This document provides information on various microbiology concepts and terminology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms and notes some key figures in the field like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Pasteur. It describes different types of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and algae. It also discusses pathogenic bacteria and how microorganisms can be both helpful and harmful to humans.

1. S U B J E C T- M I C R O B I O L O G Y
P R E PA R E D B Y- J Y O T I
M H A
PATHOGENIC ORGANISM

2. TERMINOLOGIES
 Microbiology- is the study of microorganism, those being unicellular,
multicellular or acellular. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-
discipline, includes virology, bacteriology, mycology, immunology and
parasitology.
 Describes exactly what the discipline is; the study of small living
things.
Micro- Small
Bio- Living
Logy- The study
 Microbiologist- Scientist who studies about microorganisms called
microbiologist.
 Chloroplast- the part of a green plant cell that contains chlorophyll and in
which photosynthesis takes place.
 Decompose- to slowly be destroyed by natural chemical processes.

3. CONT..
Fermentation- is the process in which a substance breaks down into a simple
substance.
Sterilize- A method of destroying microbes on any object by heating to the
boiling point of water
Pasteurize -A method of preserving food by heating it briefly to destroy the
microbes, but leaves the flavour and food value unchanged.

4. ANTONI VAN LEE U WENHOEK (1632-
1723)-
A C L O T H T R A D E R F R O M D E L F T, I S T H E F O U N D I N G FAT H E R
‘ H E U S E D H O M E M A D E M I C R O S C O P E S TO D I S C O V E R T H E
I N V I S I B L E W O R L D O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M .
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)- was a French biologist who
is often regarded as the father of modern microbiology because of his
many contribution to science.

5. MICROORGANISM
 A microscopic organism which are too small to be seen with naked eye or
sometimes visible under a microscope also called microbe.
TYPES OF MICRO ORGANISM
 There are different types of micro-organisms.
- Fungus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Virus, Algae

6. BACTERIA ALGAE FUNGI PROTOZOA VIRUS
Unicellular Unicellular/
Multicellular
Unicellular/
Multicellular
Unicellular BORDERLINE B/W LIVING & NON LIVING
Inside Host Outside of the
Host
Use host machinery for multiplication in number
Inactive
Burst the host cell
No actions
Infect other cell
Person fall sick
Air/water/soil Moist soil like
rock,soil
Plant like but
chloroplast is
not there
Fresh water, salt
water
Simple in
structure
Have cell
wall,
chloroplast
They get food
from plants &
animals waste
Parasites( Organism
which live in or an
other organism and
cause harmful)
Shape-
-Rod shape/
Bacilli
-Spherical/ Cocci
-Spiral/ Spirille
Have no roots,
shoots, no
leaves
Place to place move
-amoeba
paramecium

7. FUNGUS
 A fungus is the largest micro-organisms that includes yeast and
moulds as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
 Mould -A type of fungus that causes decay and the production of
carbon dioxide and alcohol.
 Yeast- one of the largest microbes, a fungus used in bread
manufacture.

8. BACTERIA
 A small micro-organisms. Some bacteria can cause infections,
but they can be killed by antibiotics, by sterilizing, or by using
disinfectants.
 Rod-like shape, Spherical shape, Spiral shape.
 Disease caused by Bacteria
 Tooth decay
 Diarrhea

9. Bacteria can be classified into several groups-
 Cocci
 Bacilli
 Spirals
 Vibrio
 Spirilla
 Spirochaetes
 Actinomycetes
 Mycoplasmas
 Rickettsiae
 Chlamydiae

10. COCCI
 These are spherical or oval cells. Based on the
arrangement of individual organisms they can be
described as:
 Monococci (Cocci in singles)- Monococcus spp.
 Diplococci (Cocci in pairs)- Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Staphylococci ( cocci in grape like cluster)-
Staphylococcus aureus
 Streptococci ( Cocci in chains)- Streptococcus pyogenes
 Tetrad (Cocci in group of four)- Micrococcus spp.
 Sarcina (Cocci in group of eight)

11. BACILLI
 These are rod-shaped bacteria. Based on the
arrangement of organisms, they can be described as:
 Diplobacilli
 Streptobacilli
 Palisades- Chinese-letter form
 Coccobacilli

12. ACTINOMYCETES
 These are rigid organisms like cocci and bacilli
 The characteristics shape is due to the presence of rigid
cell wall.
 They are branching filamentous bacteria.

13. MYCOPLASMAS
 These bacteria lack of rigid cell wall (cell wall lacking)
and are highly pleomorphic and of indefinite shape.
 They occur in round or oval bodies and in interlacing
filaments.

14. RICKETTSIAE & CHLAMYDIAE
 These are very small, obligate parasites, and at one time
were considered closely related to the viruses. Now,
these are regarded as bacteria.

17. VIRUS
 Virus A microbe even smaller than a bacterium. They can only
become active inside other living cells. They are not affected by
antibiotics. Virus cause flu and cold.
 Diseases caused by Virus
 Measles
 Rubella
 Common cold
 Aids
 Swine flu
 Chicken pox /cow pox

18. USAGE OF MICROORGANISM
 Making curd and Bread
 Medicinal use of Microorganism
 Increasing Soil Fertility
 Cleaning the Environment
 Vaccine
 commercial production of alcohol and wine.
 Yeast is an example of microorganism. It is a fungus. It is used to
make bread. There are air spaces in the bread. The air spaces are
caused by carbon dioxide gas given out when the yeast acts on
the dough. This shows that microorganisms breath.

19. PROBIOTICS
 Probiotics are available in many forms, including supplement pills,
suppositories, and creams. Many foods contain friendly bacteria, such
as:
 yogurt
 buttermilk
 cheeses with live active cultures
 Other foods that contain friendly bacteria include fermented foods such
as:
 miso
 tempeh
 sauerkraut
 beer
 sourdough bread
 chocolate
 kimchi

20. CONT..
 Probiotics are proposed to prevent and treat a variety of
health conditions, such as:
 diarrhoea (including diarrhoea caused by antibiotics)
 irritable bowel syndrome
 ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
 tooth decay, gingivitis, and periodontitis
 Eczema (Atopic dermatitis)- is a condition that make your skin
red, & itchy.

21. TYPES OF PROBIOTICS AND WHAT THEY
DO
 Below are a few of the probiotics that are taken to treat or prevent disease,
and how they’re thought to work.
1. LACTOBACILLUS
 In the body, lactobacillus bacteria are normally found in the digestive,
urinary, and genital systems. You can also find them in yogurt and dietary
supplements, as well as in suppositories.
 More than 50 different species of lactobacillus exist, including:
1(a). LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS, one of the most commonly used
probiotics. It’s found in yogurt and fermented soy products such as miso and
tempeh. Lactobacillus acidophilus has been used (in suppository form) to
treat bacterial infections of the vagina. In pill form, it can be taken to
prevent and treat diarrhoea, including traveler’s diarrhoea in adults and
diarrhoea caused by rotavirus in children.


22. CONT..
1(b). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG may help treat
traveler’s diarrhoea, or diarrhoea that’s caused
by Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) bacteria or by
antibiotics in children. It’s also been found to help
prevent eczema in infants.
1(c). Lactobacillus salivarius may help block the growth
of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacteria that
cause peptic ulcers.
1(d). Lactobacillus plantarum can improve the immune
system barrier against invading disease-causing
bacteria.

23. CONT..
 Other uses for lactobacillus include:
 preventing diarrhoea caused by antibiotics and infection
 preventing colic (inconsolable crying) in babies
 preventing lung infections in young children
 preventing diarrhoea in adults who are in the hospital or receiving
chemotherapy treatment for cancer
 treating bowel conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and
ulcerative colitis

24. (2) BIFIDOBACTERIA
 Bifidobacteria make up most of the “good” bacteria
living in the gut. These bacteria begin colonizing the
gastrointestinal system almost immediately after we’re
born.
 Bifidobacteria come in about 30 different strains,
including:
2(a). Bifidobacteria bifidum may help protect against
unhealthy bacteria. ResearchTrusted Source suggests
they also can relieve IBS symptoms. When combined
with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria
bifidum might help prevent eczemaTrusted

25. CONT..
2(b). Bifidobacteria infantis are thought to help relieve
the symptoms of IBS, such as abdominal pain, gas, and
bloating
2(c). Bifidobacteria lactis has been reported to improve
cholesterol levels in women and in people with type 2
diabetes.

26. (3) STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS
 These bacteria produce the enzyme lactase, which the
body needs to digest the sugar in milk and other dairy
products. Some studies suggest Streptococcus
thermophilus can help prevent lactose intolerance.

27. (4) SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII
 Saccharomyces boulardii is actually a type of yeast, but
it acts as a probiotic. Some studies have found it helpful
for preventing and treating traveler’s diarrhoea, as well
as diarrhoea caused by antibiotics. It may also be useful
for treating acne, and reducing the side effects of
antibiotic treatment for H. pylori bacteria.

28. HARMFUL MICROORGANISM
 E. COLI
 MYCOBACTERIUM T.B.
 STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
 CHLAMYDOPHILIA PNEUM.

29. HARMNESS OF MICROORGANISM
 Some microorganisms that enter the body can cause
illness.
 Eating food contaminated with microorganisms can
cause food poisoning.
 Bacteria can action the food remains between the teeth.
This produces acid which causes tooth decay.
 Food turns bad because of bacteria and fungi.

30. CONT..
 Harmful microorganisms can cause disease Some
disease can easily spread from one person to another.
They are called contagious diseases. Examples are
influenza, measles, mumps and chicken pox.

31. another?
 Through food and drink.
 Sneezing or coughing.
 Direct contact.
 Carried by mosquitoes or flies. •
 Microorganisms can also spread through the air.

32. How to prevent disease from spreading?
 Wash your hands before handling food especially after
using the toilet.
 Drink water that has been boiled because boiling kills
microorganisms.
 Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing to
prevent microorganisms from spreading into the air.
 Do not share personal items such as toothbrush, towel
and comb.