Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
This PPT is meant for undergraduate students to clear the concepts of Microbial metabolism.
The presentation includes the basics of catabolism and anabolism
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
This PPT is meant for undergraduate students to clear the concepts of Microbial metabolism.
The presentation includes the basics of catabolism and anabolism
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
Giving basic concepts regarding culture media and its classification on the basis of different properties like physical state, chemical composition and utility purposes.
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
Giving basic concepts regarding culture media and its classification on the basis of different properties like physical state, chemical composition and utility purposes.
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. 1. Fundamentals of Microbiology
Outlines
Development of Microbiology
Significance of Studying Microbiology
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure
Bacterial Taxonomy
Bacterial cell Structure
Bacterial Nutrition and Growth
Bacterial Genetic
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2. Objectives
• Upon completion of this unit of instruction, the student will be able
to:
Discuss the historical background of Microbiology
Discuss the significance of studying Microbiology
Classify medically-significant bacteria according to their
phenotype and genotype
Identify external and internal structural components of bacteria
Discuss bacterial genetics
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3. Objectives….
Discuss bacterial metabolism and growth
Describe types of disinfection, decontamination
and sterilization
Prepare and apply disinfectants and antiseptics
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4. Chapter I: Introduction To Microbiology
Microbiology:
• Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their
activities
• It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
• Reproduction and physiology
• participation in the process of nature
• helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
• significance in science and industry
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5. Subdivisions of Microbiology
Sub divisions of microbiology
Bacteriology – which deals with bacteria
Mycology- which deals with fungi
Phycology - Which deals with Algae.
Protozoology – which deals with Protozoa.
Helminthology –which deals with worms
Virology -studies about viruses
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7. Medical Bacteriology
It involves the study of pathogens, the disease caused by them,
and the body’s defenses against disease.
• It is also concerned with
• Epidemiology, transmission of pathogens
• Disease prevention measures, and
• Aseptic techniques and treatment of infectious diseases
• Immunology and production of vaccines.
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8. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Man kind has always been affected by diseases which were
originally believed to be visitations by the gods and meant to punish
evil doers.
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History
Discovery
era
Transition
era
Golden
era
Modern
era
9. History…
• Hippocrates:
• father of medicine
• observed that ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds,
water, climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people.
• Varro (117-26 BC) : formulated a theory that
• diseases were caused by animated particles invisible to
naked eye
• which were carried in the air and acquired via the mouth
and nose into the body.
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10. Background …
• Fracastoro (1478–1553 G.c):
proposed that the agent of communicable diseases were
living things.
Could be transmitted by direct contact with humans and
animals.
Indirectly by objects
But no proofs due to lack of experimental evidence.
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11. Background …
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632-1723 G.c)
Father of microbiology, observed “animalcules” using
simple microscope with one lenses.
He was the first who properly described the different
shapes of bacteria.
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12. Question raised - where did they originate?
Leeuwenhoek was not concerned about the origin of Mos.
Many other scientists were searching for an explanation for
spontaneous appearance of living things from
decaying meat
stagnating ponds
fermenting grains and infected wounds
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Background…
13. History…
• On the bases of this observation, two major theories
were formulated.
1. Theory of Abiogenesis
2. Theory of Biogenesis
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14. Theory of Abiogenesis:
• Theory of Abiogenesis:
• deals with the theory of spontaneous generation
• stating that living things originated “spontaneously” from non-
living things.
• Aristotle (384-322 BC):
• The founder of a theory spontaneous generation.
• He observed spontaneous existence of fishes from dried ponds,
when the pond was filled with rain.
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15. Theory of Biogenesis:
• Theory of Biogenesis:
• States that life comes from pre-existing life.
• Francesco Redi (1626-1697):
• He is the scientist who first tried to set an experiment to
disprove spontaneous generation.
• Utilized jars containing meat.
• Some were covered, some were not.
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16. Theory of Biogenesis…
• He observed that the flies laid eggs on uncovered jar from
which the maggots developed but not from covered jars.
• He said maggots did not developed from meat but from flies
egg.
• Results not accepted for microscopic organisms.
• Introduced experimental procedure to disproof spontaneous
generation.
• The controversy on spontaneous generation took 200 years.
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18. Theories of …
• John Needham (1749)-Utilized infusion broth prepared by
boiling meat, grain, etc. to extract nutrients.
• Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)- used boiled broth
• Turbidity indicated growth.
• Louis pasture (1822- 1895) :
• He was the scientist who disproved the theory of abiogenesis
once and for all.
• In his experiment he filtered air through cotton plug.
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19. Theory of…
• He placed plug in infusion broth, broth became cloudy -
organisms present in the air.
• He designed
a large curved flask or
swan-necked or
pasture goose neck flask and placed a sterile infusion
broths.
• Flasks remained sterile unless tilted or neck broken.
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20. Luis Pasteur’s experiment
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In ‘A’ air freely moved through the tube, but dust particles were trapped in the curved portion of
the flask. And no microbial growth was observed
21. Therefore, Pasteur proved that microorganisms entered to the
broth with the air and micro organisms did not evolve
spontaneously.
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22. Other major contribution of Louis Pasteur
1. Microbial theory of fermentation
2. Principles and practices of sterilization and
pasteurization
3. Control of disease of silk worm
4. Development of vaccines against anthrax and rabies
5. Discovery of streptococci.
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23. The Germ Theory of diseases
• Robert Koch
• He established an experimental procedure to prove the germ
theory of disease in 1876.
• The theory states that specific disease is caused by specific
pathogen.
• The scientific procedure is known as Koch’s Postulate.
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24. Koch’s Postulate:
proof of germ theory of disease.
A Mo can be accepted as a causative agent of an infectious
disease only if the following conditions are satisfied.
1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of
the disease but absent from health organism.
2. The suspected micro-organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture.
3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy
organism, susceptible animal must produce the same disease.
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25. Koch’s Postulate:
4. The disease organism must be isolated from the
inoculated animal. E.g.
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27. Exceptions to Koch’s postulate
• Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms
of the disease.
• Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro (in
the laboratory) in artificial media. E.g. Treponema pallidum.
• Many pathogens are species specific. E.g. Brucella abortus cause
abortion in animals but not in humans.
• Certain diseases develop only when an opportunistic pathogen
invades imuno-compromised host.
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28. Major achievements of Robert Koch
• use of solid medium in bacteriology
• Discovery of causative agents of
tuberculosis and cholera
• Koch’s postulate
• Luis Pasture has also developed the germ
theory of diseases.
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29. 7/11/2019 29
• Currently infectious agents could be
• Acellular
• Viruses
• Viroids
• Prions
• Cellular
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Helminths
• Arthropods
31. Significance of Studying Microbiology
• WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY?
• MOs have a tremendous impact on all life
• They are physical and chemical makeup of our planet.
• Microorganisms have a close association with humans.
• They are in us, on us, and nearly everywhere around us.
• One reason for studying microbiology is that MOs are part of the
human environment and are therefore important to human health.
• MOs are essential to the web of life in every environment.
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32. Significance…
• Microorganisms:
capture energy from sunlight
decompose dead organisms, waste material, and even some
kinds of industrial wastes.
make nitrogen available to plants
maintain the balance of nature
synthesize antibiotics, vaccines
are the major tools of genetic engineering
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33. Significance…
certain microbes cause disease.
Studying microbiology is provides insight into life processes in all
life-forms.
• In general, Microorganisms are part of the human environment
and are therefore important to human health and activities.
• The study of microorganisms provides insight into life
processes in all forms of life.
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