This document provides an introduction to the field of microbiology. It discusses the main branches of microbiology and describes various types of microorganisms including their morphology, structure, and classification. Important historical figures who contributed to the development of microbiology are also highlighted, such as Anton van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microorganisms under the microscope, Louis Pasteur who discovered microbial fermentation and disproved spontaneous generation, and Robert Koch who developed techniques for staining, culturing, and isolating disease-causing microorganisms.

1. Introduction to microbiology.
Morphology of microorganisms
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical
University/ Department of microbiology

2. Microbiology is a great complex of biological
sciences about microorganisms
Branches of microbiology
 Basic or general microbiology
 Industrial microbiology and biotechnology
 Pharmaceutical microbiology
 Agricultural microbiology
 Veterinary microbiology
 Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food,
water, soil and air)
 Medical microbiology

4. Medical microbiology

5. Taxonomy of microorganisms
Classification
Nomenclature (binominal
system )
Systematic

6. Ranks of hierarchical arrangement

7. Main methods of classification

8. Intraspecies classification
Biotype
Serotype
Phagotype

9. Present classification of microorganisms
Cellular microorganisms non-cellular
microorganisms
Superkingdom
Eucaryotae Procaryotae
Kingdom
Animalia Fungi Eubacteriae
Protozoa
Kingdom
Vira
Canonical viruses
Non-canonical viruses

10. Methods of morphology investigation
Light microscopy :
Immersion microscopy
Dark-field microscopy
Phase-contrast microscopy
Electron microscopy
Luminescent microscopy

11. Main morphological signs of micro-
organisms
 Shape
 Size
 Cell arrangement
 Tinctorial properties
 Structure:
Capsule
Structure of cell wall
Flagella
Endospores

12. Cocci.
Micrococci
Diplococci
Tetracocci
Streptococci
Sarcinae
Staphylococci

13. Rod-shaped forms
Bacteria
Bacilli
Clostridia

14. Spiral-shaped bacteria.
 Vibrio
 Spirilla
 Spirochaetes
Thread-shaped bacteria

15. Main differences of the cell structure
Type of cell procaryotes eucaryotes
size 1-10 µm 10-100 µm
genom
exhibited
Nucleoid is not
separeted from
cytoplasm
1 chromosome (circular)
Nucleus
Have a nuclear membrane
A few chromosomes
(linear)
Mitochondria absent present
Apparatus Golgi absent present
Endoplasmatic
reticulum
absent present
ribosome Within cytoplasm 70S
(50S+30S)
into ЕPR 80S
(60S+40S)
Cell wall peptidoglycane cellulose
endospores + —

16. Structure of the bacteria
Cell envelope:
- capsule
- Cell wall
- Cytoplasmic membrane
Outside appendages:
- flagella
- Pili or fimbria
Inside structure:
- cytoplasm
- nucleoid
- ribosomes
- mesosomes
- Intracellular inclusion

17. Features of the structure Gram-
positive cell wall

18. Feature of the structure Gram-
negative cell envelope

19. Flagella

20. Motile bacteria may be divided into:
1.Creeping
2.Swimming
• (1) monotrichous,
• (2) amphitrichous,
• (3) lophotrichous,
• (4) peritrichous

22. Pili or fimbriae
1. Common-pili
2. F – pili or sex-pili

23. Methods for flagella revealing
Direct methods (microscopy)
Indirect methods
wet-mount
hanging-drop techniques

24. Intracytoplasmatic inclusions.
Volutin granules

25. EndosporesEndospores

27. Historical development of microbiology
 Period before microorganisms were seen
 Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century
to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek )
 Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R.
Koch)
 Immunological period (first part of 20th century:
G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky):
development of immunology and the start of
development of the virology)
 Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular
immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry,
microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)

28. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
 He was the first person who observed and
described microorganisms (he named
their as “animalcules”)
 He constructed first microscope with
magnification about 50 to 300 times

29. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
 He established that fermentation was the result
of microbial activity
 He introduced techniques of sterilization and
made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and
autoclave
 He showed that microorganisms do not arise by
spontaneous generation
 He elaborated methods of pathogenic
microorganisms attenuation
 He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one

30. Robert Koch (1843-1910)
 He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of
microorganisms
 He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877),
cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882)
 He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation
 He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a
microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's
postulates)
 The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
but absent in healthy organism
 The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a
pure culture
 The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism
is inoculated into a healthy host
 The same microorganism must be isolated again from the
diseased host