Subphylum Chelicerata Notes
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The document discusses the subphylum Chelicerata within the phylum Arthropoda. Chelicerates are characterized by having a pair of appendages called chelicerae on each side of their mouth. Major examples of chelicerates include horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, and harvestmen. Chelicerates use their chelicerae and second pair of appendages called pedipalps to capture prey and inject venom. Venom is defined as a mix of proteins used to kill or paralyze prey that must be injected, whereas poisons are ingested.
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Phylum arthropoda
1. Arthropods are a phylum of joint-legged invertebrate animals including insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others.
2. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton and molt to grow.
3. Major groups include insects, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and extinct trilobites.
Class Merostomata Notes
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1. Arthropods are a phylum of joint-legged invertebrate animals including insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others.
2. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton and molt to grow.
3. Major groups include insects, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and extinct trilobites.
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3) Digestion involves a complete digestive tract with specialized mouthparts in different groups. Respiration occurs through trachea, gills, or directly through the body surface.
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Protein Synthesis Notes
Protein synthesis involves DNA being transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA carries amino acids and bonds to mRNA through anticodons, and rRNA makes up ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. The sequence of codons in mRNA determines the specific amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
DNA Replication Notes
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands. Each single strand then serves as a template for new DNA synthesis. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA. There are proofreading enzymes that check the newly synthesized DNA for errors and repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations from environmental damage.
DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Introduction to Cell Division Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
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Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis Notes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds using the energy from the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Active Transport Notes
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP as an energy source. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large substances across cell membranes. Endocytosis ingests external fluids and particles by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Exocytosis moves proteins and other large molecules out of cells. The Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles, which the ER transports to the cell membrane for export outside the cell. These processes help maintain homeostasis by ensuring cells have sufficient macromolecules to function correctly.
Passive Transport Notes
Passive transport involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. There are four main types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and diffusion through ion channels. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low concentration and does not require energy. When a cell is placed in solutions of different concentrations, water will move in or out of the cell by osmosis to reach equilibrium. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction to Transport Notes
Cell membranes allow molecules to pass in and out of cells through passive or active transport in order to maintain homeostasis. Passive transport involves molecules moving down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient by using energy. This allows cells to regulate the movement of substances and control what passes through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
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Introduction to Cell Notes
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Proteries of Water Notes
Water is essential for living things because it makes up most of their bodies. It has unique properties including polarity, hydrogen bonding, and temperature moderation. Polarity gives water polar molecules that allow it to dissolve many substances. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules accounts for its three states as a solid, liquid, or gas and allows water to stick to itself and other surfaces. Its high heat capacity means water absorbs large amounts of energy during temperature changes to maintain homeostasis in organisms.
Macromolecule Notes
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many subunits or monomers linked together. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates which provide energy, proteins which make up cells and catalyze reactions, lipids which store energy efficiently, and nucleic acids which store genetic information. Each macromolecule type has characteristic monomer subunits that polymerize to form larger structures with distinct functions, such as starch, keratin, phospholipids, and DNA/RNA.
Biochemistry Notes
Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
Catalysts Notes
Cells use catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy required. Catalysts work by lowering the energy barrier of a reaction without being used up in the process, allowing reactions to occur faster and with less energy. The most common type of catalyst in living things are enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions and help processes like digestion occur quicker without changing their own structure.
Scientific Method Notes
The document outlines the scientific method process. It begins with forming a hypothesis to explain an observation, such as predicting that adding salt to water will allow a golf ball to float. An experiment is then designed to test the hypothesis, with a control group (golf ball in plain water) and experimental group (golf ball in saltwater). Data is collected from both groups and analyzed to determine if it supports or disproves the original hypothesis. If repeated experiments continue to support the hypothesis, it may eventually become a scientific theory.
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Subphylum Chelicerata Notes
- 2. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Characterized by having a pair of appendages called chelicerae on each side of their mouth. They have no antennae.
- 4. Examples of Chelicerates • Horseshoe Crabs
- 5. Examples of Chelicerates • Horseshoe Crabs • Spiders
- 6. Examples of Chelicerates • Horseshoe Crabs • Spiders • Scorpions
- 7. Examples of Chelicerates • Horseshoe Crabs • Spiders • Scorpions • Ticks and Mites
- 8. Examples of Chelicerates • Horseshoe Crabs • Spiders • Scorpions • Ticks and Mites • Harvestmen
- 9. Examples of Chelicerates • Horseshoe Crabs • Spiders • Scorpions • Ticks and Mites • Harvestmen • Pseudoscorpions
- 10. Chelicerae of a horseshoe crab are chelate.
- 13. Spiders’ chelicerae have fangs used to inject venom into their prey.
- 15. Chelicerates’ second pair of appendages are called pedipalps.
- 16. A horseshoe crab’s pedipalps are chelate and are used to hold food. They look much like their legs.
- 17. Scorpions also have chelate pedipalps. They use them to hold their prey while they envenomate them with their poison sting.
- 18. Spider pedipalps look like their legs. They use them for walking.
- 19. Some male spiders have bulbs at the end of their pedipalps which they use to hold sperm as they shove it into the females reproductive opening.
- 20. Pseudoscorpions’ pedipalps are chelate. They have tiny spurs on them that deliver venom when they close their pedipalps on their prey.
- 21. Since the term venom has come up several times, this is a good time to define it.
- 22. Since the term venom has come up several times, this is a good time to define it. Venom is a mix of proteins animals use to kill or paralyze their prey.
- 23. Since the term venom has come up several times, this is a good time to define it. Venom is a mix of proteins animals use to kill or paralyze their prey. Venom must be injected.
- 24. Since the term venom has come up several times, this is a good time to define it. Venom is a mix of proteins animals use to kill or paralyze their prey. Venom must be injected. Poisons are ingested (swallowed).
- 25. Spider bites leave two small puncture wounds. If the injected venom is particularly potent, the digestive enzymes in it can cause a great deal of tissue damage.
- 28. Ticks and mites also have chelicerae and pedipalps.
- 29. Ticks and mites also have chelicerae and pedipalps. Ticks pose a public health issue. The deer tick is the vector for Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is spread through a tick’s bite.
- 30. Males do not develop a swollen abdomen. They usually feed on plants. Females feed on blood. They engorge with blood to provide nutrients for their eggs.
- 31. Chiggers are mite larvae. They feed by injecting enzymes that digest a tunnel. Then they enter the tunnel and feed on cellular fluids. Some people are extremely allergic. They like places where your clothing is tight to your skin.