This presentation helps to the students how to write the Thesis or Project report. The presentation can be taken as a general tips or guidelines for the students to write their report in a technical and better way for the readers and for the visibility of their work. It covers all the standard procedure to write a technical research article, paper and Thesis

1. By
Prof. (Dr.) Pravat Kumar Rout
1
Research Methodology Thesis Report
Writing Class-5

2. Need for Effective Documentation:
Importance of Report Writing
 The research report fulfils the historical task of serving
as a concrete proof of the study that was undertaken.
 It is the complete detailed report of the researcher
study undertaken by the researcher, thus it needs to be
presented in a comprehensive and objective manner.
 For the academic purpose, the recorded document
presents a knowledge of the topic under study.
 It serves to authenticate the quality of the work carried
out.
2

3. Types of Research Reports
 Briefs Report: (1) Not formally structured; (2) Generally short; (3) Not running
more than four to five pages; (4) Information provided has the limited
scope; (5) These report is of two types: Working Papers/Basic Reports and
Survey Reports.
 Detailed Reports: (1) More formal and pedantic in structure (2) Either
Academic or Technical or Business Reports; (3)The language, presentation,
and format may vary according to the readers capabilities and intention.
 Technical Reports: (1) Very much standardized and structured way of
writing.
 Business Reports: (1) Not having the technical rigor; (2) Majorly pictorial type
of representation; (3) Tabular form; (4) Highlighting the major suggestions
and findings; (5) Should able to satisfy the requirement of the readers.
3

4. Layout of the Research Report 1/3
 Preliminary Section
 Background Section
 Methodology Section
 Findings Section
 Conclusions Section
 Appendices
 Glossary
 Bibliography
4
The process
of report
formulation
and writing

5. Layout of the Research Report 2/3
1: Preliminary Section
 Title Page
 Letter of Transmittal
 Letter of Authorization
 Table of contents
 Executive Summary
 Acknowledgements
5
2: Background Section
 Problem Statement
 Study Introduction and
Background
 Scope and Objectives of the
Study
 Review of Literature
3: Methodology Section
 Research Design
 Sampling Design
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis
4: Findings Section
 Results
 Interpretation of Results
5: Conclusion Section
 Conclusion and
Recommendations
 Limitations of the Study

6. Structure/Layout of a Research Report 3/3
 Front Page
 Dedication Page
(Optional)
 Certificate Page
 Approval Sheet
 Declaration Page
 Acknowledgements
Page/Pages
 Abstract Page/Pages
6
 Contents Pages
 List of Figures
 List of Tables
 List of
Abbreviations
 Chapters ……..
 Appendices
 References
 Publications

7. Outline of a Technical Report
In the technical report the main emphasis is on
 The methods employed.
 Assumptions made in the course of the study.
 The detailed presentation of the finding of the
study including their limitation and supporting
the data.
7

8. Outline of a Technical Report
 A general outline of the technical report can
be as follows:
 Summary of the results
 Nature of the study
 Methods employed
 Data
 Analysis of data and presentation of the
findings
 Conclusions
 Bibliography
 Technical appendices
 Index
8

9. Different Steps of Report Writing
 Step-1: Logical analysis of the subject matter
 Step-2: Preparation of the final outline
 Step-3: Preparation of the rough draft
 Step-4: Rewriting and polishing of the rough
draft
 Step-5: Preparation of the final bibliography
 Step-6: Writing the final draft
9

10. General Guidelines
 Create an outline before you start writing
 Follow all university guides
 Plan carefully, create rough drafts, and refine
 Avoid plagiarism
 Keep it simple and write in native language
 Keep your reader in mind
10

11. Guidelines for the Effective Documentation
 Roman Numeral need to be followed for page
numbering from Certificate Page to List of Abbreviation.
 After that from Chapter-1 till end Decimal Numbering
are to be used for the page numbering.
 List of Abbreviations should be written Alphabetically.
11

12. Table 1/1
 For tables numbering is important. The numbering generally
done Chapter-wise like 5.6 means chapter five and sixth
number table.
 For Tables Title is Important. This must be giving such that the
title reflect the objective of the formulation of that Table.
 Long title need to be avoided for better presentation.
 For Table the Title placement is always placed above the
Table.
 Example: Table 3.11 Performance of ELM classifier on
selected feature vectors.
12

13. Figures 1/3
 For figures numbering is important. The numbering
generally done Chapter-wise like 5.6 means chapter five
and sixth number figure.
 For Figures, Title is Important. This must be giving such
that the title reflect the objective of the illustration of that
Figure. Long title need to be avoided for better
presentation
 For Figures the Title placement is always placed below
the Figures.
13

14. Figures 2/3
 Example: Figure 3.4 Islanding and Non-Islanding case study for F-
10
 MATLAB is the best for extracting the figures through computation
 VISIO software is the best for block-diagram, flowchart and other
pictorial representation
 To get a better clarity of the picture, high resolution is
recommendations. To get a higher resolution image export the
image in high DPI (Dots per inch).
 It is better to save the results as .fig files in MATLAB to get better
result when exporting
14

15. Figures 3/3
 For figures numbering is important. The numbering generally
done Chapter-wise like 5.6 means chapter five and sixth
number figure.
 For Figures, Title is Important. This must be giving such that the
title reflect the objective of the illustration of that Figure. Long
title need to be avoided for better presentation
 For Figures the Title placement is always placed below the
Figures.
15

16. Chapterisation 1/4
 Chapter-1 Introduction
 Chapter-2 ……
 Chapter-3 …..
 ……
 Chapter-7Conclusion and
Future Scope of the Study
16
 Chapter-1 Introduction
 Chapter-2 Review
Chapter-2 Architecture and Standard
 Chapter-3 …..
 Chapter-4 …...
 ………
 Conclusion
 Number of Chapters is dependent on the work done (Categorically
segregating with a particular objective in each chapter)
 2.6 Conclusion
 2.6 Conclusion
2.7 Motivation

17. Chapterisation 2/4
 Each Chapter title must be appropriately giving according to
the objective and content of that chapter.
 Each Chapter must have Introduction and Conclusion Section.
 Motivation Section after the conclusion is optional. This may be
one extra paragraph in the conclusion section. The Motivation
Section links the chapters and give the reason why the next
chapter is framed linking to the previous chapter.
 Section number and Section sub-section and section bus-sub-
section number should be formulated judiciously and with
technical content importance.
17

18. Chapterisation 3/4
 Chapter-3 Protection of DGs
 3.1 Introduction
 3.2 Literature Review (depends on the technical content, can be optional)
 3.2 Problem Formulation
 3.3 System Under Study
 3.5 Simulated Test Cases
3.5.1 Islanding Scenarios
3.5.2 Non-islanding Scenarios
 3.6 ……….
 …….
 3.11 Conclusion
18
In one chapter under a common
objective if many happen many
works have been done, then it can
be handled by Study-1, Study-2, …..
Study-n like this. Either Chapter
numbers will be increased.

19. Chapterisation 4/4
 A road map like a flow chart or block diagram form can be provided before
each chapter. Highlight the portion referring to that chapter by deep
background and other as it is in light colour. (Optional, not mandatory)
 Like in Text books starting with a paragraph if different study have been done,
those can be presented before that chapter for better under-standing. (Again
this is optional)
 Example:
To support the overall objectives of Chapter-3, three individual studies are
formulated. The proposed test studies are:
Study-1: A …….Inverter
Study-2: Artificial….Transformer
Study-3: Integration…. Theory
19

20. Abstract 1/4
 It serves two main purposes: To help potential readers determine
the relevance of your paper for their own research (1). To
communicate your key findings to those who don't have time to
read the whole paper (2).
 An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire
thesis.
 It is an original work, not an excerpted passage.
 An abstract must be fully self-contained and make sense by itself,
without further reference to outside sources or to the actual paper.
 An abstract is a short statement about your paper designed to give
the reader a complete, yet concise, understanding of your paper's
research and findings. It is a mini-version of your paper.
20

21. Types of Abstract 2/4
 There are three types of abstract:
• Indicative abstracts are short, simple and
objective. They describe the theme of the article
or publication.
• Informative abstracts are longer and more
thorough. ...
• Evaluative abstracts (also known as critical
abstracts) are subjective.
21

22. Features of a Good Abstract 3/4
✓ Avoid citing sources in your abstract.
✓ Summarizes the entire paper, usually in one paragraph.
✓ Usually about 150-300 words for papers and one or two pages for Thesis.
✓ Typically written in the past tense and mostly in the third person.
✓ Entirely new text (not cut and pasted from the paper)
✓ Stands alone-the reader can understand the abstract on its own
✓ Includes keywords; only includes critical references; usually does not
include graphics
✓ Has concise, clear, specific (not vague), carefully edited language
✓ Understands the audience: what does the reader know?
✓ Is not misleading; acknowledges when findings are preliminary
✓ An abstract should be brief, concise, objective and balanced.
22

23. Structure of a Good Abstract 4/4
 In science, the abstract should include a few sentences
from each of the following sections:
• Introduction: the goal of the study, crucial
background
• Methods: basic study design
• Results: summary of major findings
• Discussion: Interpretations, conclusions, broader
implications, future research
23

24. Introduction 1/3
 “The introduction shall provide an overview of the PhD thesis,
outline the common research topic(s), theories and methods of
the articles, and relate it to the broader literature and research
field.
 An appropriate length is 20-30 pages (6-9 000 words), and
approximately one month of work.” (Thesis)
 An introduction is the first paragraph of your paper. The goal of
your introduction is to let your reader know the topic of the
paper and what points will be made about the topic. The thesis
statement that is included in the introduction tells your reader
the specific purpose or main argument of your paper.
24

25. Structure of Introduction 2/3
 1.1 Introduction/Prologue
 1.1.1. Motivation
 1.1.2 Background
 1.1.3 Possible
Solutions and Related
Challenges
 1.2 Background
25
 1.3 Literature
Survey/Review
 1.4 Objective of the
Thesis
 1.5 Thesis Major
Contribution
 1.6 Thesis Organization
 1.7 Summary

26. Salient Features of Introduction 3/3
 Well structure is needed.
 Problem definition, Review of work (or Background), Motivation,
Methodology, Innovation in study, Structure of the entire paper need to
be presented.
 Synchronization
 Every paragraph must have a specific objective.
 Well coordinated way of writing from line to line and paragraph to
paragraph.
26

27. Keywords/Index Terms 1/2
 Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant
papers.
 If database search engines can find your journal manuscript, readers
will be able to find it too.
 This will increase the number of people reading your manuscript, and
likely lead to more citations.
 Around five or less than five
 For example, if the paper is about heart diseases, use words like stroke,
circulatory system, blood, etc.
27

28. Tips for better Keywords 2/2
1. Keywords should represent key concepts.
2. They should be descriptive.
3. Keywords should reflect a collective understanding
of the topic.
4. Limit keywords/phrases to 3-4.
5. Use synonyms of keywords throughout.
6. Reuse keywords and phrases throughout article or
abstract.
28

29. Conclusion
 A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for
the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance
of the paper.
 The conclusion example is the final section of your thesis, comprising the
closing paragraph or sentence and the summation of the points made in
the thesis.
 It 1: Restate the thesis. 2: Summarize the main points. 3: State the
significance or results.
 It should contain
 What we have done
 What are your innovation or findings
 Future scope or the extension of the study
 Limitation or the part of the work not has been carried out
29

30. References
 Four popular format
❑MLA
❑ APA
❑ Chicago
❑ Harvard
❑ Vancouver
 Scholars published paper generally not put in the reference
section
 Each and every paper in reference must be cited at least once in
the entire Thesis or paper
 Repetition of citation is allowed
30

31. Publications
 Same format like Reference Section as
Discussed
 May be Impact Factor, SCI, WOS may be
given
 DOI (Digital Object Identifier) may be given
 Journal Published, Journal Communicated and
Conference paper must be clearly specified
 Don't change the sequence of the authors
31

32. Follow a Standard Structure
 Template
 Information to Author from Homepage of the Journal
should be referred
 See the paper of the concern Journal
 See the University rules and regulations of the thesis
 Use word. However Latex is better
 Be sure the structure vary from journal to journal,
conference to conference, Project report to Thesis writing
 Prepare the outline first
32

33. Index
 An index is a list of all the names, subjects
and ideas in a piece of written work, designed
to help readers quickly find where they are
discussed in the text.
 Usually found at the end of the text, an index
doesn't just list the content (that's what a table
of contents is for), it analyses it.
33

34. Appendices
 Appendices should follow the References/Bibliography unless your
Appendices include citations or footnotes. Appear at the end of your
document, often after the reference list.
 Appendices can consist of figures, tables, maps, photographs, raw
data, computer programs, musical examples, interview questions,
sample questionnaires, etc.
 If you have some information you would like to include in your
research, you can always include supplemental information as an
appendix to your work.
 Providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research
problem or it is information that is too cumbersome to be included in
the body of the paper.
34

35. Footnotes
 A footnote is a reference placed at the
bottom of a page or footer.
 They are referenced in the text in the
same way as a citation i.e. the
referenced text is followed by a
superscript numeral (1), which
corresponds to the numbered footnote
at the bottom of the page.
35

36. Bibliography vs References
 References include sources that have been directly cited in
your paper. For each source, you will have at least one in-
text citation in the body of your paper. The citation styles that
use reference lists include APA citations, AMA citations, and
MLA citations.
 Bibliographies, on the other hand, contain all the sources
that you have used for your paper, whether they are directly
cited or not. In a bibliography, you should include all of the
materials you consulted in preparing your paper. Chicago
citations and Oxford citations are two citation styles that use
bibliographies.
36

37. Precautions for writing the Research Report
 Avoid the expressions such as “it seems”, “there may be”,
“but”
 Free from typo error, grammatical error ( check with
available software's like Grammarly)
 The flow must be followed in a systematic manner.
 The objective of the study, the nature of the problem,
motivation of the work, the objective of the work, the
background of the work, the methods employed, and the
analysis must be clearly stated in the beginning of the report
in the form of Introduction.
37

38. Assignment
 Write short notes on the
characteristics of a good
research report
 Elaborate upon the structure of
a report and its main
constituents
38

39. 39