Introduction to Microbiology, Classification Of Micro-Organisms, Bacteria , Classification of Bacteria Depend on Shape and Characteristic Arrangement, Algae,Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts, Spores, Viruses, Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma, Identification of Bacteria, Scope of Microbiology, Introduction to Epidemiology, Applications of Epidemiology,Definitions.
I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy. Here I share notes on basic concept of microbiology and classification of microorganism and also the some basic concept of Epidemiology. Points are cover as per diploma pharmacy syllabus. Other stream students like science, nursing other medical students can also use notes.
Thanking You.
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy. Here I share notes on basic concept of microbiology and classification of microorganism and also the some basic concept of Epidemiology. Points are cover as per diploma pharmacy syllabus. Other stream students like science, nursing other medical students can also use notes.
Thanking You.
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Social pharmacy practical manual by sumit tiwariSumit Tiwari
Social Pharmacy is the multidisciplinary field of education and research that focuses on the role, provision, regulation and use of medicines in society. The scope is broad, covering the social, psycho-social, economic, and organizational aspects of medicines
Anthropod-Borne Infections Introduction,Causative agent, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment and Role of Pharmacist of following infections, Malaria, Chikungunya and Filariasis.
Dengue ,
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Preventive healthcare – Role of Pharmacists in the
following
Demography and Family Planning (3)
Mother and child health, importance of breastfeeding, ill
effects of infant milk substitutes and bottle feeding (2)
Overview of Vaccines, types of immunity and
immunization (4)
Effect of Environment on Health – Water pollution,
importance of safe drinking water, waterborne diseases,
air pollution, noise pollution, sewage and solid waste
disposal, occupational illnesses, Environmental pollution
due to pharmaceuticals (7)
Psychosocial Pharmacy: Drugs of misuse and abuse –
psychotropics, narcotics, alcohol, tobacco products.
Social Impact of these habits on social health and
productivity and suicidal behaviours (2)
Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit-2
Identification of Bacteria using staining techniques(Simple, Gram’s & Acid fast staining) and Biochemical Test (IMViC).1. INDOLE TEST 2. METHYL RED (MR) TEST 3. VOGES-PROSKAUR (VP) TEST 4. CITRATE UTILIZATION TEST
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Social pharmacy practical manual by sumit tiwariSumit Tiwari
Social Pharmacy is the multidisciplinary field of education and research that focuses on the role, provision, regulation and use of medicines in society. The scope is broad, covering the social, psycho-social, economic, and organizational aspects of medicines
Anthropod-Borne Infections Introduction,Causative agent, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment and Role of Pharmacist of following infections, Malaria, Chikungunya and Filariasis.
Dengue ,
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Preventive healthcare – Role of Pharmacists in the
following
Demography and Family Planning (3)
Mother and child health, importance of breastfeeding, ill
effects of infant milk substitutes and bottle feeding (2)
Overview of Vaccines, types of immunity and
immunization (4)
Effect of Environment on Health – Water pollution,
importance of safe drinking water, waterborne diseases,
air pollution, noise pollution, sewage and solid waste
disposal, occupational illnesses, Environmental pollution
due to pharmaceuticals (7)
Psychosocial Pharmacy: Drugs of misuse and abuse –
psychotropics, narcotics, alcohol, tobacco products.
Social Impact of these habits on social health and
productivity and suicidal behaviours (2)
Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit-2
Identification of Bacteria using staining techniques(Simple, Gram’s & Acid fast staining) and Biochemical Test (IMViC).1. INDOLE TEST 2. METHYL RED (MR) TEST 3. VOGES-PROSKAUR (VP) TEST 4. CITRATE UTILIZATION TEST
and invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the first time
Introduction to Microbiology , Microbes are every where , understand them so you can live with them . I hope you like this presentation my colleagues . it is useful to students and Infection control practitioners . ! Enjoy
Introduction of National Health Programmes,Objectives, Main Activities, Ongoing National Health Programmes in India, National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP), National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP),National Mental Health Programme(NMHP), National Palliative Care (NPPC) , National Oral Health Programme (NOHP), National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP), National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI), National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF),National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP),Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), National Programme on Health Care for Elderly (NPHCE), National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD), National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVS Diseases & Stroke, b) Programme National Rabies Control (NRCP), c) National Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Programme (NVHSP), ) Six Vector – Borne DiseasesThey are chikn gunya, malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis and dengue, National Programme for Prevention & Mangement of trauma & Burn Injuries (NPPMTBI), National Pulse Polio Programme, Health Programmes Monitored by National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)1. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Containment, 2. National Programme on Climate Change & Human Health (NPCCHH), 3. Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), 4. Yaws Eradication Programme (YEP) there Objectives and Functions and Outcome, Additional National Health Programmes and Role of Pharmacist in National Health Programmes.
Introduction To Pharmacoeconomics, Objectives, Need of Pharmacoecomics, Four methods of Pharmaeconomics Evaluation, Basic Terminology, Importance of
Pharmacoeconomics.
Introduction to Nutrition And Health, Introduction Of Balance Diet, Healthy Benefits of a Balanced Diet, WHO Recommendations For Balanced Diet, Nutrition Deficiency Diseases, Deficiency Diseases Induced Due To Deficiency Of Proteins, Symptoms, Treatments And Preventions of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, Treatments And Preventions of Of
Vitamins, Treatments And Preventions of Minerals,Ill Effects Of Junk Foods, Types Of Junk Foods, Appealing nature of Junk Food, Adverse Effects of Junk Food, Nutritive And Calorific Values of Various Foods, Daily Calorific Requirements, Fortification of Food, Types of Fortification, Benefits of Fortification, Introduction To Food Adulteration, Safe Food Handling, Adulteration Of Foods, Adulterants And Their Harmful Effects, Artificial Ripening, Effects Of Artificial Ripening, Pesticides, Uses Of Pesticides, Effects Of Pesticides, Genetically Modified Foods, Advantages Of GM Crops, Potential Benefits (Long-Term Effects),Disadvantages Of GM Crops, Dietary Supplements, Types of Supplements, Benefits, Dietary Supplements And Their Roles, Indications, Nutraceuticals, Concept of Neutraceuticals, Nutraceuticals Benefits, Classification, Dietary Supplement Health And
Education Act (DSHEA), Medicinal Plants Used as
Neutracuticals, Drug – Food Interactions.
Introduction to Nutrition And Health, Basics of nutrition, Objective of nutrition, Classification of food, macronutrients, Carbohydrates, Functions of carbohydrates, proteins, Functions of proteins, Protein Requirements for Different Age Groups
, fats, Functions of fats, Sources, Functions And Deficiency Of Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Sources, Functions And Deficiency Of Water-Soluble Vitamins, minerals, Daily Requirement, Functions And Sources Of Trace Elements, fibres, Importance of fibre in diet, Water, Importance of water in diet.
Introduction To Pollution, Types of pollution,Water Pollution & Sources of Water Supply, Source of water pollution, Effects on health of water pollution, Water Born Disease, Treatment of water pollution or Purification of water , Importance of safe drinking water,Introduction To Air Pollution,Functions & Composition of Air, Source of air pollution, Effects on health, Control of Air Pollution, Introduction To Noise Pollution,Source of noise pollution, Effects on health, Control of Noise Pollution,Sewage And Solid Waste Disposal, Sewage Treatment Plant, Occupational Illness, Precaution against occupational disease, Environmental pollution due to pharmaceuticals,
Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and ImmunisationMonika P. Maske
Overview of vaccines, types of immunity and immunization introduction, Response of Vaccine In Body, Antigen , Antibody, Composition Of Vaccines, History of Vaccine, Types of Vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine), Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen), Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid), Ideal characteristics of vaccine, On the basis of components vaccine are also divided, Immunity, Types of Immunity, Non-specific,Specific Immunity, Difference between Active and Passive Immunity.
,
Demography introduction, IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY,COMMON SOURCES & INDICATORS OF DEMOGRAPHY, Demography cycle,Family planning,objectives,Efforts made in the past,individuals and organisations took initiative to propagate the need for birth control,Contraceptive methods,Various birth control methods like Behavioural methods, Natural methods, Chemical methods, Mechanical methods, Hormonal methods, Terminal methods, Post-conceptional methods,Role Pharmacist of family planning.
Mother And Child Health Introduction, Paediatrics or Child Health, Maternal and Child Health Programme(MCH), Objectives, Importance,Breastfeeding introduction, Composition of Milk, Other Vital Components of Breast Milk, Importance of Breastfeeding for Baby, Importance of Breastfeeding for Mother, Infant Milk Substitutes & Bottle Feeding,Effects of Bottle Feeding, Illness And Hospitalisation Risk, Pharmacists Role in Mother And Child Health.
National Health Policy Introduction, NHP 1983, NHP 2000, NHP 2002, NHP 2017, Seven Priority areas, Sustainable Developmental (SDGs), Public and Private health system in India, National Health Mission (NHM),Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Pharmaceutical Federation Development Goal (FIP),
Introduction to Social Pharmacy, Definition, Social Pharmacy as a Discipline, Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health, Role of Pharmacist in Public Health, Concept of Health, Dimensions of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Definitions and Aim, Objectives, Scopes or services of Clinical Pharmacy, Functions and Roles of Clinical Pharmacy, Qualities of Clinical Pharmacy.
Introduction of Water, Physical Properties of water, Chemical properties of water, Chemical properties of water, Hardness of Water, Type hardness of water, Difference between hard and soft water, Units of hardness, Methods of Softening of hard water and types of lime soda water, Zeolite softening process, Ion exchange process, Natural & Portable Water, Sterile Water for Injection, Water for Injection, Purified Water, Selection of Suitable Water for Use, Solubility of Pharmaceuticals, Methods of Expression of Solubility, Factors Affecting Solubility.
Introduction, Classification of Vitamins, Fat –Soluble Vitamins-) Vitamin A ,Biochemical Function of Vitamin A, Deficiency of Vitamin A, Vitamin D ,Vitamin E, Deficiency and Role of Vit.E , Vitamin K, Water-Soluble Vitamins, Thiamine, ) Riboflavin , Nicotinic Acid, Pantothenic acid , Pyridoxine , Biotin, Deficiency of folic acid, Cyanocobalamin, structure and deficiency of co-enzyme B12 , Lipoic acid, Non B-Complex, Ascorbic acid , benifites of vit. C, CO-ENZYMES,
Classification of Amino Acids, List of essential and non-essential amino acids, Essential Amino Acids, Chemistry of Amino Acids, 1) Zwitterions (physical properties), Detecting Amino acids, Introduction of Polypeptide, Polypeptide Chain.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, Epidemiology
1. Introduction to
Microbiology And Common
Micro-Organisms,
Epidemiology
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
1
2. Introduction to Microbiology
• Microbiology is a branch of medical science which deals with the
study of shape, size, structure, reproduction, physiology and
classification of micro-organisms.
• The term microbiology was introduced by Louis Pasteur a
French chemist.
• Who demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of
yeast.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
2
3. • Micro-organisms are smaller than 1 micrometer in size and not
visible to naked eye.
• Only seen through microscope.
• The pathogenic micro-organisms ex. Viruses are too small to be seen
in electron microscope not observed in simple microscope.
• Viruses vary in diameter from 20 nanometers to 250-400 nm.
• A large number of micro-organisms are not harmful to humans are
known as non-pathogenic organisms.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
3
4. Classification Of Micro-Organisms
• Micro-organisms neither plants nor animals.
• They included in kingdom named as Protista.
• Disease producing micro-organisms are classified as :
Bacteria, Rickettisa, Mycoplasma, Algae, Fungi, moulds, yeast,
viruses, Protozoa.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
4
5. • Depend on cellular structure, micro-organisms also classified as :
• Prokaryotic : Bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma.
• Eukaryotic : Algae, fungi, moulds, protozoa.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
5
6. Bacteria
• Bacteria are extremely minute one called organisms.
• They are found in animals, plants, soil, water and the atmosphere.
• They widely present in nature.
• Bacteria generally very in size from 0.2-1.5 mm in diameter and 3-14
micron in length.
• Many bacteria are useful in the preparation of curd, wine, antibiotics
and synthesis of vitamins in the body.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
6
8. Classification of Bacteria Depend on
Shape and Characteristic Arrangement
A) Cocci : They are spherical bodies with smooth outline and diameter
ranges from 0.75 – 3.0 micron.
• Coccus : The cells are arranged single.
• Diplococci : The cells are arranged in pairs like Pneumococci,
Gonococci.
• Streptococci : The cells are arranged in chains of different length
like streptococci, pyogenes.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
8
9. • Tetra cocci : The cells are arranged in groups of four.
• Staphylo cocci : The cells are arranged in clusters like a bunch of grapes like
staphylococcus aureus.
B) Bacilli (Rods) : Bacilli are almost cylindrical in shape and vary greatly in length
and diameter. It also arranged in chains and groups.
C) Vibrios : These are comma shaped.
D) Sprilla :These are in the form of partial rigid spirals.
E) Spirochaete : These have a number of turns and are flexuous.
Actinomycetes : They are true branches and remain adherent in chains known as
fungi.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
9
11. Algae
• Algae also known as cyanobacteria or blue- green algae.
• Algae are a group of chlorophyll bearing plants.
• Some algae are unicellular and some are multicellular.
• Obtaining from food by photosynthesis process.
• They grow in water, soil, rocks.
• They produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
11
12. Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts
• Fungi are eukaryotic cells and having nucleus.
• Most of them are multicellular and having cell wall.
• They form characteristics filamentous tubes called hyphae and it
helps in absorption of material.
• Fungi undergoes reproduction by releasing spores.
• Fungi are classified according to the cell morphology are yeasts,
moulds and dimorphic fungi.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
12
13. • Yeasts :- They are unicellular fungi and cells are spherical. They are found
in the air, soil, intestine of animals and fruits. It produce by budding. Only
pathogenic yeast known is cryptococcus neoformans.
• Moulds :- They are small multicellular, multinuclear, filamentous fungi are
called moulds. These are important chemical and antibiotics. A few of them
produces diseases in plants, animals and human beings.
• Dimorphic fungi :- These can occur as filaments or as yeast. Most of
systemic fungal infections are caused by dimorphic fungi.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
13
14. Spores
• Under the unfavorable conditions for growth of the cell, certain bacteria
can produce a spores within the cell wall.
• These are 1-3 micron in diameter and ovoid in shape.
• Whole structure contains less water and outer coat is water-repellent.
• Spores are resistant to a wide range of chemical and physical agents.
• Spores grow in contacts into bacterial cell when they come in favorable
conditions.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
14
15. Viruses
• These are non-cellular and consist nucleic acid ( DNA or RNA)
surrounded by protein coat.
• Produces organic matter which can grow and multiply within host
cells only.
• Viruses can causes many infectious diseases in human beings
ranging from common cold to highly fatal diseases such as AIDS,
cancer, rabies and yellow fever.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
15
16. • Classification of viruses,
1. DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid)- They contains DNA like Pox, Herpes
virus.
2. RNA (Ribo nucleic acid)- They contain RNA like Polio, influenza, AIDS
virus.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
16
17. Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma
• Protozoa :- These are the lowest and simplest forms of all animal life.
Unicellular organisms with protoplasm. Protozoa multiply asexually and certain
species may multiply by sexually.
• Rickettsia :-They are very small, unicellular, rod or spherical in shape. Typhus
fever caused by rickettsia.
• Mycoplasma :- They are prokaryotic, very small organisms. Don’t have cell
wall. Pneumonia, vaginal infection caused by mycoplasma.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
17
18. Identification of Bacteria
• Identify by sensory character like shapes, colour of colonies.
• Microscopic examination by using various types of staining solutions like
crystal violet, methylene blue, etc.
• Preparation of smear is prepared on glass slide and thin film of microbe is
spread after that film is dried, fixed, gently heat and observed in
microscopes.
• Gram +ve bacteria is present is show blue or violet colour bacteria.
• Gram –ve bacteria s present is show red colour bacteria.
Ms.
M.
P.
Maske
18
19. Scope of Microbiology
• Production of antibiotics.
• Production of enzymes, vaccines, alcoholics and other pharmaceutical
products.
• Diagnosis of diseases and treatment like Widel test, ELISA, etc.
• Treatment of industrial waste material.
• Sterile product preparation like aseptic detection, sterility test, etc.
• Sterilization of pharmaceutical products.
• Identification of micro-organisms.
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20. Introduction to Epidemiology
• Epidemiology is the study of determinants, distribution and frequency
of disease indicating who gets the disease and why.
• Features of epidemiology is,
- It study sick people, study healthy people.
- They determine the crucial difference between those who get the
disease and those who are spared.
- Study exposed people, study non-exposed people.
- They also determine the crucial effects of the exposure.
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21. Applications of Epidemiology
• To study the cause or etiology of disease, conditions, disorders, disabilities, etc.
• To determine the primary agent responsible or ascertain causative factors.
• To determine the mode of transmission.
• To determine characteristics of the agent or causative factors.
• To provides a basis for developing disease control and prevention measures for
groups at risk.
• To prevent or control the diseases.
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22. Definitions
• Epidemic :- Epidemic refers to an often and sudden increase in the
number of cases of a disease, above what is normally excepted, in the
population in that area.
• Pandemic :- It’s a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or
continents and affects more people.
• Endemic :- The amount of particular disease that is present in a
community is referred to as endemic level of the disease.
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23. • Mode of Transmission :- The contact direct/indirect, droplets,
airborne and vectors are mode of transmission of infection.
• Outbreak :- Outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease
when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or
season.
• Quarantine :- A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people,
animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or
pests.
• Isolation :- Isolation of patients involves placing away of patients at
specific distance to avoid the spread of infection.
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24. • Incubation Period :- It’s the time from infection to illness onset. Incubation
period of a directly transmitted infectious disease is essential to determine the
time period required for monitoring and restricting the movement of healthy
individual i.e. quarantine period.
• Contact tracing :- It’s the process to find all contacts of a confirmed case of
infectious diseases, in order to test or monitor them for infection.
• Morbidity :- Morbidity is the state of having a specific illness or condition.
• Mortality :- Mortality refers to the number of deaths that have occurred due to a
specific illness or condition.
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