The document discusses smart grids and their evolution in India. It provides three key points: 1. Smart grids allow for a modernized electricity delivery system that can monitor, protect and optimize the interconnected elements of the power system through advanced communications and sensing technologies. This enables better operational efficiency, integration of renewable energy, and consumer service. 2. India's power system has evolved from isolated state grids to integrated regional and national grids to optimize resource utilization across states. However, challenges remain in meeting growing demand, improving efficiency, and enhancing consumer services. 3. The development of smart grid technologies can help transform India's existing grid to address these challenges through features like self-healing, demand response, distributed generation integration

1. SMART GRID
Presented By
NAQUI ANWER
Department of Energy & Environment
TERI University, New Delhi

2. Electrical Power is a little bit like the air
we breathe: we don't really think about it
until it is missing

3. 220 kV
Power Plant
Generation
Residential
Customer
Commercial/
Industrial
Customer
Residential
Customer
Distribution
Pole
Urban
Customers
Primary Distribution
66 kV
Transmission
Distribution Transformer
(11/0.415 kV)
Secondary Grid
(66/11 kV)
Primary Grid
(220/66 kV)
Secondary Distribution
Underground Cable
To Other
66Kv
Substations
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765KV)
Secondary Transmission(66/132KV)
CB
X’mer
(11/220kV) Bus-bar
Bus-bar Steel Tower
CB

4. CURRENT POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
Source: Ministry of Power, Govt. of India
http://powermin.nic.in/power-sector-glance-all-india#
Thermal
Coal Gas Oil
Hydro Nuclear Renewable Total
189,313.56
165,257.88
23,062.15
993.53
41,632.43
5,780.00
35,776.96
272,502.95
69.5%
60.6%
8.5%
0.4%
15.3%
2.1%
13.1%
Installed Capacity in MW as on 31.05.2015

5. NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Ennore
Kudankulam
Kayamkulam
Partabpur
Talcher/Ib Valley
Vindhyachal
Korba
LEGEND
Coal
Hydro
Lignite
Coastal
Nuclear
Vizag
Simhadri
Kaiga
Tarapur
Mangalore
Krishnapatnam
RAPP
SIKKIM
M
Y
A
N
M
M
A
R
CHICKEN
NECK
Cuddalore
SRI LANKA
COLOMBO
NEPAL
BHUTAN
DESH
BANGLA
South Madras
Pipavav
Generation Load-Centre
Kolkata
Bhubaneswar
Patna
Lucknow
Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bhopal
Guwahati
Jammu
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Gandhinagar
Indore
Raipur
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Hyderabad
Coal
Hydro
• Hydro potential in North
east and upper part of
Northern Region
• Coal reserves mainly in
Eastern Region
• Distribution of energy
resources and consumption
centres are extremely
unbalanced
• Necessitate power transfer
over long distances
ENERGY RESOURCE MAP OF INDIA

6. EVOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM IN INDIA
PRE INDEPENDENCE - SMALL ISOLATED SYSTEM
PRIOR TO 60s - GENERATION/TRANSMISION BY SEBs
DURING 60s - LIMITED INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN NEIGHBOURING
STATES
70s - EMERGENCE OF CENTRAL SECTOR GENERATION
( NTPC/NHPC/NUCLEAR ETC.)
PLANNING OF GENERATION/TRANSMISSION ON
REGIONAL BASIS
LATE 80s – INTEGRATED GRID OPERATION THROUGH 400kV SYSTEM
LATE 90s - ASYNCHRONOUS INTER REGIONAL LINKS
LONG DISTANCE HVDC LINKS / B2B STATIONS

7. STATE GRID SYSTEMS
• The systems around urban and industrial areas
grew into full fledged State Grid systems
• The country was demarcated in to five Regions
for the purpose of coordinated power sector
planning
• Regional Electricity Boards were established in
each of the regions for facilitating integrated
operation of state systems
• Inter-state lines were planned which were
treated as Centrally sponsored schemes.

8. REGIONAL GRID SYSTEM
• 1975: Central Sector generation utilities created
• Benefits of these to be shared by the states of the region.
• Construction of associated transmission system for
evacuation of power as well as delivery of power to the
constituent states, also entrusted to these corporations
• Focus of planning and development in the transmission
system shifted from State Grid system to Regional Grid
system
• By the end of 1980's strong regional networks came into
existence.

10. NEW Grid
South
Grid
South
West
North
East
Northeast
Five Regional Grids
Five Frequencies
October 1991
East and Northeast
synchronized
March 2003
West synchronized
With East & Northeast
August 2006
North synchronized
With Central Grid
Central Grid
January 2014
South Synchronized
One Nation One Grid
One frequency

11. INTER REGION LINKS
• 1989: Power Grid Corporation of India formed to
give thrust to implementation of transmission
system associated with Central generating
stations
• few inter-regional links were also planned and
developed to facilitate exchange among the
various regions (limited to emergency situations)
• resource planning as well as grid operation and
consequently the operational frequencies of
various regions continued to be Region specific.

12. NATIONAL GRID
• Focus of planning the generation and the
transmission system shifted from the
orientation of regional self-sufficiency to
the concept of optimization of utilization of
resources on All India basis
• A strong National Grid system would
enable such an all-India generation
planning and development

13. Regional
State
National
1960’s 1970’s 1990’s
Local
1950’s
EVOLUTION OF GRID INTERCONNECTION IN INDIA

14. INDIA’S ENERGY SECTOR REALITIES
AND EMERGING NEEDS
National Priorities Current Situation Implications
Meeting Demand
Shortage
• Chronic power shortages
• Rapid demand growth
• Inadequate energy access
• Augmentation of generation
capacity; efficiency improvement
• Power evacuation and grid access
Clean Energy
Deployment
• RE capacity increasing ~
3000+ MW added each year
• Require smarter systems for
power balancing to deal with
variability & unpredictability
Operational Efficiency
Improvement
• Poor operational efficiency
• High system losses
• R-APDRP has provided
much needed support
• Need for ability to control and
monitor power flow till customer
level
Enhancing Consumer
Service Standards
• Poor system visibility
• Lack of reliability
• Real time system to enable better
system visibility and consumer
participation
Smart Grids can transform the existing grid into a more efficient, reliable,
safe and enable address sector challenges.

15. What is Smart Grid?

16. SMART GRID: AN INTRODUCTION
 Modernization of the electricity delivery system so that it monitors,
protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its
interconnected elements – from the central and distributed
generator through the high-voltage network and distribution
system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to
energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their
thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household
devices.
 The Smart Grid in large, sits at the intersection of Energy, IT and
Telecommunication Technologies.
 In Smart Grid, there are two networks that co-exist. One is power
network with energy flow, the other one is information network
with sensing and control data flow. The information network can
collect status of power network and can also control it.

17. SMART GRID: BASIC COMPONENTS
 Integrated Communications: Substation automation, demand
response, distribution automation, SCADA, EMS, wireless mesh
networks and other technologies, PLCC and fiber-optics.
Integrated communications will allow for real-time control,
information and data exchange to optimize system reliability,
asset utilization, and security.
 Sensing and measurement: Core duties are evaluating
congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy
theft prevention, and control strategies support.
 Smart meters: Digital or μp based meters record usage in real
time. It provides a communication path extending from generation
plants to electrical outlets and other smart grid-enabled devices.
By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of
peak demand.

18. SMART GRID: BASIC COMPONENTS
 Phasor measurement units: It is a GPS enabled measurement
system allowing measurement of voltage magnitude and phase
angle differences across wide distances having the ability to
compare phase angles with time stamping, thus providing real
time monitoring.
 Improved interfaces and decision support: Information
systems that reduce complexity so that operators and managers
have tools to effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an
increasing number of variables.
 Smart power generations: Smart power generation is a concept
of matching electricity production with demand using multiple
generators which can start, stop and operate efficiently at
chosen load, independent of the others, making them suitable
for base load and peaking power generation.

19. OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID

21. ARCHITECTURE OF POWER NETWORK

22.  IPS can be connected to energy sources (including renewable
energy and power grid), smart appliance, energy storage, power
meter and also to more IPS.
 Above figure shows a distributed structure of power grid. The
distributed power suppliers and consumers are connected to the
cloud of IPS. By connecting to IPS, a new component can easily
be added into the power grid.
 In this power network no centralized control is needed, rather it’s
like a peer-to-peer network. IPS can be connected to current
power grid system. IPS can also act like a microgrid.
 It can group the devices which are connected to it and can isolate
from main power grid if any disturbance is detected.
ARCHITECTURE OF POWER NETWORK

23.  In smart grid, two-way communication will allow information
exchange. A variety of communication media could be used in
smart grid, including copper wiring, optical fiber, power line carrier
and wireless.
 This information network is a kind of sensor network and the
power grid is the object it would sense.
 This information network can be configured into a centralized
network or a distributed network.
 For the centralized configuration, power meter can send their data
to an Energy Management Center (EMC), EMC can compute the
whole power grid status and send out control signal.
 In distributed configuration, each microcontroller on IPS will
compute its own status based on the information it received from
other IPS and power meter.
ARCHITECTURE OF INFORMATION NETWORK

24. – System (G, T, D) with an advanced two-way
communications system
– Enables real-time monitoring and control
– Provide greater visibility and transparency
– Consequently, enables cost reduction and efficiency
improvement
UNDERSTANDING SMART GRID

25. SEVERAL POTENTIAL APPLICATION AREAS EXIST
• Electricity
Distribution
• Electricity
Markets
• Renewable
Energy
• Energy Storage
• Transport
• Industrial
Energy
Efficiency
• Building Energy
Efficiency
Source: http://www.renesas.eu/ecology/eco_society/smart_grid/

26. SMART GRID – SENSORS,
COMPUTING, COMMUNICATION
The Entire Electrical Power System From
Generation to End Use
Highly
Instrumented with
Advanced
Sensors and
Computing
Interconnected by a
Communication Fabric that
Reaches Every Device

27. BASIC POWER GRID
Customer Premises
Generation Transmission Distribution
Meter
MV to LV
Transformer
Substation
HV to MV
Step down
transformer
HV lines
Power
Plant
Loads

28. ELECTRIC UTILITY COMMUNICATIONS
ARCHITECTURE
Customer Premises
Generation Transmission Distribution
Meter
Power
Plant
Communications Networks
Control/Operations Centers
Field
Devices
Field
Devices
Field
Devices
Loads

29. Electric Utility Communications Architecture:
Smart Grid Perspective
Customer Premises
Generation Transmission Distribution
Smart
Meter
Field
Devices
Power
Plant
Control/Operations Centers
Regional
Interconnection
Wide
Area
Network
Backhaul/WAN
Neighborhood
Area Network
Distribution
Access
Point
Grid
Energy
Resources
Field
Area
Network
Field
Devices
Field
Devices
Field
Devices
Consumer
Electric
Products
Energy
Management
System
Public
Networks
3rd Party
Services
Workforce
Mobile
Network
Home Area
Network
Communications Networks

30. Reducing Islanding through micro grids
Smart Grid Operations

31. Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Initial condition
• Equipment and
financial planning is
done with all the load
in the figure in mind.

32. Microgrids and the grid interaction
•Initial normal power flow direction

33. Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Example of microgrid development.
Microgrid’s area
• Planning issues.
A microgrid is
installed few
years later.

34. Microgrids and the grid interaction
Transformers
and
conductors
can now be
oversized
Microgrid’s area

35. Microgrids and the grid interaction
• The microgrid is
fully operational
• Power flow due to
microgird in
existence
Microgrid’s area

36. Microgrids and the grid interaction
Fault
• A sudden faulty
near the transformer
• What next?
•Will the continuity of
the supply
maintained
•Let’s see
Microgrid’s area

37. Microgrids and the grid interaction
• In case there is no micro grid.
• A large portion will
be out of power.
• Potential issues:
• Utility crews
safety.
• Power quality
at the energized
portion could be
poor. Loads
could be
damaged.

38. Microgrids and the grid interaction
• New power flow with the microgrid in co-existence.
• The microgrid’s
power trips open the
directional relay
• Is it possible to
change the grid’s
state fast enough to
prevent voltage
collapse due to loss
of stability caused by
the sudden load
changes introduced
by the microgrid?
• What microgrid’s
control action
follows?
• Can the microgrid
stop injecting power
back into the grid
(i.e. prevents
islanding)?
Microgrid’s area

39. Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Example of microgrid operation. Islanding.
• If islanding occurs
the microgrid will
continue to provide
power to a portion of
the grid even though
the grid connection
upstream has been
interrupted.
Microgrid’s area
“Island”

40. Self healing
Smart Grid Operations

53. Elementary Stage
Evolutionary
Stage
Fully integrated
smart grid
Metring
Transmission
Grid
Distribution
network
Integration
• Largely manual
• Some automated
meter for large
consumers
• 100% smart meters
with automated
meter reading and
real time displays
• Ongoing
automation of HV
systems and
substations
• No automation in
transmission lines,
switches and
substations
• Fully, remotely
automated distribution
network with remote
sensing and voltage
control capability
• Partly automated
switches and CBs
• Automatic fault
location
• No automation in
transmission lines,
switches and
substations
• Manual Fault
Location
• Online monitoring
of flows in
transmission grid
and ability to
balance system
• Basic communication
between grid
components
• Limited ability to
control dispatch
• Full automation of HV
systems and
substations
• All switches and flows
remotely controlled
• Total integration of
supply and usage of
electricity
• Ability to control
dispatch and usage
remotely
• Advanced meters
allowing real time rate
changes and remote
on/off capability
Stages in evolution of Smart Grid

54. From Improved reliability to faster
restoration, we can use smart grid
technologies to better save our power
needs

55. Thanks