Downloaded 1,453 times
Uploaded byBugLady
Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of microbiology. It discusses key topics in the field including the size and impact of microorganisms, the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes including protists, fungi, helminthes, and viruses. The document also summarizes the major contributors and discoveries in the history of microbiology from the 17th century observations of van Leeuwenhoek to the Golden Age of the 19th century including Pasteur and Koch's germ theory of disease and postulates. It also briefly discusses antibiotics and advances from 1940 to the present including the human microbiome project.
More Related Content
Similar to Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology
![ANIMAL_CELL_,_TISSUE_AND_ORGAN_CULTURE[1].pptx](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/animalcelltissueandorganculture1-260204172026-4462b440-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology
- 1. Microbiology An introduction tomicrobiology designed for allied health majors By BugLady
- 2. How to Acethis Class Book and slides are no substitute for active engagement Participate: post questions and ask for help Don’t wait to ask Take notes aka active learning Jul-14 2
- 3. Writing Essays Take briefnotes as you go Record all references Create an outline Rewrite information in your own words Use peer-review or credible sources PMC: full length, peer-reviewed articles HON: Health on the Net; look for badge on the website Jul-14 3
- 4. Introduction to Microbiology Overviewof course What is microbiology? History of microbiology Jul-14 4
- 5. Course Overview Biochemistry andMicroscopy Biology of microorganisms Metabolism Growth and Ecology Containment of Microorganisms Genetics and Bioengineering Mutations and Bacterial Recombination Viruses Jul-14 5
- 6. Course Overview Antibiotics Innate ImmuneSystem Adaptive Immune System Host Microbe Interactions Disorders of the Immune System Epidemiology Classification Jul-14 6
- 7. Microbiology Microbiology is thestudy of all the organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye (<0.1mm) Jul-14 7
- 8. Size of Particlesand Microorganisms Jul-14 8 Limit of light microscope
- 9. Why Study Microbiology? Impacton human life Decomposers Microbes are ubiquitous: soil, water, ice cap, hot vents, body Extremely adaptable Simple models to study biological processes Jul-14 9
- 10. Positive Impact onHuman Life Jul-14 10 Microbiome Decomposers Food source Ecological balance Antibiotics and other chemicals Biodegradation Bioengineering Bioremediation
- 11. Negative Impact onHuman Life Jul-14 11 Pathogens (disease causing agents) Food spoilage Corrosion Bad smells
- 12. Scientific Names Escherichia coli oHonors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon. Staphylococcus aureus o Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies. After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species: • Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are found in the human body: S aureus on skin and E coli in the large intestine. Jul-14 12
- 13. Use of Latin Onebacterium – many bacteria One medium – several media One bacillus – many bacilli One staphylococcus – many staphylococci Jul-14 13
- 14. Two Empires andThree Domains Jul-14 14 Pathogens are disease causing agents or organisms
- 15. Prions Prions Proteinaceous infectiousparticles Diseases linked to the presence of prions are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (e.g. mad cow disease). Misfolded proteins Slow infection (20-30 years) No cure Jul-14 15
- 16. Viruses Not cells Will notpropagate on their own No metabolism Contain genetic/protein material Phages, tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, causative agents of common cold, flu, polio, chicken pox Viruses infect organisms from the 3 domains of life Jul-14 16 National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- 17.
- 18. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryote= no nucleus Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes Eukaryote = true nucleus Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are eukaryotes Jul-14 18
- 19. Archaea are Prokaryotes Notrue nucleus, no organelles, 1-5µ length Classified as Bacteria until 1979 Molecular structures closer to Eukaryotes Eukaryotes and Bacteria diverged from Archaea Oldest known organisms on Earth. o Fossil records show over 3.6 BILLION years ago No known pathogens Jul-14 19
- 20. Extremophiles Jul-14 20 Hydrothermal vent Courtesy:NASADead Sea Courtesy: EXACT-ME Geyser Courtesy: Volcano Hazards Team/USGS Polar ice Courtesy: NOAA
- 21. Bacteria Bacteria are unicellularmicroscopic organisms that lack a true nucleus. Less than 10% of bacteria cause diseases Jul-14 21 Staphylococcus epidermidis Neisseria sicca
- 22. Bacteria or Eubacteria Bacteriagrow in a wide variety of habitats and conditions. Bacteria have a wide range of environmental and nutritive requirements. Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem. Jul-14 22
- 23. Bacteria Jul-14 23 Bacilli Escherichia coli Courtesy:Public Health Library Courtesy: Environmental Protection Agency
- 24. Eukarya The word 'eukaryote'means 'true nucleus’ Eukaryotes contain a true nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Nucleus: genetic material Organelles: o specific function o subcellular structures bound by membranes Jul-14 24
- 25. Protists Unicellular or poorlydifferentiated organisms Plankton, flagellates, protozoa, algae…are all protists. Important infectious diseases are caused by parasitic protists: malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery Red tide causes poisoning Jul-14 25 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Courtesy of CDC Cyclospora cayetanensis Courtesy of CDC
- 26. Fungi Use organic materialsfor energy Both multicellular (molds and mushrooms) and unicellular - single cell- (yeasts) organisms Source of antibiotics, food, bread and alcohol Mycosis are fungal infections o Pneumocystis (pneumonia in HIV patients), tinea (athlete’s foot), thrush Jul-14 26 Courtesy: CDC
- 27. Helminthes Helminthes are parasiticworms o Tape worms, flukes, pinworms Jul-14 27 Courtesy of the Public Health Library
- 28.
- 29. History of Microbiology TheGolden Ages 1850s: Gram, Pasteur, Koch… 1940-1950s: antibiotics Now: Microbiome, metagenomics, probiotics, asthma, MS, RA
- 30. History of MicrobiologyI The Golden Age (mid-19th century) Jul-14 30 Scientific Discovery Technical Progress Cell theory – Schwann, Virchow 1858 Growth media – Koch’s Lab 1880s Disproving spontaneous generation – Pasteur 1865 Staining protocols – Gram 1884 Postulate rules – Koch 1890 Disinfection - Semmelweis 1847 Lister 1867 Development of vaccines- Jenner 1796 Sterilization procedures – 1879 Tyndall, Pasteur’s Lab
- 31. The First Observations Antonivan Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723) Described live microorganisms in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. Jul-14 31 Figure 1.2b
- 32. Vaccination 1796: Edward Jennerand cowpox Called vaccination from vacca for cow The protection is called acquired immunity Jul-14 32
- 33. The Debate OverSpontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation: oLiving organisms arise from nonliving matter. Biogenesis oLiving organisms arise from preexisting life. Jul-14 33 Louis Pasteur
- 34. Louis Pasteur Pasteur developedswan necked flask to show that air is filled with microbes Was able to demonstrate infusions remained sterile even if flask was left open Jul-14 34 Original sketches of Pasteur (1861)
- 35. The Germ Theoryof Disease Pasteur’s work showed microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases Joseph Lister (1860s) o used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections. Robert Koch (1876) o provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax Jul-14 35
- 36. Koch’s Postulates The agentmust be present in every case of infection and absent from healthy individuals The agent can be isolated from infected organism and grown in a pure culture The disease can be reproduced by inoculating a healthy organism with a pure culture The agent can be isolated from the newly infected organism Jul-14 36
- 37. Jul-14 37 Courtesy: CDCAdapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999
- 38. History of MicrobiologyII Antibiotics 1940-current Biotechnology 1978-current Genetics 1920-current Human Microbiome Project Jul-14 38
- 39. Gentlemen, microbes willhave the last word! “…It is time to close the book on infectious diseases…” William Stewart, US Surgeon General in a message to Congress 1969 Antibiotics resistance The big 3: TB, HIV, malaria Microbiome, obesity, allergies New threats: Health Acquired Infection (HAI), MERS, H7N9, Ebola virus Ecological balance Bioremediation Jul-14 39