Microorganisms are classified in several ways, including by their cellular structure as unicellular or multicellular, and by the nature of their nuclear material as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. One influential classification system is the three domain system proposed in 1990 by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler, and Wheelis, which divides organisms into three domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota - based on differences in their ribosomal RNAs and cell membrane structures. The Bacteria domain includes unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes with diacyl glycerol diester membranes and bacterial-type rRNAs. Archaea organisms have isopyrenoid glycerol di
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Introduction
Classification of virus
Size of virus
Structure of Virus
Morphology of Virus
Effect of Physical and chemical agents on virus.
Life cycle of bacteriophages
Cultivation of viruses
Classification of Microorganisms
1. Whittaker Five Kingdom Classification
2. Three Domain System of Classification
Groups of Microorganisms
1.Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Fungi
4. Algae
5. Protozoa
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
Introduction
Classification of virus
Size of virus
Structure of Virus
Morphology of Virus
Effect of Physical and chemical agents on virus.
Life cycle of bacteriophages
Cultivation of viruses
Classification of Microorganisms
1. Whittaker Five Kingdom Classification
2. Three Domain System of Classification
Groups of Microorganisms
1.Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Fungi
4. Algae
5. Protozoa
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
3.3 history of classification Biology - Class 9 - FBISE Islamabad PakistanSyed Abdullah Gilani
History of Classification from Textbook of Biology for Class 9 students, from Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE), Islamabad, Pakistan is explained.
Microbial Taxonomy - Dr. R Subashkumar, Associate Professor in Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641006
History of Microbiology Discovery Era, Transition Era, Golden Era, Modern Era, Louis Pasteur, Antony Van Leevenhoek, Pasteurization, Alexander Fleming, fermentation, Agar,
Preservation of industrially important microorganisms, methods of preservation, periodic transfer, storage in saline suspension, storage in sterile soil, cryopreservation
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
R. NITHYA M. Sc., M. Phil., (Ph. D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
SRI ADI CHUNCAHNAGIRI WOMEN’S COLLEGE, CUMBUM, THENI DT,
TAMILNADU, INDIA
2. MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms or microbes are organisms invisible to naked
eye and are visible under a microscope.
Based on their unique features, they are divided into certain
groups. They include
Bacteria
Viruses
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
3. MICROBIAL TAXONOMY
The classification of microorganisms
The microorganisms are classified in the following ways
Based on plants and animals
Based on cellularity
Based on the types of nuclear materials
Five kingdom concept
Eight kingdom concept
Three domain system
4.
5. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBES BASED ON PLANTS OR
ANIMALS
Aristotle classified the living organisms into two kingdoms
KINGDOM
Plantae Animalia
Algae
Fungi
Bacteria
All animals
Protozoa
6. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CELLULARITY
Based on cellularity, microbes are classified into three
categories
Cellularity
Non-cellular Unicellular Multicellular
Microbes have no cells
E.g. Viruses
Microbes have single
cells
E.g. Protozoa
Bacteria
Some Algae
Some Fungi
Many cells
E.g. Fungi
Algae etc.
7. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NATURE OF NUCLEAR
MATERIALS
Nuclear Materials
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Organisms do not contain nucleus
Nuclear materials not surrounded by
nuclear membrane
E.g. Bacteria
True nucleus
Nuclear materials not surrounded by
nuclear membrane
E.g. Protozoa
Algae
Fungi
All animals
13. Empire – Bacteria
Eukaryota – Includes all true bacteria
Archeobacteria – All filamentous bacteria
Empire – Eubacteria
Archezoa – Microscopic animals feeding on archebacteria
Protozoa – Unicellular animals
Chromista – Photosynthetic organisms – Diatoms, cryptomonads and
brown algae
Plantae – All Photosynthetic plants and algae
Fungi – Eukaryotic multicellular organisms – absorptive mode of
nutrition
Animalia – Multicellular animals – ingestive mode of nutrition
14. THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM
Proposed by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler
and Wheelis in 1990
Phylogenetic system.
Based on differences of nucleotides
in cell’s ribosomal RNAs as well as
the cells’ membrane lipid structure and
its sensitivity to antibiotics.
Three domaims are
Bacteria
Archea
Eukaryota
Carl Woese
Otto Kandler
15.
16. Domain – Bacteria
Unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes
They have diacyl glycerol diester and
eukaryotic type of rRNAs in the cells.
Domain – Archea
Organisms having isopyrenoid glycerol diester in cell
membrane
Archebacterial rRNAs in cells.
Domain – Eukaryota
Glycerol fatty acyldiester in cell membrane
Eukaryotic rRNAs in the cells
