anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
This ppt. Is about surgical anatomy and physiology of pancreas. Anatomical anamolies of the pancreas and variation of the ducts has been touched also.
Basic phsiology and pancreatic functions have been explanied with diagrams.
This ppt is only for postgraduates.
Anatomy, components parts, and blood supply of eyeball.
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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2. Introduction
The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated,
elongated exo-endocrine gland.
The exocrine part secretes the pancreatic juice
and the endocrine part secretes the hormones,
viz.,insulin, etc.
The pancreas (in Greek pan: all, kreas: flesh).
Pancreas named because of its fleshy
appearance.
The pancreatic juice helps in the digestion of
lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, whereas
the pancreatic hormones maintain glucose
homeostasis.
Dr.
Vibhash
3. LOCATION
The pancreas lies more or less horizontally on
the posterior abdominal wall.
In the epigastric and left hypochondriac
regions.
It crosses the posterior abdominal wall
obliquely from concavity of the duodenum to
the hilum of spleen opposite the level of T12–
L3 vertebrae.
The greater part of the gland is retroperitoneal
behind the serous floor of the lesser sac.
Dr.
Vibhash
4. SIZE AND SHAPE
The pancreas is “J”-shaped or retort
shaped being set obliquely.
The bowl of retort represents its head
and the stem of retort represents its
neck, body, and tail.
Its measurements are:
Length: 12–15 cm.
Width: 3–4 cm.
Thickness: 1.5–2 cm.
Weight: 80–90 g.
Dr.
Vibhash
5. PARTS (SUBDIVISIONS) AND RELATIONS
For descriptive purposes, the pancreas is
subdivided into four parts:
1. Head (with one process— uncinate
process).
2. Neck.
3. Body (with one process—tuber
omentale).
4. Tail.
Dr.
Vibhash
6. HEAD OF THE PANCREAS & Its relations
It is the enlarged, disc-shaped right end
of the pancreas.
lies in the concavity of the C-shaped
duodenal loop in front of the L2 vertebra.
External Features
The head presents the following external
features:
1. Three borders: Superior, inferior, and
right lateral.
2. Two surfaces: Anterior and posterior.
3. One process: Uncinate process. (It is a
hook-like process from the lower and
left part of the head.
Superior border is related to:
1.first part of the duodenum, and
2.superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Inferior border is related to:
1.third part of the duodenum, and
2.inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Right lateral border is related to:
1.second part of the duodenum, and
2.anterior and posterior
pancreaticoduodenal arterial arcades.
Dr.
Vibhash
7. HEAD OF THE PANCREAS & Its relations
Anterior surface is related from above downward to:
1. gastroduodenal artery,
2. transverse colon,
3. root of the transverse mesocolon, and
4. jejunum.
Posterior surface is related to:
1. IVC,
2. left renal vein,
3. bile duct (lying in a groove, and may be found
embedded in the pancreatic tissue), and
4. right crus of diaphragm.
Uncinate process is related to:
1. anteriorly to superior
mesenteric vessels, and
2. posteriorly to the
abdominal aorta.
Dr.
Vibhash
8. HEAD OF THE PANCREAS & Its relations.
Anterior Relations
Posterior Relations
Dr.
Vibhash
9. NECK OF THE PANCREAS & Its Relations
It is a slightly constricted part of the gland which connects the head with the body.
It is about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long and is directed forward, upward, and to the left.
External Features:
Two surfaces: Anterior and posterior.
Two borders: Upper and lower.
Relations:
Anterior surface is related to pylorus.
Posterior surface is related to commencement of the portal vein.
Upper border is related to the first part of the duodenum.
Lower border is related to the root of the transverse mesocolon.
Dr.
Vibhash
11. BODY OF THE PANCREAS
It is the elongated part of the gland extending from its neck to the tail.
It passes toward the left of midline with a slight upward and backward inclination.
It lies in front of the vertebral column at or just below the transpyloric plane.
External Features
1. It is somewhat triangular in cross section and presents:
2. Three borders: Anterior, superior, and inferior.
3. Three surfaces: Anterior, posterior, and inferior.
4. One process: Tuber omentale (a part of the body projects above the lesser curvature
of the stomach and comes in contact with the lesser omentum across the lesser sac).
Dr.
Vibhash
12. BODY OF THE PANCREAS & ITS
RELATIONS..
Anterior border provides the attachment to the root of
transverse mesocolon.
Superior border is related to the coeliac artery above
the tuber omentale, hepatic artery to the right, and
splenic artery to the left of tuber omentale.
Inferior border is related to superior mesenteric
vessels (at its right end).
Anterior surface (concave and directed forward and
upward) is related to:
1. lesser sac, and
2. stomach.
Posterior surface (devoid of peritoneum) is
related to:
1. aorta and origin of the superior
mesenteric artery,
2. left kidney and left suprarenal glands,
and
3. splenic vein usually lies in a groove
below the level of
4. splenic artery.
Inferior surface (covered by peritoneum) is
related to:
1. duodenojejunal flexure,
2. coils of jejunum, and
3. left colic flexure.
Dr.
Vibhash
13. Relations of the body of pancreas: A, anterior and inferior
relations; B, posterior relations.
Dr.
Vibhash
14. TAIL OF THE PANCREAS
It is the narrow left extremity of the pancreas.
It lies in the lienorenal ligament along with splenic vessels.
It is mobile unlike the other major retroperitoneal parts of the gland.
It contains the largest number of islets of Langerhans per unit of tissue as
compared to other parts of the gland.
Relations
These are related to the visceral surface of spleen between gastric
impression and colic impression.
Dr.
Vibhash
16. DUCTS OF THE PANCREAS
Usually there are two ducts: main and accessory, which drain the exocrine secretion into the duodenum.
MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT (OF WIRSUNG):
1. It begins in the tail and traverses the whole length of the gland near its posterior surface.
2. At the neck, it turns downward, and then to the right to enter into the second part of duodenum.
3. It joins the bile duct as it pierces the duodenal wall to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater) which opens by a
narrow mouth on the summit of major duodenal papilla 8–10 cm distal to the pylorus.
4. It receives tributaries (smaller ducts) throughout its length, at right angle to its long axis in a “herringbone pattern.”
ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT (OF SANTORINI):
1. It begins in the lower part of the head, and then runs upward and medially, crossing in front of main pancreatic duct.
2. It opens into the second part of the duodenum on the summit of minor duodenal papilla about 2–3 cm above the
opening of main pancreatic duct (6–8 cm distal to pylorus).
Dr.
Vibhash
18. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Splenic artery, a branch of coeliac trunk: The splenic artery is the branch of coeliac trunk and it is the main
source of blood supply to the pancreas.
Its branches supply the body and tail of pancreas.
Two branches are named.
One large branch which arises near the tail and runs toward the neck is called arteria pancreatica
magna.
Another relatively small branch, which runs toward the tip of the tail, is termed arteria caudae
pancreatica.
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery: The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of
gastroduodenal artery.
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery: The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of superior
mesenteric artery.
Dr.
Vibhash
20. VENOUS DRAINAGE:
portal vein,
superior mesenteric vein,
splenic vein.
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
1. Pancreaticosplenic nodes (main
group).
2. Coeliac nodes.
3. Superior mesenteric nodes.
4. Pyloric nodes.
NERVE SUPPLY
1. The sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerve fibres reach the gland along its
arteries from coeliac and superior
mesenteric plexuses.
2. The sympathetic supply is vasomotor
whereas the parasympathetic supply
controls the pancreatic secretion.
Dr.
Vibhash
21. CLINICAL ANATOMY
Carcinoma of the head of pancreas is common.
It compresses the bile duct leading to persistent obstructive jaundice. It may press the
portal vein or may involve the stomach due to close vicinity of these structures to the
head of pancreas.
Acute pancreatitis is the acute inflammation of the pancreas.
It occurs due to obstruction of pancreatic duct, ingestion of alcohol, viral infections
(mumps), or trauma.
It is serious condition because activated pancreatic enzymes leak into the substance of
pancreas and initiates the autodigestion of the gland.
Clinically, it presents as very severe pain in the epigastric region radiating to the back,
fever, nausea, and vomiting.
Dr.
Vibhash