Intro to Echinoderms Notes
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The document discusses the phylum Echinodermata, which includes sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and crinoids. Echinoderms are radially symmetric as adults and have a water vascular system instead of a circulatory system. This water vascular system allows them to move, feed, and exchange gases via tube feet that extend from their bodies. The four classes of echinoderms are discussed: Asteroidea (sea stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Crinoidea (crinoids/sea lilies).
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Horseshoe crabs are an ancient species dating back over 200 million years. While there were hundreds of species in the past, only five remain today. They are marine arthropods that use book-shaped gills under their abdomen to absorb oxygen from water. When they come ashore to mate, their eggs provide an important food source, and their blood is collected by pharmaceutical companies due to its unique clotting properties, which are used to treat diseases like hemophilia.
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This document provides information about echinoderms including their anatomy, digestive systems, and types. Echinoderms have spiny skin and radial symmetry. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. Sea stars use their tube feet for movement and suction cups to hold onto surfaces. Sea urchins have spines for protection. Sand dollars feed by filtering with their tube feet. Sea cucumbers grab food with tentacles and can expel their intestines as a defense. All echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization, with larvae developing before metamorphosing into adults.
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Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by spiny skin, internal skeletons, and tube feet. They exhibit five-part radial symmetry and have a water vascular system used for respiration, circulation, and movement. Echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization and have simple nervous systems lacking brains. Common examples are starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, feather stars, and sea lilies, which fill important ecological roles as predators, grazers, and filter feeders.
Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
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The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Echinodermata. It describes that they are marine animals with spiny skin and a water vascular system used for locomotion and feeding. They display pentaradial symmetry as adults but are biradial as larvae. The phylum includes sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers which show morphological diversity but share characteristics like a calcite endoskeleton and collagenous connective tissue.
Economic importance of arthopoda
arthopoda has various uses apart from what i have mentioned in presentation. but this presentation mainly includes economic importance not biological.
a lot of information is available on internet.
i have referred kotpal book of arthopoda for this presentation.
Happy studying :)
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The document discusses various types of invertebrate animals. It describes their characteristics such as lacking backbones, having exoskeletons, tentacles, shells, legs or segments. Some examples provided include sponges, jellyfish, worms, snails, insects and arachnids such as spiders. Invertebrates make up 97% of the animal kingdom and live in a variety of environments on land and in water.
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The document discusses the major groups of invertebrate animals. It describes that invertebrates do not have backbones and includes the largest phyla: arthropods, mollusks, worms, echinoderms, poriferans, cnidarians, and cephalopods. Each phylum is then further defined by key characteristics such as their body structure, habitat, diet, and examples of common types within that group.
Phyla Echinodermata
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with radial symmetry and a water vascular system. There are 6 classes: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, and sea daisies. They have tube feet for movement and respiration, and most are sessile or slow-moving. Reproduction involves releasing gametes into water. Characteristics include radial symmetry in adults and bilateral symmetry in larvae.
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Echinoderms
Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by spiny skin, internal skeletons, and tube feet. They exhibit five-part radial symmetry and have a water vascular system used for respiration, circulation, and movement. Echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization and have simple nervous systems lacking brains. Common examples are starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, feather stars, and sea lilies, which fill important ecological roles as predators, grazers, and filter feeders.
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Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
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The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Echinodermata. It describes that they are marine animals with spiny skin and a water vascular system used for locomotion and feeding. They display pentaradial symmetry as adults but are biradial as larvae. The phylum includes sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers which show morphological diversity but share characteristics like a calcite endoskeleton and collagenous connective tissue.
Economic importance of arthopoda
arthopoda has various uses apart from what i have mentioned in presentation. but this presentation mainly includes economic importance not biological.
a lot of information is available on internet.
i have referred kotpal book of arthopoda for this presentation.
Happy studying :)
28 4 Echinoderms
Echinoderms have an internal endoskeleton for structural support and a water vascular system of internal tubes that carries out functions like feeding, respiration, circulation, and movement. This system opens to the outside through a madreporite, a sievelike structure, and contains tube feet - suction-cuplike structures used for walking and opening shells.
Echinoderms
This document describes different types of echinoderms including starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars. It outlines the key parts of starfish such as their mouth, tube feet, anus, and digestive gland. It also discusses how starfish reproduce both sexually and asexually through fragmentation where a lost arm can regenerate or form a new starfish.
Phylum mollusca
The phylum Mollusca includes soft-bodied animals with shells, including gastropods, bivalves, polyplacophora, and cephalopods. They have bilateral symmetry, triploblastic bodies with three germ layers, and a coelom body cavity. Their basic body plan includes a foot, mantle, visceral mass, and sometimes a shell. They have complete digestive and open or closed circulatory systems. Most reproduce sexually but some can reproduce asexually. They have nerves, ganglia, and eyespots or advanced eyes. They respire and excrete through gills, nephridia, and an anus. Molluscs fill diverse ecological roles
Phylum Echinodermata Clear Concept
- The document describes the key characteristics of echinoderms including their pentamerous radial symmetry, calcareous endoskeleton, and water vascular system.
- Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with bodies that are triploblastic, coelomate, and lack definite heads. Their skin contains spines, tubular tube feet, and other structures.
- They possess a unique water vascular system consisting of stone canals, a ring canal, and radial canals that transport seawater and aid in functions like respiration, locomotion, and osmoregulation.
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This document provides an overview of manganese extraction and metallurgy. It discusses the major manganese mineral pyrolusite and deposits in South Africa, which produces 80% of the world's manganese. Beneficiation processes for manganese ores include hand sorting, jigging, magnetic separation, and hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processes to remove gangue and impurities. Agglomeration through briquetting, sintering or pelletizing improves ores for blast furnace processing to extract manganese metal.
Echinodermata presentation
The document discusses the key characteristics of echinoderms. It describes the five classes of echinoderms - sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, crinoids, and sea cucumbers. It outlines their physical features such as radial symmetry, water vascular system, tube feet, endoskeleton, and ability to regenerate. It also summarizes their sensory structures, reproduction, locomotion, digestion, gas exchange, and other biological systems.
Sediments in the ocean powerpoint
There are several types of sediments found in oceans. Terrigenous sediments are derived from land sources through rivers, glaciers, wind, and coastal erosion. Biogenous sediments are derived from plants and animals, consisting mainly of shells and bones. They form oozes, including calcareous oozes made of calcium carbonate from organisms like foraminifera and coccolithophores, and siliceous oozes made of silicon from diatoms and radiolaria. Hydrogenous sediments form through chemical reactions in the ocean and include manganese nodules, phosphorites, and deposits near hydrothermal vents. Sediment size, sorting, and location affect conditions for organisms.
Echinoderm pavel aleksandra
1) Echinoderms are a phylum of marine animals known as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, etc. They display either radial or bilateral symmetry depending on their life stage.
2) They have a water vascular system and decentralized nervous system. Their skeleton is made of ossicles and they can regenerate lost body parts.
3) Reproduction is usually sexual with external fertilization, but some species practice internal fertilization. They use various defenses against predators like toxins and regenerating lost parts.
Chapter 22 gas exchange [compatibility mode]
This document discusses mechanisms of gas exchange in animals. It covers three main points:
1) Breathing involves exchanging carbon dioxide produced by cells for oxygen from the air through three phases: breathing, gas transport in blood, and exchange with tissues.
2) Animals exchange gases across moist surfaces like skin or specialized structures like gills, tracheal systems, or lungs.
3) In humans, air follows a branching path from nose to bronchi and bronchioles to reach alveoli in lungs where gas exchange occurs through diffusion across thin membranes.
Classification of animals (invertebrates)
i made this ppt, through the help of my previous collage professors. most of the pictures are from sir and maam evangelista, thanks to them!
Gas Hydrate
1) Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that trap gas molecules in ice lattices, containing up to 180 times as much gas by volume as under standard conditions.
2) Global estimates indicate there is over 700,000 Tcf of methane trapped in gas hydrates, twice as much carbon as in all other fossil fuels combined, representing a potential future energy source.
3) Release of methane from destabilized gas hydrates could significantly impact climate change due to methane's high global warming potential, and the breakdown of hydrates may also trigger submarine landslides.
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are animals without backbones that live in ocean environments. They make up at least 97% of all animal species and include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, worms, molluscs like clams and octopuses, and arthropods like crustaceans. Many are filter feeders that eat plankton or detritus and play important ecological roles in ocean ecosystems.
Echinoderms - Asteroidea: phylogeny, anatomy, physiology and ecology
Classroom presentation about a group of echinoderms called Asteroidea (starfish). There's additional material in a pdf file called "Slide notes Echinoderms - Asteroidea". There you'll find the links to the videos mentioned in the presentation.
Kingdom Animalia Biology Lesson PowerPoint, Taxonomy, Animal Phylums
The document provides information about different phyla of animals and their characteristics. It begins with an activity where students visit stations to learn about various phyla, including Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Porifera. For each phylum, students sketch organisms, record information, and note the type of symmetry. The goal is for students to be able to identify any animal to its phylum.
Sٍedimentary manganes and iron ore deposits
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
14. Phylum Echinodermata Notes
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers. They have a water vascular system and tube feet for movement and respiration. Their endoskeleton is covered by skin and spines. Sea stars have five arms from a central disk and feed on bivalves and snails. Sea urchins have movable spines and plates and feed on algae using specialized jaws. Sea cucumbers have tube feet in rows and some can expel their internal organs as a defense mechanism.
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Echinoderms - Asteroidea: phylogeny, anatomy, physiology and ecology
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Kingdom Animalia Biology Lesson PowerPoint, Taxonomy, Animal Phylums
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10 1 all handouts animal diversity 2010 jewett edit
Echinodermata are marine invertebrates with hard spiny coverings and calcite skeletons. They exhibit pentaradial symmetry and move via a water vascular system and tube feet. Echinoderms reproduce sexually via external fertilization and some can regenerate or reproduce asexually. Common classes include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Chapter 30 Power Point[1]
The document summarizes information about chordates, fish, and amphibians. It defines chordates as animals that have a hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches and tail extending beyond the anus. It describes the evolution of jaws and fins in fish and lists the three groups of fish. It defines amphibians as living in water and land and describes their evolution, forms and functions, and the three groups of amphibians.
Animal atlas power point for 6th six weeks
Animals are divided into 33 phyla. The eight major invertebrate phyla are sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms. Arthropods are the largest group, with insects being the most abundant class. Vertebrates make up the phylum Chordata and have backbones, with mammals being the class that includes humans.
Animal atlas power point for 6th six weeks
The document provides information about the kingdom Animalia. It states that animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls. It then discusses key characteristics of animals such as having a nervous system, locomotion related to obtaining food, and most developing from a zygote. The document also covers body plans like symmetry, protection/support through exoskeletons or endoskeletons, and major invertebrate and vertebrate phyla.
Chapter_4_Kingdom_Animalia.pptx
This document provides information on the Kingdom Animalia and its various phyla. It begins with an introduction to key characteristics of animals and criteria for classification. It then describes the following phyla in more detail: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, and its subphyla Vertebrata, Cephalochordata, Urochordata. Within the subphylum Vertebrata, it discusses the characteristics of classes: Pisces, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Re
Phylum Echinodermata
A brief account of the phylum Echinodermata.
By:- Sabahat Batul Khusnuma
Christ University,
Banglore
Animalia
The document discusses the key features of different phyla from Porifera to Mammalia. It provides details on their general characteristics like habitat, body structure, organ system level, symmetry, coelom, circulatory and other systems. Examples are also given for most phyla. The phyla are porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminths, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, vertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Echinoderms
Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by spiny skin, internal skeletons, and tube feet. They exhibit five-part radial symmetry and have a water vascular system for functions like respiration, circulation, and movement. Echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization and have larvae that swim before settling. They lack complex nervous systems but can sense their environments. Common echinoderms include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, feather stars, and sea lilies.
Echinoderms
Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by spiny skin, internal skeletons, and tube feet. They exhibit five-part radial symmetry and have a water vascular system for functions like respiration, circulation, and movement. Echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization and have larvae that swim before settling on the sea floor. Common echinoderms include starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, feather stars, and sea lilies.
SCIENCE INVERTEBRATES ANIMALS TOPIC FOR GRADE SIX PUPILS
This PowerPoint will help the teacher and pupils in Grade 6 to learn about invertebrate animals which is part of their second quarter discussion. It is eye-catching for pupils. It will make teachers work easily and time saver.
Chapter 13- higher animals
Mollusks are soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have one or two shells. They have a mantle that covers their organs and secretes shell material. Mollusks are classified based on their shells and feet into gastropods like snails, bivalves like clams, or cephalopods like squid. Arthropods are the largest animal group with over 1 million species. They have jointed appendages and segmented bodies with an exoskeleton. Examples include insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Echinoderms have a hard endoskeleton and radial symmetry, examples are sea stars and sea urchins.
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This document provides a summary of the classification of major animal phyla based on their key characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses the levels of biological organization and describes the distinguishing features of major phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, chordata, and vertebrata. Key characteristics like symmetry, presence of tissues, body cavities, segmentation, and notochord are used to classify animals into different phyla and subphyla.
Anfibios 2
Amphibians were the first tetrapods to evolve from fish ancestors during the late Devonian period, some 360-370 million years ago. They most likely evolved from either lobe-fin fishes or lungfishes. While in water amphibians faced little challenge with support, on land they needed modifications to support their body weight and allow locomotion. The first land animals had fins modified into legs and strengthened vertebrae. Later, some amphibians evolved the ability to lay eggs on land. Today amphibians live worldwide but mainly in tropical regions, going through an aquatic larval stage before metamorphosing into terrestrial adults.
Orteza edited part 2 animal kingdom 97
This document provides information about different animal phyla and classes. It discusses the characteristics of molluscs like bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. It also describes the classes within the phylum Echinodermata, including sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and feather stars. Additionally, it summarizes the characteristics of arthropods and highlights examples like insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Finally, it outlines the five classes that make up the phylum Chordata: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
The animal kingdom
The animal kingdom is divided into 9 groups called phyla. These include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, arthropods like insects and crustaceans, mollusks like clams and octopuses, echinoderms like starfish, and chordates which include vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Chordates are further divided into 7 classes based on characteristics like presence of a backbone, type of skeleton or reproduction methods.
Animal kingdom
This document provides information on the classification of different animal phyla. It discusses 14 animal phyla - Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Chordata subphyla, and classes within the phylum Chordata including Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. For each group, it provides key distinguishing characteristics and examples of common organisms from that group.
Biol 11 Lesson 5 April 15 - Ch. 29 Echinodermata
The document provides information about the phylum Echinodermata:
- Echinoderms are radially symmetric and marine invertebrates with an endoskeleton and water vascular system. There are five classes: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.
- They have various methods of movement, digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. Many can regenerate lost body parts. Echinoderms play important ecological roles through predation and grazing.
Vertebrate diversity
vertebrates are interesting organisms to study, as there are a lot of things we are ignorant of, yet we do not know how to preserve them.
animal classification
This document provides an overview of the classification of different animal kingdoms, including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, and protochordata. It describes key distinguishing characteristics for each kingdom such as body structure, symmetry, body cavity presence, circulatory system, and provides examples of common organisms from each kingdom.
Animalia
1) Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs and have a nervous system and locomotion abilities to obtain food.
2) Animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - that form the skin/nervous system, digestive tract and muscles/circulatory system, respectively.
3) Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species and include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and arthropods like insects, spiders and crustaceans
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DNA Replication Notes
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands. Each single strand then serves as a template for new DNA synthesis. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA. There are proofreading enzymes that check the newly synthesized DNA for errors and repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations from environmental damage.
DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis Notes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds using the energy from the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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Passive Transport Notes
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Macromolecule Notes
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Biochemistry Notes
Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
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Cells use catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy required. Catalysts work by lowering the energy barrier of a reaction without being used up in the process, allowing reactions to occur faster and with less energy. The most common type of catalyst in living things are enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions and help processes like digestion occur quicker without changing their own structure.
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Intro to Echinoderms Notes
- 1. Phylum: EchinodermataPhylum: Echinodermata The Spiny-skinned AnimalsThe Spiny-skinned Animals
- 2. Phylum: Echinodermata Echino – spiny Derm – skin Spiny-Skinned Animals
- 3. Sea Lily – Tunicate Cove, Belize
- 4. Echinodermata Characteristics Bilateral as larvae and then Radial as adults Triploblastic Complete digestive system Radial nervous system with no brain Water Vascular System (no blood)
- 5. Echinoderms have a unique system called the water vascular system. It allows them to move, eat, and exchange gases with their environment. Ring canal Radial canal Ampulla Tube Feet Madreporite
- 6. Tube feet on sea stars are located on the ventral side of the arms. They can be pulled into slits called ambulacral grooves.
- 7. Tube feet on sea stars are located on the ventral side of the arms. They can be pulled into slits called ambulacral grooves. Water is pumped into the tube feet from the ampullae (see previous slide) to cause the tip of the tube foot to widen into a suction cup.
- 8. Tube feet on sea stars are located on the ventral side of the arms. They can be pulled into slits called ambulacral grooves. Water is pumped into the tube feet from the ampullae (see previous slide) to cause the tip of the tube foot to widen into a suction cup. By moving each tube foot in tiny steps in a synchronized fashion, echinoderms are able to walk on them. The steps are so small that the animal appears to be gliding.
- 9. Four Classes of Echinoderms Class: Asteroidea – sea stars
- 11. Brittle stars have long, stringy arms. They move by walking with their arms. Their tube feet are like cleats to provided added traction.
- 13. Four Classes of Echinoderms Class: Asteroidea – sea stars Class: Echinoidea – sea urchins
- 14. South Water Caye, Belize
- 16. Four Classes of Echinoderms Class: Asteroidea – sea stars Class: Echinoidea – sea urchins Class: Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
- 17. Sea Cucumbers
- 18. Four Classes of Echinoderms Class: Asteroidea – sea stars Class: Echinoidea – sea urchins Class: Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers Class: Crinoidea – crinoids/sea lillies