The document provides a comprehensive overview of tunneling and rock drilling equipment, detailing the definitions, history, reasons for tunnel construction, advantages, and types of tunnels. It outlines various methods of tunnel construction, drilling equipment, and the specific tools and explosives used in the tunneling process. Additionally, it includes information about tunnel boring machines and their features, advantages, and disadvantages.

1. Prepared by:
RAJARSHI PATTY
B.Tech, M.Tech (CE&M)
CIVIL Engineering.
TUNNELING
&
ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENTS

2. Tunnelling
Definition:
• Tunnels are artificial underground passages
opened at both ends constructed for different
purposes.
• Required for highways,railways, sewerage,
water supply, public utilities and canals.
RAJARSHIPATTY

3. HISTORY
• The oldest tunnel was constructed4000 years
ago in ancient Babylon to underpassthe bed
of river Euphrates and to establish an
undergroundconnection between the royal
palace and Temple of Jove.
• The length of the tunnel was 1 km and it was
built with the considerable cross-section
dimensionsof 3.6 m by 4.5 m
RAJARSHIPATTY

4. REASONS TO BUILD A TUNNEL
• To avoid an obstacle such as a mountain.
• To overcome a water obstacle.
• Built to connect between military posts so the
movement between them will not be visible
for the enemy.
• built for infrastructure like electricity cables,
water, communicationand sewerage to avoid
damage and disruption above ground.
RAJARSHIPATTY

5. ADVANTAGES OF TUNNELING
• Tunnels are more economical than open cuts beyond
certain depths.
• Tunnels avoid disturbing or interfering with surface life
and traffic during construction.
• Tunnels prove to be cheaper than bridges or open cuts
to carry public utility services like water, sewer and gas.
• If tunnels are provided with easy gradients, the cost of
hauling is decreased
• In case of aerial warfare and bombing of cities, the
tunnels would grant better protection as compared to
bridges.
RAJARSHIPATTY

6. TYPES OF TUNNELS
Mountain Tunnel:
a) Drilling and blasting (D&B) method
b) Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) method
RAJARSHIPATTY

7. TYPES OF TUNNELS
 Shallow-buriedTunnel or Soft Soil Tunnel :
a) Cut-and-covermethod
b) Shield method
 UnderwaterTunnel :
a) Immersed-tube method
b) Shield method
RAJARSHIPATTY

8. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION METHODS
• ClassicalMethod
• Cut & Cover Method
• Drill & Blast
• Tunnel boring Machine (TBM)
• Immersed Tunnel
• Tunnel Jacking
• Other Methods
RAJARSHIPATTY

9. INSTRUMENTS USED IN TUNNEL
CONSTRUCTION
 Crawler Excavator
 Wheel Loaders
 Crawler Loaders
 Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)
 Immersed Tube
 Different types Drilling & Blasting
Equipments
RAJARSHIPATTY

10. CRAWLER EXCAVATOR
APPLICATION:
Digging trenches, holes and foundations,as well
as for handling materials, moving earth,
demolition,dredging, etc. Other attachments
adapt the crawler excavator for boring,
ripping, crushing, cutting and lifting.
ManufacturingCompanies:
Komatsu,Volvo,BobCat,Link-Belt,Kubota etc.
RAJARSHIPATTY

11. CRAWLER EXCAVATOR FEATURES
COST: Varies from 45-80 lakhs.
ExcavationCapacity: 60 cu.mec/hr
Fuel: For EX200/EX210-> 12-14lt/hr
Mobile:0.1 lt/hr running
Life Span: 6 Years
Engine: EX 210 (Mostly Preferred)
RAJARSHIPATTY

12. CRAWLER EXCAVATOR RAJARSHIPATTY

13. WHEEL LOADERS
Application:
To transport materials from stock piles to trucks
Or, transport materials around job sites.
ManufacturingCompanies:
Volvo, Doosan, John Deer etc.
Cost: 20-23 lakhs
Capacity: 25 cumec/hr
Diesel Consumption:0.1lt/hr.
RAJARSHIPATTY

14. WHEEL LOADER
RAJARSHIPATTY

15. CRAWLER LOADER
RAJARSHIPATTY

16. DRILLING EQUIPMENTS
RAJARSHIPATTY

17. DRILLING
Definition:
The process of making a hole in hard material
such as rocks and earth.
Components:
1. Drill- Type of tool which holds the drill bit
and rotates it to provide axial force to create
a hole.
2. Drill bits- Cutting tools used to create
cylindricalholes.
RAJARSHIPATTY

18. TYPES OF DRILLS
 PERCUSSIONDRILLS: 1. JACKHAMMER OR
SINKERS 2. TRIPOD DRILLS 3. STOP HAMMER
4. DRIFTERS 5. CHURNS OR WELL DRILLS
6.PISTON DRILLS 7. WAGON DRILLS.
 ABRASION DRILLS: 1.BLAST-HOLE DRILLS 2.
SHOT DRILLS 3. DIAMOND DRILLS.
 FUSION PIERCING
RAJARSHIPATTY

19. PERCUSION DRILLS
Jackhammer or Sinkers- Air operated
drill, mainly used for drilling vertical holes.
Tripod drills- Mounted on tripod to
provide sufficient stability, used for very
hard rocks
RAJARSHIPATTY

20. TYES OF DRILLS:
Stop hammers- Thrust end to hold the drill against the
work and usually used for “up” holes.
Drifters- Similar to jackhammer, but so large that it requires
mechanical mounting.
RAJARSHIPATTY

21.  Churns or Well drills-
Reciprocating Drill consisting of
a long steel bit mechanically
lifted and dropped to disintegrate
the rock.
 Piston drills- Drill rod is securely
fastened to the piston and travels
the full length of thepiston
stroke.
 Wagon drills-Drifter mounted
on a mast supported by two or
more wheels used to drill holes
at any angle from down to
slightly above horizontal.
RAJARSHIPATTY

22. ABRASION DRILLS:
DEFINITION- Grind rock into small
particles through abrasive effect of bit that
rotates in hole.
• TYPES-
1.Blast-holedrills
2.Shot drills
3.Diamond drills
 Blast hole drills- Rotary drill consisting of
steel pipe drill stem on bottom of which is
roller bit that disintegrates the rock as it
rotates over it.
RAJARSHIPATTY

23. ABRASION DRILLS TYPES
Shot drills- Rotary drill whose bit consists of
a steel pipe with a roughened surface at
bottom.
Diamond drills- Rotary drill whose bit
consists of metal matrix consisting a large
number of diamonds disintegrating the rock
whilerotatin.
RAJARSHIPATTY

24. FUSION PIERCING
FUSION
Recent development in drilling holes for blasting purpose,
Produced by burning a mixture of oxygen and flux bearing fuel,
such as kerosene at the end of a blow pipe.
RAJARSHIPATTY

25. DRILLING PATTERNS
Selection of drilling pattern varies with the
type and size of the drill’s used, depth of
hole, kind of rock, quantity, rapidity of the
explosive & amount of steaming.
RAJARSHIPATTY

26. BLASTING
DEFINITION:
The process of breaking rocks into smaller
pieces by use of explosives.
TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES:
Explosives based on chemical nature.
Explosives based on availability.
RAJARSHI PATTY

27. EXPLOSIVESBASEDONCHEMICALNATURE
 High or detonating explosives- Process is
extremely rapid, almost instantaneous.
Low or deflagrating Explosives- Low
velocity of burning and produce pressure by
progressiveburning.
RAJARSHIPATTY

28. EXPLOSIVE BASED ON AVAILABILITY
Powder explosive:
Slow burning , slow acting and low strength explosives
made either from potash nitrate or sodium nitrate.
Disruptive explosives or Dynamites:
Available in various sizes
and strength.
Approximate strength is
specified as a percentage of
ratio of weight of nitro-
glycerine to the total
weight of a cartridge.
RAJARSHIPATTY

29. DETONATORS
DEFINITION:
Cylindrical metal shells close at one end having
6.8 mm dia &50 mm height.
The ignition of detonator is done by blasting
fuse or electric ignitors.
Following is required for electric ignition:
1.Detonator.
2.Power source-dynamo.
3.Circuit line-iron or copper wires.
4.4.Electric ignitor-comprising 2 supply wires
detonator shell and priming charge.
5.Line testing apparatus-galvanoscope or
measuring bridge.
RAJARSHIPATTY

30. TOOLS FOR BLASTING
1.Dipper 2.Priming needle 3.Tamping bar etc.
Dipper: Used to drill hole to the required
depth
Priming Needle: Used to maintain the hole
while tamping.
Tamping Bar: Used to tamp the material
while refilling the blast hole.
RAJARSHIPATTY

31. Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
RAJARSHIPATTY

32. Tunnel Boring Machine
Introduction
Tunnel Boring Machine are used to excavate
tunnels with circular c-s
It can bore tunnels of diameter 1-20 m
It made tunnel boring machine risk free.
They can be used in any geologies.
RAJARSHI PATTY

33. Tunnel Boring Machine Facts
Weight: 800 Tons
Length: 132 meter
Motors: 350 hp electric motor X 8 nos.
Energy Required: 50,00,000 watts (@max output)
Cutter Edge: 7m diameter, 60,000 pounds
maximum thrust.
Price: Rs. 70crore Only.
System is largely Automated
RAJARSHIPATTY

34. Facts Of TBM
Manufacturing Companies:
1) RobbinsIndia Pvt. Ltd.
2) MitsubishiMotors
3) KawasakiHeavy Industries Engine Ltd.
4) Herrenknecht Tunnelling System Ltd.
5) Hyundai Engineering Ltd.
• Excavating Rate: 50- 60 feet/ Day
• Power: 18,600 KW
• Rotating Speed: 10m
RAJARSHI PATTY

35. TBM Sections
• Cutting Head
• Main Drive
• Screw Conveyor
• Ground Conditioningsystem
• Sealing System
• Grout Injection
• Erector & Segment Handling
RAJARSHIPATTY

36. Schematic dig. Of TBM
RAJARSHIPATTY

37. Different Parts OF TBM
RAJARSHIPATTY

38. Different Parts & Functions of TBM

39. External Features
Advantages:
• Structural stability & safety at the face & work
area.
• Automated & Continuous first operation process.
• Low personnel expenditure.
• Exact excavation Profile.
• Less rock damage
• Less support requirements.
RAJARSHIPATTY

40. Features
Disadvantages:
• High Cost
• Highly trained operator needed
• Requires extensive detailed advance planning
of the entire driving & support process.
• Limitations on curve radii & enlargements
• Requires machines to be transported with
trailers to the tunnel portal.
RAJARSHIPATTY