This document provides an overview of smart grid technologies in power systems. It discusses how smart grids differ from traditional power grids by incorporating two-way communication, distributed generation of electricity, and real-time monitoring and control. The document outlines some of the key objectives of smart grids, such as accommodating different power sources, improving efficiency and reliability, and enabling self-healing of the grid. It also discusses the technologies involved in smart grids like advanced sensors and communication networks. Finally, the challenges of implementing smart grids are briefly mentioned.
Technologies used in Smart grids for power distributionRaja Larik
This document discusses technologies used in smart grids to implement power distribution systems. It begins by providing background on challenges with traditional power distribution systems and how smart grid technologies provide solutions. It then reviews several related smart grid projects implemented in various countries. The main body of the document discusses key smart grid technologies used for power distribution like smart metering, distribution automation, and distributed energy resources. It explains how these technologies are integrated into distribution systems without major design changes. Finally, it concludes that smart grid systems can transform traditional distribution systems to be more reliable, cost-effective and provide better services to customers.
Substation communication architecture to realize the future smart gridAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of substation communication architecture in realizing the future smart grid. It proposes exploiting the technical features of IEC 61850, the standard for communication networks and systems in substations, to make the substation communication architecture ready to accommodate smart grid applications and goals. IEC 61850-based substation automation can support smart grid functions by providing seamless communication, interoperability, and integration of distributed energy resources at the distribution level. The substation architecture needs to be resilient and accommodate a large number of components from the distribution side like feeder automation and smart meters to achieve the objectives of a smart grid like improved reliability and power quality.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
This document provides an overview of smart grid physical protection. It discusses system reliability analysis and failures in protection mechanisms. For system reliability analysis, it describes methods to ensure reliability of distributed generation, measurement infrastructure, and the network before implementation. It also discusses empowering substations with decision-making abilities. For failures in protection mechanisms, it covers predicting and preventing failures, as well as identifying, diagnosing, and recovering from failures. The document provides examples of research in these areas and their approaches to improving smart grid reliability and protection.
Challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid IJECEIAES
The development smart grids have made the power systems planning and operation more efficient by the application of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, two-way communication, self-healing, consumer engagement, distribution intelligence, etc. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed comprehensive review of challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid. Smart grids are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. This paper presents various challenges of smart grid development including interoperability, network communications, demand response, energy storage and distribution grid management. This paper also reviews various issues associated with the development of smart grid. Local, regional, national and global opportunities for the development of smart grid are also reported in this paper.
1. The document discusses smart grid technology, which involves upgrading electrical infrastructure to allow for two-way communication across power grids. This will enable more efficient distribution of power from diverse energy sources like wind and solar.
2. Key components of smart grids include advanced metering infrastructure for two-way utility communication, distribution management systems to model the power network, and geographic information systems to manage critical infrastructure data.
3. While smart grids promise benefits like increased reliability and efficiency, challenges include potential privacy and security issues if communication networks are hacked and ability to control individual buildings' power supply is gained. Increased intelligence is also needed to control the middle portions of grids as more distributed energy sources are added.
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.
Technologies used in Smart grids for power distributionRaja Larik
This document discusses technologies used in smart grids to implement power distribution systems. It begins by providing background on challenges with traditional power distribution systems and how smart grid technologies provide solutions. It then reviews several related smart grid projects implemented in various countries. The main body of the document discusses key smart grid technologies used for power distribution like smart metering, distribution automation, and distributed energy resources. It explains how these technologies are integrated into distribution systems without major design changes. Finally, it concludes that smart grid systems can transform traditional distribution systems to be more reliable, cost-effective and provide better services to customers.
Substation communication architecture to realize the future smart gridAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of substation communication architecture in realizing the future smart grid. It proposes exploiting the technical features of IEC 61850, the standard for communication networks and systems in substations, to make the substation communication architecture ready to accommodate smart grid applications and goals. IEC 61850-based substation automation can support smart grid functions by providing seamless communication, interoperability, and integration of distributed energy resources at the distribution level. The substation architecture needs to be resilient and accommodate a large number of components from the distribution side like feeder automation and smart meters to achieve the objectives of a smart grid like improved reliability and power quality.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
This document provides an overview of smart grid physical protection. It discusses system reliability analysis and failures in protection mechanisms. For system reliability analysis, it describes methods to ensure reliability of distributed generation, measurement infrastructure, and the network before implementation. It also discusses empowering substations with decision-making abilities. For failures in protection mechanisms, it covers predicting and preventing failures, as well as identifying, diagnosing, and recovering from failures. The document provides examples of research in these areas and their approaches to improving smart grid reliability and protection.
Challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid IJECEIAES
The development smart grids have made the power systems planning and operation more efficient by the application of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, two-way communication, self-healing, consumer engagement, distribution intelligence, etc. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed comprehensive review of challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid. Smart grids are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. This paper presents various challenges of smart grid development including interoperability, network communications, demand response, energy storage and distribution grid management. This paper also reviews various issues associated with the development of smart grid. Local, regional, national and global opportunities for the development of smart grid are also reported in this paper.
1. The document discusses smart grid technology, which involves upgrading electrical infrastructure to allow for two-way communication across power grids. This will enable more efficient distribution of power from diverse energy sources like wind and solar.
2. Key components of smart grids include advanced metering infrastructure for two-way utility communication, distribution management systems to model the power network, and geographic information systems to manage critical infrastructure data.
3. While smart grids promise benefits like increased reliability and efficiency, challenges include potential privacy and security issues if communication networks are hacked and ability to control individual buildings' power supply is gained. Increased intelligence is also needed to control the middle portions of grids as more distributed energy sources are added.
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...Yuvraj Singh
The document discusses smart grid technology and its key components. It describes how smart grids aim to enhance grid reliability and integrate renewable energy and other smart technologies. Smart grids allow for two-way energy and information flow and more efficient monitoring and control. The document outlines several technologies that are important for smart grids, including smart transmission grids, information technology, and smart metering systems. Smart transmission grids focus on increasing transmission capacity and developing embedded intelligence. Information technology enables two-way communication and automated analysis. Smart metering systems improve monitoring of power usage.
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses challenges and solutions related to implementing smart grids globally. It first provides background on smart grids and their advantages over conventional grids. The document then discusses four main challenges for smart grids: 1) cyber security issues from increased data transfer, 2) ensuring stability through proper voltage profiling with distributed generation, 3) developing solutions that are universally accepted, and 4) addressing critical applications related to security. It proposes some transitory solutions including agent-based control methods, local vs global optimization strategies, and improved power electronics and control technologies. Overall, the document analyzes technical hurdles to deploying smart grids at scale and potential approaches to overcome security, stability, and adoption challenges.
Smart Grid Components Control Elements & Smart Grid TechnologySurajPrakash115
1. The document discusses the key components of a smart grid, including monitoring and control technology, transmission systems, smart devices interfaces, distribution systems, storage, and demand side management.
2. It describes each component in detail, explaining their functions and how they improve reliability, integration of renewable resources, and two-way power flow.
3. The technologies that will drive smart grids are identified as integrated communications, sensing and measurement, advanced components, and advanced control methods.
This document summarizes a study on maintaining grid codes when integrating wind distributed generation with the grid using STATCOMs. It first provides background on grid codes and their importance for high penetration of renewable energy sources like wind. It then discusses how STATCOMs can help meet grid code requirements for reactive power compensation and fault ride-through capabilities by providing smooth reactive power support. The study models an IEEE test system integrated with a wind farm in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show that a STATCOM connected at the point of common coupling significantly improves voltage profiles during faults, helping maintain grid codes.
Interoperability framework for data exchange between legacy and advanced mete...Alexander Decker
This document discusses interoperability between legacy metering infrastructure and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). It proposes a solution that allows applications from different manufacturers to access standardized metered data. The solution also provides a way to access meter metadata without manually inputting address parameters, reducing development time for deploying AMI head-ends. The document analyzes challenges of integrating heterogeneous systems and standards like IEC 61850 that can help enable interoperability and data exchange between applications.
Interoperability framework for data exchange between legacy and advanced mete...Alexander Decker
This document discusses interoperability between legacy and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). It proposes a solution that allows applications from different manufacturers to access standardized metered data. A novel approach is presented for accessing meter metadata without manually inputting address parameters, reducing development time for deploying AMI head-ends. The solution aims to make legacy infrastructure and AMI interoperable during the transition to fully advanced technology, allowing data exchange between heterogeneous systems from multiple vendors.
This document provides an overview of smart grid technologies with a focus on communication technologies and standards. It discusses how the current power grid infrastructure is outdated and ill-suited for 21st century needs. The smart grid uses automated control, sensing technologies, and modern communications to address issues like reliability, efficiency, and renewable energy integration. Critical to the smart grid is a robust information and communication system to support real-time monitoring and control. The document examines various communication technologies that could support the smart grid and reviews ongoing standardization efforts.
This document summarizes a study on distributed energy resources (DER). It discusses how increased DER is changing power systems and potential reliability issues. DER provides alternatives to large central plants but can impact transmission systems. The document recommends:
1) Collecting and sharing DER location, type, and performance data across transmission and distribution systems to support modeling.
2) Modeling DER in bulk power system studies if significant impacts are expected based on location and output.
3) Avoiding netting of DER with load and instead aggregating or explicitly modeling DER based on penetration levels.
In tech demand-management_and_wireless_sensor_networks_in_the_smart_gridAWe Shinkansen
The document discusses demand management and wireless sensor networks in the smart grid. It begins with an introduction that outlines the factors driving the renovation of electrical power grids, including resilience problems, growing demand, inefficiency, and environmental issues. It then discusses how smart grid aims to address these issues by integrating information and communication technologies. Demand management will play a key role in increasing grid efficiency. Wireless sensor networks provide opportunities for demand management applications due to their low cost and pervasive communication capabilities. Challenges for smart grid implementation include standardization, security issues, successful adoption of demand management systems, and coordinating increased loads from electric vehicles.
The document discusses key aspects of smart grids including how they allow two-way communication between utilities and consumers to save energy and reduce costs and emissions. It also discusses how smart grids optimize the operation of interconnected grid elements and integrate renewable energy and energy storage. Challenges to smart grids include upgrading aging infrastructure and developing regulatory policies to accommodate features like time-of-use pricing.
IRJET- Integration of Renewable Energy in Smart GridIRJET Journal
This document discusses the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids. It begins with an abstract that outlines some of the challenges of integrating renewable energy at both large and small scales directly into existing utility grids. It then provides background on how smart grid technologies can help address these issues and enable higher penetration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Some key smart grid features and technologies that can facilitate renewable energy integration are described, such as bidirectional power flow, distributed generation, demand response capabilities, energy storage, and enhanced monitoring and control. The document also discusses technical and economic benefits of energy storage systems in supporting renewable energy integration into smart grids. Finally, it outlines some issues specific to integrating wind and solar energy systems due to their variable nature.
Smart grids integrate traditional and renewable energy sources to create an efficient, reliable, and sustainable electricity system. They use two-way communication between utilities and consumers to manage energy production and consumption. This allows for more efficient transmission of power, better integration of distributed energy resources, and demand response programs. Real-time monitoring throughout the network improves reliability, power quality, and integration of electric vehicles. However, fully implementing smart grid capabilities requires upgrading infrastructure like meters, distribution automation, and communication networks.
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses embedding a smart meter into an Internet of Things platform to advance smart grids. It proposes an architecture that integrates smart grid applications with smart home applications. The architecture allows different wireless protocols to communicate between meters, users and the system. It also provides secure data access and simplifies interaction for non-technical users. Key benefits include integrating smart grids and smart homes on a single infrastructure, gathering data from various sensors securely, and providing a common interface for applications.
Smart Grid Data Centers Distributed & ICTs Sustainability on Generation Energ...IJMTST Journal
Smart grid has modernized the way electricity is generated, transported, distributed, and consumed by integrating advanced sensing, communications, and control in the day-to-day operation of the grid. Electricity is a core utility for the functioning of society and for the services provided by information and communication technologies(ICTs). Several concepts of the smart grid, such as dynamic pricing, distributed generation, and demand management, have significantly impacted the operation of ICT services, in particular, communication networks and data centers. Ongoing energy-efficiency and operational expenditures reduction efforts in communication networks and data center shave gained another dimension with those smart grid concepts. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communications and data centers, and the interaction between smart grid and information and communication infrastructures. Although the studies on smart grid, energy-efficient communications, and green data centers have been separately surveyed in previous studies, to this end, research that falls in the intersection of those fields has not been properly classified and surveyed yet. We start our survey by providing background information on the smart grid and continue with surveying smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communication systems, followed by energy, cost and emission minimizing approaches in datacenters, and the corresponding cloud network infrastructure. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout.
"CHALLENGES AND ISSUES OF SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION: THE CASE OF GHANA", A research project conducted by Calebina Fosuaa, Alex Pobi and Derrick Mifetu from University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
The document discusses smart grids as a modernization of existing power systems. It describes smart grids as using information technology and communication networks to create a more decentralized, efficient and renewable-based electric grid. Some key benefits of smart grids include improved energy efficiency, higher power reliability, lower costs for consumers, and better integration of renewable energy sources. However, smart grids also face challenges such as high installation costs and potential cybersecurity and privacy issues. The document provides an overview of smart grid components and technologies as well as examples of smart grid pilot projects being implemented in India.
This document discusses the smart grid, which is an enhanced power grid that uses two-way flows of electricity and information. It explores three major smart grid systems: 1) the smart infrastructure system, which supports two-way energy and information flows through smart energy, information, and communication subsystems; 2) the smart management system, which provides advanced management and control through objectives like efficiency and reliability; 3) the smart protection system, which improves reliability through failure protection and addresses security and privacy issues. Specifically, it discusses how distributed generation and microgrids allow two-way electricity flows in the smart energy subsystem.
This document provides an introduction to smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an intelligent power grid that uses communication technology and smart meters to allow bidirectional power flow and handle distributed energy resources. The key benefits of smart grids are more reliable, flexible, efficient and robust power delivery. Smart grids modernize the traditional one-way power grid into an automated system with two-way data communication between power producers and consumers. This enables features like self-monitoring, self-healing and demand response capabilities. Security is also an important consideration for smart grids due to the integration of digital technologies.
The energy grid is currently undergoing a historical change of state from the traditional structure where a utility owns the generation, transmission and distribution services into an integrated smart grid in a monopolistic market which introduce consumers as active players in managing and controlling the power. This report provides an analysis of the methods applicable to smart grid interoperability tests. A systematic approach for developing smart grid interoperability tests was adopted by analyzing a house and an industries looking at the analysis of their active power. This analysis of active power gives the exact idea to know the range of maximum permissible loads that can be connected to their relevant bus bars. This paper presents the change in the value of Active Power with varying load angle in context with small signal analysis using wind, solar and generator grid . The result obtained showed that, consumers can then choose the cheapest energy to be consumed. Makinde Kayode | Owolabi Balikis Omowunmi | Lawal Olawale Kazeem "Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50629.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50629/analysis-of-smart-grid-interoperability/makinde-kayode
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...Yuvraj Singh
The document discusses smart grid technology and its key components. It describes how smart grids aim to enhance grid reliability and integrate renewable energy and other smart technologies. Smart grids allow for two-way energy and information flow and more efficient monitoring and control. The document outlines several technologies that are important for smart grids, including smart transmission grids, information technology, and smart metering systems. Smart transmission grids focus on increasing transmission capacity and developing embedded intelligence. Information technology enables two-way communication and automated analysis. Smart metering systems improve monitoring of power usage.
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses challenges and solutions related to implementing smart grids globally. It first provides background on smart grids and their advantages over conventional grids. The document then discusses four main challenges for smart grids: 1) cyber security issues from increased data transfer, 2) ensuring stability through proper voltage profiling with distributed generation, 3) developing solutions that are universally accepted, and 4) addressing critical applications related to security. It proposes some transitory solutions including agent-based control methods, local vs global optimization strategies, and improved power electronics and control technologies. Overall, the document analyzes technical hurdles to deploying smart grids at scale and potential approaches to overcome security, stability, and adoption challenges.
Smart Grid Components Control Elements & Smart Grid TechnologySurajPrakash115
1. The document discusses the key components of a smart grid, including monitoring and control technology, transmission systems, smart devices interfaces, distribution systems, storage, and demand side management.
2. It describes each component in detail, explaining their functions and how they improve reliability, integration of renewable resources, and two-way power flow.
3. The technologies that will drive smart grids are identified as integrated communications, sensing and measurement, advanced components, and advanced control methods.
This document summarizes a study on maintaining grid codes when integrating wind distributed generation with the grid using STATCOMs. It first provides background on grid codes and their importance for high penetration of renewable energy sources like wind. It then discusses how STATCOMs can help meet grid code requirements for reactive power compensation and fault ride-through capabilities by providing smooth reactive power support. The study models an IEEE test system integrated with a wind farm in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show that a STATCOM connected at the point of common coupling significantly improves voltage profiles during faults, helping maintain grid codes.
Interoperability framework for data exchange between legacy and advanced mete...Alexander Decker
This document discusses interoperability between legacy metering infrastructure and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). It proposes a solution that allows applications from different manufacturers to access standardized metered data. The solution also provides a way to access meter metadata without manually inputting address parameters, reducing development time for deploying AMI head-ends. The document analyzes challenges of integrating heterogeneous systems and standards like IEC 61850 that can help enable interoperability and data exchange between applications.
Interoperability framework for data exchange between legacy and advanced mete...Alexander Decker
This document discusses interoperability between legacy and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). It proposes a solution that allows applications from different manufacturers to access standardized metered data. A novel approach is presented for accessing meter metadata without manually inputting address parameters, reducing development time for deploying AMI head-ends. The solution aims to make legacy infrastructure and AMI interoperable during the transition to fully advanced technology, allowing data exchange between heterogeneous systems from multiple vendors.
This document provides an overview of smart grid technologies with a focus on communication technologies and standards. It discusses how the current power grid infrastructure is outdated and ill-suited for 21st century needs. The smart grid uses automated control, sensing technologies, and modern communications to address issues like reliability, efficiency, and renewable energy integration. Critical to the smart grid is a robust information and communication system to support real-time monitoring and control. The document examines various communication technologies that could support the smart grid and reviews ongoing standardization efforts.
This document summarizes a study on distributed energy resources (DER). It discusses how increased DER is changing power systems and potential reliability issues. DER provides alternatives to large central plants but can impact transmission systems. The document recommends:
1) Collecting and sharing DER location, type, and performance data across transmission and distribution systems to support modeling.
2) Modeling DER in bulk power system studies if significant impacts are expected based on location and output.
3) Avoiding netting of DER with load and instead aggregating or explicitly modeling DER based on penetration levels.
In tech demand-management_and_wireless_sensor_networks_in_the_smart_gridAWe Shinkansen
The document discusses demand management and wireless sensor networks in the smart grid. It begins with an introduction that outlines the factors driving the renovation of electrical power grids, including resilience problems, growing demand, inefficiency, and environmental issues. It then discusses how smart grid aims to address these issues by integrating information and communication technologies. Demand management will play a key role in increasing grid efficiency. Wireless sensor networks provide opportunities for demand management applications due to their low cost and pervasive communication capabilities. Challenges for smart grid implementation include standardization, security issues, successful adoption of demand management systems, and coordinating increased loads from electric vehicles.
The document discusses key aspects of smart grids including how they allow two-way communication between utilities and consumers to save energy and reduce costs and emissions. It also discusses how smart grids optimize the operation of interconnected grid elements and integrate renewable energy and energy storage. Challenges to smart grids include upgrading aging infrastructure and developing regulatory policies to accommodate features like time-of-use pricing.
IRJET- Integration of Renewable Energy in Smart GridIRJET Journal
This document discusses the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids. It begins with an abstract that outlines some of the challenges of integrating renewable energy at both large and small scales directly into existing utility grids. It then provides background on how smart grid technologies can help address these issues and enable higher penetration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Some key smart grid features and technologies that can facilitate renewable energy integration are described, such as bidirectional power flow, distributed generation, demand response capabilities, energy storage, and enhanced monitoring and control. The document also discusses technical and economic benefits of energy storage systems in supporting renewable energy integration into smart grids. Finally, it outlines some issues specific to integrating wind and solar energy systems due to their variable nature.
Smart grids integrate traditional and renewable energy sources to create an efficient, reliable, and sustainable electricity system. They use two-way communication between utilities and consumers to manage energy production and consumption. This allows for more efficient transmission of power, better integration of distributed energy resources, and demand response programs. Real-time monitoring throughout the network improves reliability, power quality, and integration of electric vehicles. However, fully implementing smart grid capabilities requires upgrading infrastructure like meters, distribution automation, and communication networks.
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses embedding a smart meter into an Internet of Things platform to advance smart grids. It proposes an architecture that integrates smart grid applications with smart home applications. The architecture allows different wireless protocols to communicate between meters, users and the system. It also provides secure data access and simplifies interaction for non-technical users. Key benefits include integrating smart grids and smart homes on a single infrastructure, gathering data from various sensors securely, and providing a common interface for applications.
Smart Grid Data Centers Distributed & ICTs Sustainability on Generation Energ...IJMTST Journal
Smart grid has modernized the way electricity is generated, transported, distributed, and consumed by integrating advanced sensing, communications, and control in the day-to-day operation of the grid. Electricity is a core utility for the functioning of society and for the services provided by information and communication technologies(ICTs). Several concepts of the smart grid, such as dynamic pricing, distributed generation, and demand management, have significantly impacted the operation of ICT services, in particular, communication networks and data centers. Ongoing energy-efficiency and operational expenditures reduction efforts in communication networks and data center shave gained another dimension with those smart grid concepts. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communications and data centers, and the interaction between smart grid and information and communication infrastructures. Although the studies on smart grid, energy-efficient communications, and green data centers have been separately surveyed in previous studies, to this end, research that falls in the intersection of those fields has not been properly classified and surveyed yet. We start our survey by providing background information on the smart grid and continue with surveying smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communication systems, followed by energy, cost and emission minimizing approaches in datacenters, and the corresponding cloud network infrastructure. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout.
"CHALLENGES AND ISSUES OF SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION: THE CASE OF GHANA", A research project conducted by Calebina Fosuaa, Alex Pobi and Derrick Mifetu from University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
The document discusses smart grids as a modernization of existing power systems. It describes smart grids as using information technology and communication networks to create a more decentralized, efficient and renewable-based electric grid. Some key benefits of smart grids include improved energy efficiency, higher power reliability, lower costs for consumers, and better integration of renewable energy sources. However, smart grids also face challenges such as high installation costs and potential cybersecurity and privacy issues. The document provides an overview of smart grid components and technologies as well as examples of smart grid pilot projects being implemented in India.
This document discusses the smart grid, which is an enhanced power grid that uses two-way flows of electricity and information. It explores three major smart grid systems: 1) the smart infrastructure system, which supports two-way energy and information flows through smart energy, information, and communication subsystems; 2) the smart management system, which provides advanced management and control through objectives like efficiency and reliability; 3) the smart protection system, which improves reliability through failure protection and addresses security and privacy issues. Specifically, it discusses how distributed generation and microgrids allow two-way electricity flows in the smart energy subsystem.
This document provides an introduction to smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an intelligent power grid that uses communication technology and smart meters to allow bidirectional power flow and handle distributed energy resources. The key benefits of smart grids are more reliable, flexible, efficient and robust power delivery. Smart grids modernize the traditional one-way power grid into an automated system with two-way data communication between power producers and consumers. This enables features like self-monitoring, self-healing and demand response capabilities. Security is also an important consideration for smart grids due to the integration of digital technologies.
The energy grid is currently undergoing a historical change of state from the traditional structure where a utility owns the generation, transmission and distribution services into an integrated smart grid in a monopolistic market which introduce consumers as active players in managing and controlling the power. This report provides an analysis of the methods applicable to smart grid interoperability tests. A systematic approach for developing smart grid interoperability tests was adopted by analyzing a house and an industries looking at the analysis of their active power. This analysis of active power gives the exact idea to know the range of maximum permissible loads that can be connected to their relevant bus bars. This paper presents the change in the value of Active Power with varying load angle in context with small signal analysis using wind, solar and generator grid . The result obtained showed that, consumers can then choose the cheapest energy to be consumed. Makinde Kayode | Owolabi Balikis Omowunmi | Lawal Olawale Kazeem "Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50629.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50629/analysis-of-smart-grid-interoperability/makinde-kayode
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemDurgarao Gundu
This document provides an overview of smart metering and smart grid infrastructure. It discusses key components of a smart metering infrastructure including smart meters, communication systems, meter data management systems, and home area networks. Smart meters can record and store energy usage data at intervals, communicate bidirectionally, and support time-of-use pricing and demand response. Communication systems enable transmission of data from smart meters to utilities. Meter data management systems collect, store, analyze and utilize energy usage data. Home area networks allow customers to access their energy usage data and receive signals from utilities. The document also compares automatic meter reading and smart metering infrastructure and examines smart meter communication technologies suitable for the Indian context.
A Review Of Recent Development In Smart Grid And Micro Grid LaboratoriesJoaquin Hamad
This document summarizes recent developments in smart grid and micro-grid laboratories. It first discusses key features of smart grids, including their decentralized structure and integration of renewable energy. It then reviews several micro-grid laboratory projects in Europe, the US, and Japan that test control systems and other smart grid technologies at small scales. Finally, it outlines ongoing work at UTeM to develop a laboratory-scale micro-grid system to study issues like distributed energy emulation, synchronization with the main grid, and islanding detection.
Smart grid will become the next-generation electrical power system to provide reliable, efficient, secure, and cost-effective energy generation, distribution, and consumption. To achieve these goals, communications infrastructure and wireless networking will play an important role in supporting data transfer and information exchange in smart grid. There has been a desire for a long time to increase the efficiency of the way in which power is generated and delivered to customers. The technology currently in use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been three major blackouts in the past ten years. The old technology leads to n systems, costing unnecessary money to the utilities, consumers, and taxpayers.
To upgrade the grid, and to operate an improved grid, will require significant dependence on distributed intelligence and communication capabilities. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability ,and so on. For the system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid. .
A survey on smart grid technologies and applicationsdileep punalur
This document provides a survey of smart grid technologies and applications. It defines smart grid and discusses its key characteristics and functions. The smart grid uses digital technologies to provide a two-way power flow system that is self-healing, resilient, and sustainable. It allows for integration of renewable energy and distributed generation. Smart grid technologies discussed include smart meters, smart sensors, vehicle-to-grid, and home and building automation. The document also explores smart grid applications for metering, communication, and substation, feeder, and home automation. Overall, the smart grid is expected to provide economic and environmental benefits through improved efficiency, reliability, and integration of renewable energy.
Running head: SMART GRID 1
SMART GRID 2
SMART GRID 1
CSIA 459: Evaluating Emerging Technologies
Technology Review #2: Emerging Application of Technology in a Critical Infrastructure
Annotated Bibliography for Smart Grid
11/25/2018
Introduction
The Smart Grid is the evolution of our current electric grid, using new technologies to optimize power conservation and delivery. The “Grid” refers to the electric grid, a network of transmission lines, substations, transformers and more that supply our homes or businesses with electricity from the power plant. The digital technology that enables two - way communication between the utility and its customers and the transmission line sensing is what makes the grid smart. Like the Internet, the Smart Grid consist of controls, computers, automation and new technologies and equipment working together, but in this case, these technologies work with the electrical grid to meet our rapidly changing electrical demand digitally. The Smart Grid is a unique opportunity to transform the energy industry into a new era of efficiency, affordability and reliability that will add value to our society.
Today, the demand for power continues to grow rapidly using more electronic devices than ever before and the current electrical system is outdated and totally depends on equipment nearing the end of its lifetime of use. Smart grids update this infrastructure to ensure that safety issues are addressed, and power is consistently delivered and that the system is managed competently. Without intelligent grid improvements, the old system, which is already close to capacity, will not be able to meet the future challenges. Cybersecurity solutions for critical energy infrastructure are essential in order to deliver reliable energy. In today's increasingly connected world, where cyber threats are highly sophisticated, it is unwise to think that energy supply systems are isolated or immune from compromise, but the Smart grid offers so many fundamental changes in human intelligence, prevention, management and recovery that, despite the introduction of new vulnerabilities, it essentially makes the electrical system safer.
Annotated Bibliography for Smart Grid
1. Pesesky, J. L. (2016). The vulnerabilities of the advanced metering infrastructure in the smart grid (Order No. 10154802). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1836799165). Retrieved from http://ezproxy.umuc.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/docview/1836799165?accountid=14580
Justine Pesesky in his dissertation, talks about how the intelligent grid uses innovative technology to improve the experience of the consumer. The intelligent grid features allow intelligent appliances and smart meters to transmit information wirelessly to electrical utilities, and how the confident.
The document discusses the concept of smart grids, which represent a revolutionary transition from traditional power grids. Smart grids can accommodate power from multiple distributed renewable sources, flexibly store power, and improve reliability through advanced control algorithms. Several US utility companies and governments are implementing smart grid pilot projects to modernize aging infrastructure, reduce costs and emissions, and better accommodate renewable energy sources and electric vehicles. Smart grids face challenges including high costs, incompatible equipment, regulatory hurdles, and the need for international cooperation to realize their full benefits.
Traditional power grid can be upgraded into smart grids by incorporating two-way integrated communications and smart computing capabilities for improved efficiency, reliability and decision support.
Influence of Smart Technology in Power Systempavanrajawat5
This document discusses the influence of smart technology in power systems. It begins with an introduction to traditional power systems and their limitations. It then defines smart grids as power systems equipped with two-way communication that can improve efficiency, reliability, accommodate renewables, and locate faults. The document outlines the major components of smart grids including transmission and distribution automation, smart appliances, renewable energy sources, smart meters, and energy storage. It discusses problems and research gaps in these areas and inputs required. The motivation is to address issues with traditional systems through automated controls and technologies to achieve the benefits of smart grids.
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power UseIJARIIT
The existing Power Grids is antiquated, congested and inefficient in many ways and it does not take full advantage
of new automation technologies that for example can prevent an outage or restore power much faster after an outage. It does
not take advantage of new materials which can make the equipment throughout the grid more efficient. It was not designed for
integrating large amounts of renewable energy generation into the grid which is necessary in order to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and prevent climatic changes. This paper proposes a method for better implementation of smart grids that integrates
technologies of advanced sensing, control methodologies and communication capabilities into the current power grids at both
the transmission level and distribution levels.
On Going research on Problems Faced In smart grid in general. Yet Work is in progress Just a light notes on General issues in smart grid, Technically work is to be on target in smart grid.
What is a Smart Grid_ What are the Major Smart Grid Technologies_.pdfVijethaK3
A smart grid uses digital technology and two-way communication to modernize the traditional power grid. It allows for better management of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Key components include smart meters, distributed energy resources, advanced metering infrastructure, and vehicle-to-grid technologies. Together these allow two-way power and data flows to improve reliability, efficiency, and integration of renewable energy.
A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grid Ecosystem.pdfssuser793b4e
A smart grid is an intervention technology for the massive energy demand of the world today. It combines cyber-physical technologies, information communication technology, and electrical power networks from the generating company stations to the end-users while ensuring bidirectional communication among the actors. The smart grid is a complex growing technology that is yet to reach its maturity state. This paper seeks to examine the literature on the state of the art of smart grid technology both from the industry perspective and from academia. To this end, a literature review with a qualitative deductive approach built on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guideline and the simplified International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) five-domain model were used as a guide to this research. Furthermore, the paper reviewed Smart Grid data centre topologies and identified prospects in spine-leaf architecture as a promising architecture that can be adapted in a smart grid ecosystem data centre design. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 151 papers after several exclusions. The work reviewed relevant literatures published from 2002 to 2021 and grouped the reviewed papers according to the key domains of the NIST/ITU-T model. Based on the evaluated literature, the need for more built-in predictive learning curves in smart grid systems and robust Smart grid architecture with enhanced data centre design for Smart grid systems is observed and recommended
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
This document outlines the course syllabus for a third semester M.Tech course on Smart Grid Technologies taught by Dr. Mahabob Shareef Syed. The course covers 5 units: Introduction to Smart Grids, Smart Grid Technologies Part 1 and 2, Microgrids and Distributed Energy Resources, and Power Quality Management in Smart Grids. The objectives are for students to understand smart grid concepts, technologies, components like smart substations and feeders, analyze microgrids and distributed generation, and understand developments in power quality and ICT for smart grids.
Resource placement strategy optimization for smart grid application using 5G...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research article that proposes an intelligent placement strategy for smart grid applications using 5G wireless networks and cloud infrastructure. The strategy aims to optimize resource placement to reduce energy consumption, latency, and network usage. The article provides background on smart grids and 5G networks, describes a simulated smart grid application and architecture using fog and cloud computing, and introduces an intelligent placement approach. Simulation results using the iFogSim simulator show that the intelligent placement strategy can substantially reduce cloud energy consumption while meeting processing limits for IoT devices and network constraints.
The document discusses smart grid technology. It begins with an introduction and then covers related work, components of a smart grid like connectivity networks and access networks, how smart grids work using two-way communication, features, comparisons to traditional grids, advantages like reduced losses and carbon footprint, and disadvantages like intermittent renewable sources. It concludes that smart grids will modernize energy supply and create smart homes and cities. The future scope is improved infrastructure and widespread adoption like the Internet. References are provided.
The document discusses smart grid technology. It begins with an introduction and then covers related work, components of a smart grid, how it works, features, advantages and disadvantages. A smart grid integrates information and communication technologies with the traditional power grid. It allows two-way communication between utilities and customers. Key components include connectivity networks, smart meters, and sensors. A smart grid provides benefits like reduced losses, automated control, reliability and reduced carbon emissions. However, challenges include the need to augment existing infrastructure and ensuring communication is not interrupted. Overall, smart grids are expected to become more widely used in the future.
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2. Res. J. App. Sci. Eng. Technol., 11(6): 633-638, 2015
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Table 1: Smart grid objective identified by DOE, USA
S/No. Smart grid objectives
1 To accommodating all storage and power generation option
2 Scalable, enabling all new services, products and market
3 Cost effective and efficient in operating and assets
utilization
4 Fulfill the 21st
century needs in terms of power quality
5 Able to address disturbance by automated prevention,
restoration and containment
6 Have operating capability to handle all types of hazards
Fig. 1: Conceptual model of smart grid
took benefits from smart cities such as earliest and
largest project of the smart grid is ‘Telegestore’. This
project was implemented in Italy in 2005, where the
company designed their own meters, system software,
etc. This project is widely regarded and role model for
commercial scale of adopting new smart grid
technologies with effective cost and income (Mavridou
and Papa, 2012). The city of Austin, USA, Texas has
been working on the smart grid since 2003. Smart grid
technologies are effective and beneficial for modern
power systems in terms of technical solutions,
economical point of view. Through smart grids, the
power generation system is centralized and distributes.
This technology recovers fault automatically and reduce
transmission lines. The nature of smart grids is
atomized and process real-time information from
meters and sensors for fault location and automatically
configures the feeders and voltage power optimization.
Smart grid reduces the reactive power flow and
enhances the real power to reduce the transmission
losses. It can assimilate the renewable energy and
distributed sources. The system is real time and two
ways with theft detection capabilities. Various different
technologies have been adopted by smart grid such as
sensor networks, wireless mesh networks and
intelligent and other interconnected technologies.
According to National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) present a conceptual model of
smart grid system and devices used as a reference for
Table 2: Comparison of existing grid and smart grid
Existing grid Smart grid
Electromechanical Digital
Centralized communication Distributed communication
On-way communication Two-way communication
Limited sensors No limit
Manual restoration Self-healing
many parts of electric systems (Locke and Gallagher,
2010). This conceptual model categorized into seven
domains. Each domain includes with different smart
grid actors. Figure 1 shows the smart grid conceptual
model presented by NIST.
The smart grid infrastructure divided into smart
energy subsystem, information subsystem and
communication subsystem. The traditional power grid
is unidirectional and electricity generated with limited
central power plants.
The generated electric power further pass to
transmission grid and moves further. On the other hand
compare to traditional power grid the flow pattern of
energy generation in smart grid are more flexible due to
distribution grid capability through solar plants and
wind turbines.
Smart grid technologies: In general smart grid
communication technologies are divided into 5 key
areas: sensing and measurement, advanced components,
decision support and improved interfaces, standards and
groups and interacted communications (Yu et al.,
2011). Smart grid distributes the electricity between
traditional and distributed generation resources to the
residential, industrial and commercial consumers.
Through communication infrastructure, the smart
monitoring and metering approaches provide real-time
energy consumption. Via communication infrastructure
the smart grid intelligent devices, dedicated software
and control centers interact with each other. The role of
communication infrastructure is crucial for effective
smart grid operations (Vaccaro and Villacci, 2005).
Existing electrical utility-wide area networks are based
on hybrid communication technologies such as wired
and fiber optics, power line communication, copper
wire line and other wireless technologies. For data
communication, a variety of communications
technologies are used such as GSM, WiMAX and
WLAN, etc., (Ghassemi et al., 2010). These
technologies are designed to support smart grid
applications in term of controlling and monitoring
operations as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition), EMS (Energy Management Systems,
DMS (Distribution Management Systems), ERP
(Enterprise Resource Planning) systems, distribution
feeder automation, generation plant automation,
physical security, etc. Table 2 shows the comparison of
existing grid and smart grid.
3. Res. J. App. Sci. Eng. Technol., 11(6): 633-638, 2015
635
LITERATURE REVIEW
The traditional power systems are based on passive
distribution with one way communication. The flow
between consumers and suppliers is being changed into
active distribution and the role of the consumer is
automatically changing. The future electricity systems
are smart grids with a bi-directional flow of
communication between consumer and suppliers.
Variety of literature has been proposed to improve the
quality of these subsystems.
In this context, smart grid projects are the first step
toward the future electricity systems. The smart grid
project in Boulder, Colorado completed in 2008, where
system used smart meters as a gateway for the home
automation network to controlling the smart sockets
and devices (Loeff, 2008-03). In Ontario, Canada
Hydro one deployed smart grid with standard compliant
communication infrastructure from Trillionth. In 2010,
1.3 million customers beneficial from this system. This
system was the winner of Utility Planning Network
award (Loeff, 2007). In Germany the smart grid project
Broadband Power Line was implemented in model city
Mannhein called MoMa project. Through smart city
technologies, the many developed countries have been
developed and solved their pollution issues such as
carbon and massive greenhouse gas emissions. These
countries have developed bi-directional power, home
monitoring applications, etc. There are many different
surveys have been conducted to elaborate the smart grid
systems, (Hassan and Radman, 2010) briefly survey the
basic concept of smart grid and its technologies,
benefits and challenges. The further author illustrated
the management role to establish the broad vision of
smart grid. Samuelsson et al. (2006) reviewed the smart
grid standards and recommendation for future smart
grid standards. Vasconcelos (2008) highlighted the
potential benefits of smart meters and give a concise
review of the legal framework for governing policies
and metering activities in Europe. Brown and
Suryanarayanan (2009) reviewed in terms of industry
perspective for the smart grid distribution system and
highlighted these technologies for future research in the
smart distribution system. Yan et al. (2012) discussed
the smart grid in the security perspective. Chen (2010)
discussed the privacy and security issues in smart grid
and relates issues with cyber security on the internet.
Some other authors discussed the communication
networks for electric systems and provide efficient
understanding for hybrid network architecture and
heterogeneous systems and its application requirements
(Gungor and Lambert, 2006). Akyol et al. (2010)
reviewed the types of communication which are
suitable for smart grid systems. Wang et al. (2011)
discussed the communication architecture for electric
systems such as technologies, requirements, functions
and research challenges, etc. The Author also discussed
the network implementation in power system settings.
There are many studied have been proposed and
classified the smart energy into different energy
subsystems: power generation, transmission grid and
distributed grid. Power generation refers to generating
electricity from natural gas, coal, nuclear, wind, sun,
etc. A variety of studies have been proposed in these
subsystems. A short review about the previous work in
the field of power generation, transmission and
distributed grid sectors in smart grid present in below
section.
Andersen et al. (2008) proposed a software
framework for generic virtual power plant called
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Author tried to
overcome the challenges in the field of power
generation through proposed framework. In another
study author (Caldon et al., 2004) proposed a
framework for harmonizing the operations of different
subjects. This approach is based on function models of
system components. Jansen et al. (2010) proposed
architecture for virtual plant, where trip-prediction
algorithm proposed uses centralized approach to
optimize for power balance, grid constraints, etc.
Another effort (Lombardi et al., 2009) proposed to
increase the amount of generators based on RES
(Renewable Energy Sources) in power system. The
author discussed the architecture and complex virtual
power plant and its challenges.
Recently, the smart grid community focuses on
technological and economic issues and incentives
(Verbong et al., 2013). According to smart grid
database in 2012, around 281 smart grid projects
representing €1.8 billion investment in Norway, Croatia
and Switzerland.
Smart grid standards: In 2001, the U.S Department of
Energy (DOE) started a series of communication and
controls workshops motivated on the integration of
distribute energy resources. The Government of U.S
also established the policy for smart grid, the first act
came in 2007 with the name of energy independence
and security act, In this act the advisory committee and
intergovernmental agency task force; development and
demonstration; frames technology research creates a
funding program for smart grid investment (Lightner
and Widergren, 2010). The second act is about recovery
act 2009; this includes $3.4 and $615 million for smart
grid and grand program. Many standards have been
implemented in different areas, countries and
organizations. Table 3 shows the list of main smart grid
standards.
In order to promote the smart grid development,
industries, governments, academia and industries have
put an excessive deal of effort in pilot projects and
programs.
4. Res. J. App. Sci. Eng. Technol., 11(6): 633-638, 2015
636
Table 3: Smart grid standards
Country/organization Standard
USA NIST IOP (Locke and Gallagher, 2010)
Europe CEN/CENELEC M/441 (CENELEC,
2009)
Germany BMWi E-energy program, BDI initiative-
internet der energie (Uslar et al., 2009;
Rohjans et al., 2010)
China SGCC (The State Grid Corporation of
China, 2010)
Japan METI (Japan, 2010)
Korea Smart grid 2030 (Rohjans et al., 2010)
IEEE P2030 (Microsoft, 2009)
Microsoft SERA
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
There are various challenges exist during the
implementation of smart grid projects. The one of the
main challenge in less developed countries is
unawareness and understanding of smart grid
technologies at engineers and government levels. They
need trainings through professionals or different
companies, who have experience of smart grid
technologies. The second challenge is finance matters
because these types of projects need a large amount.
For developed countries, this is not an issue because
their economy is strong and they invest a lot in these
types of projects such as USA, Germany, Canada, etc.
On the other hand the less developed countries
including Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, etc.,
not bear the entire project cost because of limited
resources and funds. The best option is to make a joint
ventures with foreign investors start pilot projects and if
the project is successful then the government will check
further resources to invest for project expansion.
Another challenge is policies regulations. Many
developed countries already build smart cities with
smart grids but still they are not clear to set the policies,
regulations, guidelines and standards. The
implementation of smart grids is another challenge
because of its complicated design, planning and
maintenance and operations. Only well organize with
professional staff government organization can perform
these tasks effectively. To educate the customers about
smart grid operations and other services is another
challenge. Print and electronic media are the sources to
educate customers and highlight the benefits of smart
grid technologies. The government of any country takes
initiative for trainings and programs where customers
will be taught about smart grids, its benefits and
potential (Woodruff, 2004).
Security is a major challenge because the smart
grid systems are controlled through the digital
communications network, where important and private
data are disseminated and store. So, there is a need for
the proper mechanism to ensure security and privacy in
systems. The security and cyber securities are major
challenges of recent smart grids systems.
Table 4: Summary and literature of challenges in smart grid
Challenge Description
Complexity (Cristaldi
et al., 2002; Choi and
Chan, 2004, Dougal et al.,
2006; Dougal and Monti,
2007; Ponci et al., 2009)
Smart grid communication system is
complex due to infrastructure of
systems of systems.
Efficiency (Amin, 2005;
Dollen, 2008; Krebs et al.,
2008; Wen et al., 2010)
Smart grid has many challenges by
harnessing modern communication
and IT for grid wide coordinated
monitoring capabilities.
Reliability (Mets et al.,
2010; Moslehi and Kumar,
2010a, 2010b)
Need a framework for cohesive
integration with reliability
technologies with standards, protocols
and analytical capabilities.
Security (Ericsson et al.,
2007; Ericsson, 2010)
There are many issues are exist related
to cyber security for power system
communication infrastructure in smart
grid.
The different types of challenges have been
addressed and highlighted in smart grid literature;
Table 4 shows the challenges of smart grid with related
studies for further consideration.
CONCLUSION
The smart grid technologies have been started since
when the technology was first introduced. The
developed countries already change their traditional
power systems into smart grids bust still they have
some major issues related to policies, standards and
security. The less developed countries still lagging far
behind by every economical and technical aspect. But
these countries taking strong initiatives to develop their
manpower and spending more funds on smart grid
projects. Smart grid technology is a beneficial
technology for power system stability, customer’s
satisfaction, load distribution and all types of grid
operations. The emergence of smart grid technologies
will give friendlier environment for future, better power
supplies services. Through this short review, the new
researchers in the field of smart grids take benefits to
understanding about smart grid, its standards and recent
challenges for further research.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful for providing financial
support to Universiti Technologi Malaysia and NED
University of Engineering and Technology, Sindh
Pakistan.
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