Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
A brief introductory overview of microbiology subject matter and what it includes. This presentation and the following was teaching undertaken for Allied Health Sciences BSc as part of my postgraduate degree.
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
A brief introductory overview of microbiology subject matter and what it includes. This presentation and the following was teaching undertaken for Allied Health Sciences BSc as part of my postgraduate degree.
Business opportunity bio fertilizer plantvaibhavtuls
One of the major concerns in today's world is the pollution and contamination of soil. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused tremendous harm to the environment. An answer to this is the biofertilizer, an environmentally friendly fertilizer now used in most countries. Biofertilizers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. The main sources of biofertilizers are bacteria, fungi, and cynobacteria (blue-green algae).
sulphur cycle, sulphur cycle in soil, microbes in the sulphur cycle, where sulphur is derived, where sulphur comes from, Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Desulphovibrio, Desulphomonas, Chromatium,Chlorobium, equations of the sulphur cycle
Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, EpidemiologyMonika P. Maske
Introduction to Microbiology, Classification Of Micro-Organisms, Bacteria , Classification of Bacteria Depend on Shape and Characteristic Arrangement, Algae,Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts, Spores, Viruses, Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma, Identification of Bacteria, Scope of Microbiology, Introduction to Epidemiology, Applications of Epidemiology,Definitions.
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in humans.
Objective :
Describe the morphology and structure of mycobacterial tuberculosis ?
What are the tests required for mycobacterial infection :
Mantoux skin test
Sputum examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Sputum culture using lowenstein-jensen media
Discuss the clinical features and transmission of mycobacterial tuberculosis.
What are the pathological changes in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
How to control mycobacterial infection in the environment and vaccine available?
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
The word MICROBIOLOGY describes exactly what the discipline is: the study of small living things. MICRO = small, BIO = living, and LOGY = to study. Microbiology (or specifically, bacteriology) is still a very young science and not yet completely understood.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. OBJECTIVES
–To impart sufficient basic science of
the medically important microbes to
assist you in diagnosing infectious
diseases.
–To impart sufficient clinical knowledge
to raise your index of suspicion for
infectious diseases.
8. Medical Microbiology comprises and
integrates the fields of immunology,
bacteriology, virology, mycology, and
parasitology, each of which has seen
considerable independent development
in the past few decades
14. HISTORY
Antonie Philips van
Leeuwenhoek was a
Dutch tradesman and
scientist. He is
commonly known as
"the Father of
Microbiology", and
considered to be the
first microbiologist
Louis Pasteur was a French
chemist and microbiologist
renowned for his discoveries
of the principles of
vaccination, microbial
fermentation and
pasteurization.
”Father of Medical Microbiology"
German physician
and microbiologist.
The founder of
modern
bacteriology.
15. Robert Koch
• Isolation of Anthrax, Tuberculosis and cholera
• Isolating pure culture on solid media
• Koch's Postulates
When a microorganism was accepted as the
causative agent of infectious disease
16. 1. The organism must always be present, in every
case of the disease.
2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure
culture.
3. Samples of the organism taken from pure culture
must cause the same disease when inoculated into
a healthy, susceptible animal in the laboratory.
4. The same organism must be isolated again from
the inoculated animal.
• These postulates are still used today to confirm the
cause of an infectious disease
17.
18. • Medical Microbiology comprises and integrates the
fields of immunology, bacteriology, virology,
mycology, and parasitology, each of which has seen
considerable independent development in the past
few decades.
• The common bond between them is the focus on the
causes of infectious diseases and on the reactions of
the host to the pathogens. Although the advent of
antibiotics and vaccines has certainly taken the dread
out of many infectious diseases, the threat of infection
is still a fact of life: New pathogens are constantly
being discovered; strains of „old“ ones have
developed resistance to antibiotics, making therapy
more and more difficult; incurable infectious diseases
(AIDS, rabies) are still with us.
19. Definitions and terms
• Infection is a generic term used to indicate invasion
of the host by a microorganism.
• Infection may be subclinical or asymptomatic when
the patient is unaware of the infection.
• Clinical infection is associated with the presence of
overt signs and symptoms of disease.
• The term ‘colonization’ should be restricted to the
presence of a microbe at an expected site.
• A pathogen is a microbe that potentially can cause
harm, i.e. tissue damage. An
• opportunistic pathogen is a microbe that causes
infection in patients with impaired immunity, e.g.
fungal infections in cancer patients.
20. Terminology
• Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths are named
according to the binomial Linnean system that uses
genus and species, but viruses are not so named.
• For example, regarding the name of the well-known
bacteria Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the genus and
coli is the species name. Similarly, the name of the
yeast Candida albicans consists of Candida as the
genus and albicans as the species.
• But viruses typically have a single name such as
poliovirus, measles virus, or rabies virus. Some viruses
have names with two words such as herpes simplex
virus, but those do not represent genus and species.
27. MICROSCOPY
• Microscope invented by Antony Van Leeuwenhoek in
17th century.
• Required for the morphological study of micro-
organisms.
• USES - to magnify the image.
- to achieve maximum resolution.
- to provide sufficient contrast for observation
28. Resolution : the extent to which details in the
magnified object are maintained.
Resolving Power (RP) : the smallest distance by
which 2 points can be separated and still be observed
as 2 distinct / different points.
RP (eye) – 200 µm
RP (visible light) – 300 nm
RP (electron microscope) – 0.1 nm
29. Types of Microscopes
• Optical or light microscope
- Simple
- Compound
• Phase contrast microscope
• Dark field (dark ground) microscope
• Fluorescent microscope
• Electron microscope
31. Optical (Light) Microscope
• Principle : when visible
light passes through the
specimen & then
through a series of
lenses, the light gets
reflected in such a
manner that it results in
magnification of the
organisms present in the
specimen.
32. • Magnification = objective x eyepiece
• To achieve maximum resolution with 1000x
magnification, oil immersion must be used
• Oil prevents dispersion of light after light passes
through the specimen.
• Images produced have very little contrast,
therefore dyes are used to stain the specimen.
33. Phase Contrast Microscope
• Improves the contrast
• Makes the structures within the cells evident that
differ in their thickness or refractive index.
• Also, differences in the refractive index of cell &
the surrounding medium make them clearly
visible.
34. Phase Contrast Microscope-Principle
• When beams of light
pass through the
specimen, it is
partially scattered by
the microbial cells or
cell structures.
Scattering depends on
the thickness/
refractive indices of
various structures
35. • High refractive index - more
scattering of light. A scattered light
also loses its velocity when travelling
through the object and is not in
phase with the unaltered light.
Therefore appears as dark spot
whereas the unobstructed light
appears as bright spot. These
differences in the intensity provide
light & dark contrast to the image.
Advantage : since staining is not
involved, live organisms can be
observed.
36. Dark Field (Ground) Microscope
• Specimens appear as bright images against a nearly black
background.
• Dark field condenser with a central circular stop – does
not allow light to directly fall on the specimen.
• Light passes only around the edges of the condenser.
• Light rays which hit the object in the specimen are
deflected upwards into the objective for visualization, rest
will not enter and give a dark background.
39. Uses of Dark Field microscopy
• Very useful in finding extremely small,
unstained and / or moving objects.
• Organelles like cilia, flagella, vacuoles and cell
nuclei can be clearly seen.
40. Fluorescent Microscope
• Microorganisms or tissue cells are stained with
dyes or compounds called fluorochromes.
• Examined under microscope with ultra – violet
radiation instead of visible light.
• They convert light of shorter (UV) wavelength into
visible light and so become luminous – Fluoresce.
• Wavelengths absorbed & emitted are specific for
specific fluorochromes.
41. Fluorochromes
• Acridine orange : Orange
• Auramine-Rhodamine : Yellow
• Calcofluor white : White
• Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) : Green
42. Modification of Fluorescent Microscope
• Immunofluorescence : Antibodies labeled
with fluorochrome used to specifically stain
a particular bacterial species.
• Uses of IF : viruses, direct examination of
C.trachomatis, B.pertussis
43. Electron Microscope
• Invented by Knoll & Ruska in 1936.
• Uses electrons in place of light.
• Electrons are focussed by electromagnetic
field.
• Image is formed on a fluorescent screen or is
taken on a photographic material.
• Resolving power is 100,000 times more than
light microscope.
44. Types of EM
• 2 types : Transmission EM ( TEM )
Scanning EM ( SEM )
SEM allows the study of cell surfaces with greater
contrast & higher resolution than TEM.
• Disadvantages : Only dead & dried objects can be
examined, since the medium is vacuum.
Cell morphology is distorted.
• Uses : for viruses, microbes less than 0.1 to 0.2.
