2. Tunnelling
Definition:
• Tunnels are artificial underground passages
opened at both ends constructed for different
purposes.
• Required for highways,railways, sewerage,
water supply, public utilities and canals.
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3. HISTORY
• The oldest tunnel was constructed4000 years
ago in ancient Babylon to underpassthe bed
of river Euphrates and to establish an
undergroundconnection between the royal
palace and Temple of Jove.
• The length of the tunnel was 1 km and it was
built with the considerable cross-section
dimensionsof 3.6 m by 4.5 m
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4. REASONS TO BUILD A TUNNEL
• To avoid an obstacle such as a mountain.
• To overcome a water obstacle.
• Built to connect between military posts so the
movement between them will not be visible
for the enemy.
• built for infrastructure like electricity cables,
water, communicationand sewerage to avoid
damage and disruption above ground.
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5. ADVANTAGES OF TUNNELING
• Tunnels are more economical than open cuts beyond
certain depths.
• Tunnels avoid disturbing or interfering with surface life
and traffic during construction.
• Tunnels prove to be cheaper than bridges or open cuts
to carry public utility services like water, sewer and gas.
• If tunnels are provided with easy gradients, the cost of
hauling is decreased
• In case of aerial warfare and bombing of cities, the
tunnels would grant better protection as compared to
bridges.
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6. TYPES OF TUNNELS
Mountain Tunnel:
a) Drilling and blasting (D&B) method
b) Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) method
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7. TYPES OF TUNNELS
 Shallow-buriedTunnel or Soft Soil Tunnel :
a) Cut-and-covermethod
b) Shield method
 UnderwaterTunnel :
a) Immersed-tube method
b) Shield method
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8. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION METHODS
• ClassicalMethod
• Cut & Cover Method
• Drill & Blast
• Tunnel boring Machine (TBM)
• Immersed Tunnel
• Tunnel Jacking
• Other Methods
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9. INSTRUMENTS USED IN TUNNEL
CONSTRUCTION
 Crawler Excavator
 Wheel Loaders
 Crawler Loaders
 Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)
 Immersed Tube
 Different types Drilling & Blasting
Equipments
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10. CRAWLER EXCAVATOR
APPLICATION:
Digging trenches, holes and foundations,as well
as for handling materials, moving earth,
demolition,dredging, etc. Other attachments
adapt the crawler excavator for boring,
ripping, crushing, cutting and lifting.
ManufacturingCompanies:
Komatsu,Volvo,BobCat,Link-Belt,Kubota etc.
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11. CRAWLER EXCAVATOR FEATURES
COST: Varies from 45-80 lakhs.
ExcavationCapacity: 60 cu.mec/hr
Fuel: For EX200/EX210-> 12-14lt/hr
Mobile:0.1 lt/hr running
Life Span: 6 Years
Engine: EX 210 (Mostly Preferred)
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12. CRAWLER EXCAVATOR RAJARSHIPATTY

13. WHEEL LOADERS
Application:
To transport materials from stock piles to trucks
Or, transport materials around job sites.
ManufacturingCompanies:
Volvo, Doosan, John Deer etc.
Cost: 20-23 lakhs
Capacity: 25 cumec/hr
Diesel Consumption:0.1lt/hr.
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14. WHEEL LOADER
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15. CRAWLER LOADER
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16. DRILLING EQUIPMENTS
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17. DRILLING
Definition:
The process of making a hole in hard material
such as rocks and earth.
Components:
1. Drill- Type of tool which holds the drill bit
and rotates it to provide axial force to create
a hole.
2. Drill bits- Cutting tools used to create
cylindricalholes.
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18. TYPES OF DRILLS
 PERCUSSIONDRILLS: 1. JACKHAMMER OR
SINKERS 2. TRIPOD DRILLS 3. STOP HAMMER
4. DRIFTERS 5. CHURNS OR WELL DRILLS
6.PISTON DRILLS 7. WAGON DRILLS.
 ABRASION DRILLS: 1.BLAST-HOLE DRILLS 2.
SHOT DRILLS 3. DIAMOND DRILLS.
 FUSION PIERCING
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19. PERCUSION DRILLS
Jackhammer or Sinkers- Air operated
drill, mainly used for drilling vertical holes.
Tripod drills- Mounted on tripod to
provide sufficient stability, used for very
hard rocks
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20. TYES OF DRILLS:
Stop hammers- Thrust end to hold the drill against the
work and usually used for “up” holes.
Drifters- Similar to jackhammer, but so large that it requires
mechanical mounting.
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21.  Churns or Well drills-
Reciprocating Drill consisting of
a long steel bit mechanically
lifted and dropped to disintegrate
the rock.
 Piston drills- Drill rod is securely
fastened to the piston and travels
the full length of thepiston
stroke.
 Wagon drills-Drifter mounted
on a mast supported by two or
more wheels used to drill holes
at any angle from down to
slightly above horizontal.
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22. ABRASION DRILLS:
DEFINITION- Grind rock into small
particles through abrasive effect of bit that
rotates in hole.
• TYPES-
1.Blast-holedrills
2.Shot drills
3.Diamond drills
 Blast hole drills- Rotary drill consisting of
steel pipe drill stem on bottom of which is
roller bit that disintegrates the rock as it
rotates over it.
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23. ABRASION DRILLS TYPES
Shot drills- Rotary drill whose bit consists of
a steel pipe with a roughened surface at
bottom.
Diamond drills- Rotary drill whose bit
consists of metal matrix consisting a large
number of diamonds disintegrating the rock
whilerotatin.
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24. FUSION PIERCING
FUSION
Recent development in drilling holes for blasting purpose,
Produced by burning a mixture of oxygen and flux bearing fuel,
such as kerosene at the end of a blow pipe.
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25. DRILLING PATTERNS
Selection of drilling pattern varies with the
type and size of the drill’s used, depth of
hole, kind of rock, quantity, rapidity of the
explosive & amount of steaming.
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26. BLASTING
DEFINITION:
The process of breaking rocks into smaller
pieces by use of explosives.
TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES:
Explosives based on chemical nature.
Explosives based on availability.
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27. EXPLOSIVESBASEDONCHEMICALNATURE
 High or detonating explosives- Process is
extremely rapid, almost instantaneous.
Low or deflagrating Explosives- Low
velocity of burning and produce pressure by
progressiveburning.
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28. EXPLOSIVE BASED ON AVAILABILITY
Powder explosive:
Slow burning , slow acting and low strength explosives
made either from potash nitrate or sodium nitrate.
Disruptive explosives or Dynamites:
Available in various sizes
and strength.
Approximate strength is
specified as a percentage of
ratio of weight of nitro-
glycerine to the total
weight of a cartridge.
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29. DETONATORS
DEFINITION:
Cylindrical metal shells close at one end having
6.8 mm dia &50 mm height.
The ignition of detonator is done by blasting
fuse or electric ignitors.
Following is required for electric ignition:
1.Detonator.
2.Power source-dynamo.
3.Circuit line-iron or copper wires.
4.4.Electric ignitor-comprising 2 supply wires
detonator shell and priming charge.
5.Line testing apparatus-galvanoscope or
measuring bridge.
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30. TOOLS FOR BLASTING
1.Dipper 2.Priming needle 3.Tamping bar etc.
Dipper: Used to drill hole to the required
depth
Priming Needle: Used to maintain the hole
while tamping.
Tamping Bar: Used to tamp the material
while refilling the blast hole.
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31. Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
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32. Tunnel Boring Machine
Introduction
Tunnel Boring Machine are used to excavate
tunnels with circular c-s
It can bore tunnels of diameter 1-20 m
It made tunnel boring machine risk free.
They can be used in any geologies.
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33. Tunnel Boring Machine Facts
Weight: 800 Tons
Length: 132 meter
Motors: 350 hp electric motor X 8 nos.
Energy Required: 50,00,000 watts (@max output)
Cutter Edge: 7m diameter, 60,000 pounds
maximum thrust.
Price: Rs. 70crore Only.
System is largely Automated
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34. Facts Of TBM
Manufacturing Companies:
1) RobbinsIndia Pvt. Ltd.
2) MitsubishiMotors
3) KawasakiHeavy Industries Engine Ltd.
4) Herrenknecht Tunnelling System Ltd.
5) Hyundai Engineering Ltd.
• Excavating Rate: 50- 60 feet/ Day
• Power: 18,600 KW
• Rotating Speed: 10m
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35. TBM Sections
• Cutting Head
• Main Drive
• Screw Conveyor
• Ground Conditioningsystem
• Sealing System
• Grout Injection
• Erector & Segment Handling
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36. Schematic dig. Of TBM
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37. Different Parts OF TBM
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38. Different Parts & Functions of TBM

39. External Features
Advantages:
• Structural stability & safety at the face & work
area.
• Automated & Continuous first operation process.
• Low personnel expenditure.
• Exact excavation Profile.
• Less rock damage
• Less support requirements.
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40. Features
Disadvantages:
• High Cost
• Highly trained operator needed
• Requires extensive detailed advance planning
of the entire driving & support process.
• Limitations on curve radii & enlargements
• Requires machines to be transported with
trailers to the tunnel portal.
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