The document summarizes the structure and function of the digestive system. It describes that the digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Accessory organs include things like the teeth, tongue, liver and pancreas. It then provides details on the layers of the gastrointestinal tract including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Finally, it summarizes the main functions of the organs in the digestive system and how digestive functions are regulated through neural and hormonal influences.
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
Study of the structure/form of the human body. Study location of organs, reasons for location, and shape. Anatomy is the science which deals with the description of the structure of cells, tissues, organs and organisms.
The mucose membrane lining of gastrointestinal tract is stratified squamous epithelium at the esophagus which slowly convert into simple columnar epithelium at the stomach until the anus it converts back into the stratified squamous epithelium at the lower half of the anal canal. The stratified epithelium is a wear and tear epithelium.
As it passes down from the small to large intestine, goblet cells increase because as it passes down water was absorb, goblet cells function to produce mucous.
This is just a rough idea, for better slides with more reference please PM the author at davidgqf@gmail.com.
An overview of the gastrointestinal tract, changes as a result of aging, and a description of how nutrition may prevent or improve common GI problems in the older adult. Note: this presentation is intended for a health/medical literate audience.
In Class 11 Biology, excretory products and their elimination are important topics typically covered under the unit "Excretory System."
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Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
"Digestive System is a system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorb-able nutrients and to excrete waste products."
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. • Digestive system
– performs the mechanical & chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients, & elimination of wastes
– consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, &
accessory organs
• medical specialty that deals with the structure, function,
diagnosis, & treatment of diseases of the stomach &
intestines is called gastroenterology
• medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis &
treatment of disorders of the rectum & anus is called
proctology
3. • basic chemical unit of our food & our tissue are the same
• our food looks so different from the tissue because the
units are arranged very differently
• in order to achieve rearrangement of the building blocks
of our food, it is first
necessary to break the
food molecules into their
basic constituents
4. • 2 groups of organs compose the digestive system:
1. gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or alimentary canal
– a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
through the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
– organs include the mouth, most of the pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, & large intestine
– length of the GI tract is about 5–7 meters in a living person
(longer in a cadaver- about 7–9 meters)
2. accessory digestive organs
– include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, &
pancreas
– teeth aid in the physical breakdown of food
– tongue assists in chewing & swallowing
– salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas produce or store
secretions that flow into the GI tract through ducts
5.
6.
7. Functions of the digestive system
1. Ingestion
– taking food into mouth
2. Secretion
– release of water, acid, buffers, & enzymes into lumen of GIT
3. Mixing & propulsion
– churning & propulsion of food through GI tract
4. Digestion
– mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
5. Absorption
– passage of digested products from GIT into blood & lymph
6. Defecation
– elimination of feces from GI tract
8.
9. • Mucosa
1. epithelium
– in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, & anal canal is mainly nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
– in stomach & intestine is simple columnar epithelium
– several types of endocrine cells (enteroendocrine cells) secrete hormones
2. lamina propria
– is areolar connective tissue containing many blood & lymphatic vessels
– also contains mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
3. muscularis mucosae
– throws the mucous membrane of the stomach & small intestine into many
small folds, which increase the surface area for digestion & absorption
10. • Submucosa
– consists of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to
the muscularis
– contains many blood & lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed
food molecules
– located in the submucosa is an extensive network of neurons
known as the submucosal plexus
– also contain glands & lymphatic tissue
11. • Muscularis
– mouth, pharynx, & superior & middle parts of the esophagus
contains skeletal muscle that produces voluntary swallowing
– skeletal muscle also forms the external anal sphincter, which
permits voluntary control of defecation
– throughout the rest of the tract, the muscularis consists of
smooth muscle that is generally found in two sheets: an inner
sheet of circular fibers & an outer sheet of longitudinal fibers
– between the layers of the muscularis is a second plexus of
neurons—the myenteric plexus
12. • Serosa
– composed of areolar connective tissue & simple squamous
epithelium
– esophagus lacks a serosa; instead only a single layer of areolar
connective tissue called the adventitia forms the superficial
layer of this organ
13.
14. Summary of organs of the digestive system & their functions
ORGAN FUNCTION(S)
Tongue
Maneuvers food for mastication, shapes food into a bolus, maneuvers food
for deglutition, detects sensations for taste, & initiates
digestion of triglycerides.
Salivary glands
Saliva produced by these glands softens, moistens, & dissolves foods;
cleanses mouth & teeth; initiates the digestion of starch.
Teeth
Cut, tear, & pulverize food to reduce solids to smaller particles for
swallowing.
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme, stops the action of
pepsin from the stomach, creates the proper pH for digestion in
the small intestine, & participates in the digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins, triglycerides, & nucleic acids.
Liver
Produces bile, which is required for the emulsification & absorption of
lipids in the small intestine.
Gallbladder Stores & concentrates bile & releases it into the small intestine.
Mouth
(functions of the tongue, salivary glands, & teeth). Additionally, the lips &
cheeks keep food between the teeth during mastication, & buccal glands
lining the mouth produce saliva.
15. ORGAN FUNCTION(S)
Pharynx Receives a bolus from the oral cavity & passes it into the esophagus.
Esophagus
Receives a bolus from the pharynx & moves it into the stomach; this
requires relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter & secretion
of mucus.
Stomach
Mixing waves combine saliva, food, & gastric juice, which activates pepsin,
initiates protein digestion, kills microbes in food, helps absorb
vitamin B12, contracts the lower esophageal sphincter, increases stomach
motility, relaxes the pyloric sphincter, & moves chyme into the
small intestine.
Small intestine
Segmentation mixes chyme with digestive juices; peristalsis propels chyme
toward the ileocecal sphincter; digestive secretions from the
small intestine, pancreas, & liver complete the digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids; circular folds, villi, & microvilli help absorb
about 90 percent of digested nutrients.
Large intestine
Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis drive the colonic
contents into the rectum; bacteria produce some B vitamins and
vitamin K; absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins occurs; defecation.
16. Regulation of GI functions
regulated mainly by neural & hormonal influences:
Neural regulation:
• Intrinsic neural regulation
– Enteric nervous system
• Extrinsic neural regulation
– Autonomic nervous system
• Reflex control (gastrointestinal reflexes):
1. Reflexes that are integrated entirely within the gut wall
enteric nervous system
– gastrointestinal secretion, peristalsis
17. 2. Reflexes from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic
ganglia & then back to the gastrointestinal tract
– gastrocolic reflex- signals from the stomach to cause
evacuation of the colon
– enterogastric reflexes- signals from the colon & small intestine
to inhibit stomach motility & stomach secretion
– colonoileal reflex- reflexes from the colon to inhibit emptying
of ileal contents into the colon
18. 3. Reflexes from the gut to the spinal cord or brain stem &
then back to the gastrointestinal tract
– reflexes from the stomach & duodenum to the brain stem &
back to the stomach by way of the vagus nerves to control
gastric motor & secretory activity
– pain reflexes that cause general inhibition of the entire
gastrointestinal tract
– defecation reflexes that travel from the colon & rectum to the
spinal cord & back again to produce the powerful colonic,
rectal, & abdominal contractions required for defecation
19. Hormonal regulation:
• Intrinsic hormones
– many hormones are secreted from endocrine cells of GI tract.
• Extrinsic hormones
– GI functions are also influenced by hormones secreted from
other endocrine glands like thyroxine & cortisol.