The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as consisting of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The document outlines the locations and roles of each organ in ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)//DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Wasim Ak
The digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract ( GIT) is composed of mouth , pharynx, oesophagus, stomach , small intestine and large intestine .
This GIT will helps in digestion of food and absorption of needed nutrients into our body .
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)//DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Wasim Ak
The digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract ( GIT) is composed of mouth , pharynx, oesophagus, stomach , small intestine and large intestine .
This GIT will helps in digestion of food and absorption of needed nutrients into our body .
Peritoneum, abdomen, quadrant and regions.
a) Alimentary digestive organs: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, location and parts of stomach, parts of small and large
intestine, villi.
b) Accessory digestive organs: Salivary gland, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas.
Cardiovascular System: Mediastinum, divisions of mediastinum,
anatomy of heart, chambers of heart, opening and valves of the heart,
circulatory system
IMPLEMENTATION OF CRANIOSPINAL IRRADIATION (CSI) WITH POSTERIOR FOSSA BOOST U...Victor Ekpo
Craniospinal Irradiation (CSI) is often implemented for treatment of childhood medulloblastoma. For adults, the use of CSI is more complicated because of the very long field length (>54 cm). This case report shows the implementation of a CSI plan using IMRT with Three-Isocentre Overlap Junction (TIOJ).
Mind the Gap: Dealing with Interruptions in Radiotherapy TreatmentVictor Ekpo
A review of guidance on compensatory steps to take due to unscheduled interruptions in patient radiotherapy treatment, due to patient illness, staff illness or machine breakdown.
Interruptions are quite often. Different centres in different literature have quoted from 6 up to 63% of patients experience interruption. To reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, the Medical Physicist needs to calculate and determine compensatory action in dose, number of fraction or other action required.
Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Intracies in Malignant Phyllodes by Dr Abiola...Victor Ekpo
Phyllodes tumour of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial tumour, composed of an epithelial and a cellular stromal component.
This presentation was made by Dr. Abiola Adewale, a radiation and clinical oncologist at ASI Ukpo Cancer Centre, Calabar, as part of a webinar series for ARCON Nigeria (Association of Radiation and Clinical Oncologists of Nigeria), April 2022.
TISSUE PHANTOM RATIO - THE PHOTON BEAM QUALITY INDEXVictor Ekpo
TPR(20,10) is the recommended photon beam quality index by IAEA TRS-398 for megavoltage clinical photons generated by linear accelerators. This presentation goes through the basics of Tissue Phantom Ratio (TPR).
Optimizing Radiation Therapy for Paediatric Cancers: A Case Study of Medullob...Victor Ekpo
The research raises the need for optimization in radiotherapy of children. It compares IMRT, Proton Therapy, Electron Beam Therapy and Conventional Radiotherapy.
Presentation contains info on Radiation Protection in Pregnancy - radiodiagnosis, MRI, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. Including notes on foetal dose, shielding techniques in radiotherapy and precaution for pregnant radiographers/medical physicists.
IORT uses a high single-fraction radiation dose (10-30 Gy) is delivered during surgery to a surgically-exposed tumour bed, immediately after a chunk of the tumour has been surgically excised. This slide includes topics like APBI, IOERT, IOHDR.
An overview of Doppler Effect in Ultrasonography - the medical imaging of the body using Ultrasound.
Includes Colour Doppler, Power Doppler, Spectral Doppler, Continuous Wave Doppler, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and comparisons with other Radiographic imaging modalities.
An overview of Renography - the medical imaging of kidneys using Nuclear Medicine - including its advantages and disadvantages over other Radiographic imaging modalities.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. OUTLINE
Introduction to the Digestive System
Divisions
Alimentary Canal
Accessory Organs
Organs
Location
Functions
THE ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL PHYSICS. VICTOR EKPO. CMUL - LAGOS
3. INTRODUCTION
The Digestive System is a group of
organs working together to
convert food into energy and
basic nutrients to feed/nourish the
body.
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. VICTOR EKPO. CMUL - LAGOS
4. ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. VICTOR EKPO. CMUL - LAGOS
Fig: Anterior view of the Digestive System
6. DIVISIONS
The alimentary canal is also called the digestive tract
OR gastrointestinal tract GIT (though GIT is
technically stomach + intestines only).
The alimentary canal is the long tube that runs from
the mouth through to the anus.
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. VICTOR EKPO. CMUL - LAGOS
The Digestive System consists of 2 parts: the
Alimentary Canal, and their Accessory Organs.
7. ALIMENTARY CANAL
The main parts of the Alimentary Canal are:
* Mouth (Oral cavity)
* Pharynx (Throat) * Oesophagus (also esophagus)
* Stomach * Small intestine
* Large intestine * Rectum and anal canal (anus).
8. ACCESSORY ORGANS
The Accessory Organs include other organs (mainly glands) that aid
digestion. These include:
Tongue, salivary glands and tonsils (for mouth)
Tubular mucous glands (for pharynx, oesophagus, large intestine)
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (for small intestine);
Epiglottis: which tips posteriorly at the pharynx to prevent food
from entering the larynx/respiratory tract.
Mesentery* (newly discovered organ that helps hold the intestines
to the posterior abdominal cavity).
9. ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. VICTOR EKPO. CMUL - LAGOS
Digestion starts in the mouth, where food is chewed and
mixed with saliva to form a bolus.
The bolus produced is then swallowed down the pharynx and
oesophagus via peristaltic contractions and into the stomach.
In the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juice to form a
semifluid substance called chyme, then moved to the
duodenum (small intestine).
Most of the digestion takes place in the stomach and
duodenum of the small intestine.
Water and some minerals are reabsorbed in the colon of the
large intestine. The chyme is turned to faeces. The faeces is
defecated from the anus via the rectum.
DIGESTION>>>
11. MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY)
The mouth or oral cavity is
bounded by muscles and bones:
Anteriorly – by the lips
Posteriorly – it is continuous with
the oropharynx (part of pharynx)
Laterally – by the muscles of the
cheeks
Superiorly – by the bony hard
palate and muscular soft palate
Inferiorly – by the muscular tongue
and the soft tissues of the floor of
the mouth.
12. TONGUE
The tongue is a large, muscular organ
that occupies most of the oral cavity.
It is attached by its base to the hyoid
bone, and by thin fold of tissue called the
frenulum, to the floor of the mouth.
A groove called the terminal sulcus
divides the tongue into two parts.
• Anterior: covered by papillae (contains
some taste buds).
• Posterior: contains few small glands
and a large amount of lymphoid tissue,
the lingual tonsil. Fig: Dorsal surface of tongue & tonsils
13. TEETH (SKELETAL) The teeth are embedded in
the mandible and maxilla
bones.
Movement of the mandible
(lower jaw) allows chewing.
The mandible is the only
moveable bone in the jaw.
There are 20 temporary teeth.
Later, 32 permanent teeth
replace the 20.
There are incisors (8), canines
(4), premolars (8), and molars
(12).
Fig: Skeletal system of the mouth
14. ANATOMY OF TEETH The teeth is composed of a crown,
neck and root. The crown is covered
by thin but hard enamel.
The root is covered with bone-like
cementum, which secures the tooth
in its socket. Periodontal ligaments
hold the teeth in the alveoli.
Blood vessels and nerves enter the
tooth through the apical foramen.
The tongue and teeth are important
for proper mastication of food, and
also for speech.
Fig: Cross section of a lower tooth
15. PHARYNX
It connects to the oral cavity anteriorly, and is continuous
with the oesophagus. Food passes from the oral cavity into
the pharynx then to the oesophagus below it.
The pharynx consists of three parts:
nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and the
laryngopharynx.
It prevents food from entering the nasal cavity (by the soft
palate) and the lower respiratory tract (by the epiglottis).
16. Figs: Actions of soft palate and Epiglottis in Pharynx during swallowing
EPIGLOTTIS
17. OESOPHAGUS
Also called gullet or esophagus, it
is an organ through which food
passes from the pharynx to the
stomach, aided by peristaltic
contractions, of its musculature.
It is about 25 cm long and 2 cm in
diameter, and lies in the median
plane (mediasternum) in the
thorax, anterior to the spinal
column, but posterior to the
trachea.
18. CONSTRICTIONS OF THE OESOPHAGUS
The oesophagus follows the curvature of the
vertebral column.
It also has 3 constrictions (narrowing), where
adjacent structures produce impressions:
1. Cervical Constriction (Upper Oesophageal
Sphincter) – where Pharynx meets
Oesophagus.
2. Thoracic (Broncho-Aortic) Constriction –
where it is first crossed by arch of aorta.
3. Diaphragmatic Constriction: where it
passes through the oesophageal hiatus of
the diaphragm at t10, before entering the
stomach.
19. OESOPHAGUS (contd.)
Immediately the oesophagus has
passed through the esophageal
hiatus (opening) of the diaphragm, it
curves upwards before opening into
the stomach.
This sharp angle, as well as the
sphincters at each end (e.g. cardiac
sphincter), prevents the regurgitation
(backflow) of gastric contents into the
oesophagus.
The oesophagus has thick walls consisting of the four layers/tunics common
to the digestive tract: mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscularis, and
serosa/adventitia (outermost).
21. LOCATION OF THE STOMACH
It is the enlarged hollow part of
the digestive tract specialized in
the accumulation of ingested
food, and also acts as food
blender.
It is located between the
oesophagus and the small
intestine.
It is located in the epigastric,
umbilical & left hypochondriac
regions of the abdominal cavity. Gastroenterology deals with the study of
diseases of the stomach and intestines
and their associated organs
22. PARTS OF THE STOMACH
The stomach has four (4) parts:
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
The Pyloric Sphincter guards the opening between the stomach and the
duodenum. When the stomach is inactive, the pyloric sphincter is relaxed and
open, and when the stomach contains food, the sphincter is closed.
The stomach is continuous with the
oesophagus at the Cardiac Sphincter,
and with the Duodenum at the Pyloric
Sphincter.
23. SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine is the part of the
GIT between the stomach and large
intestine.
The small intestine is continuous
with the stomach at the Pyloric
Sphincter and leads into the large
intestine at the ileocaecal valve.
It is about 2.75 – 10.49 m long. For
an average person, it is 3-5m.
It lies in the abdominal cavity
surrounded by the large intestine.
24. PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
There are 3 parts of the Small Intestine:
Duodenum: First, shortest, widest and
most fixed part (0.25m long).
Jejunum: This is the middle section of
the small intestine (about 2.5m long) –
about 2/5th
Ileum: Joins the large intestine at the
Ileocecal Junction
(3- 3.5m long) – about 3/5th
The mesentery, a double layer of peritoneum, supports and attaches the
jejunum and ileum (small intestine) to the posterior abdominal wall.
25. PERITONEUM & MESENTERY
The peritoneum (yellow portion) is the largest
serous membrane of the body. It is a closed sac,
containing a small amount of serous fluid, within
the abdominal cavity.
It provides attachment to organs of the GIT, and
acts as a physical barrier to localize spread of
infection.
It invaginates the stomach, small intestine, liver,
pancreas, kidney, spleen, and other pelvic
organs.
The mesentery associated with the small
Intestine is sometimes called the Mesentery
other parts, e.g. of the colon: transverse mesocolon.
Proper. There are mesenteries of
26. LIVER & GALL BLADDER
The liver is an accessory digestive gland,
and largest internal organ.
It is involved in the:
• Synthesis of glucose from amino acid
• Breaking down of carbohydrates
• Synthesis of cholesterol
• Production of fat, through lipogenesis.
• Production of bile.
The bile produced is stored in the gall bladder, and secreted to the small
intestine during food digestion. The gallbladder is a saclike structure on the
inferior surface of the liver that is about 8 cm long and 4 cm wide.
27. PANCREAS
The pancreas is a pale grey
gland weighing about 60g. It is
about 12–15 cm long and is
situated in the
epigastric and left
hypochondriac regions of the
abdominal cavity.
It consists of a broad head, a
body and a narrow tail.
It secrets pancreatic juice
(exocrine pancreas), and insulin
and glucagon (endocrine
pancreas).
28. LARGE INTESTINE
The Large Intestine meets the Small
Intestine at the ileocaecal valve,
then continues to the anal canal.
It is about 1.5m long and 6.5cm
wide (Small Intestine: 2.5cm).
It consists of the
Cecum (proximal end),
Appendix,
Colon (ascending, descending,
sigmoid, transverse),
Rectum,
Anal canal (distal end)
Fig: Parts of the Large Intestine
29. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM Ingestion,
Mastication,
Propulsion,
Mixing,
Secretion,
Digestion,
Absorption, and
Elimination.
30. ORGAN FUNCTIONS
Mouth
Ingestion, Taste, Mastication, Digestion,
Swallowing, Communication, Protection.
Pharynx Swallowing, Breathing, Protection
Oesophagus Propulsion, Protection.
Stomach
Storage, Digestion, Absorption, Mixing and
Propulsion, Protection.
Small Intestine
Neutralization, Digestion, Absorption, Mixing and
Propulsion, Excretion, Protection.
Large Intestine
Absorption, Storage, Mixing and Propulsion,
Protection, Excretion.
31. REFERENCES
Waugh A, Grant A. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology. 12th Ed.,
New York NY: Elsevier; 2004.
Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P: Anatomy and Physiology. 6th Ed.,
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2004.
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM. Clinical Oriented Anatomy 6th Ed.,
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