animal classification
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This document provides an overview of the classification of different animal kingdoms, including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, and protochordata. It describes key distinguishing characteristics for each kingdom such as body structure, symmetry, body cavity presence, circulatory system, and provides examples of common organisms from each kingdom.
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Plant kingdom
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
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Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
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2. Lichens have several types of structures and reproduce both sexually through structures like apothecia, and asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia.
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Algae are simple aquatic plants that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are classified in the kingdom Protista and are divided into five main groups. Algae can be found in both marine and freshwater environments. They use photosynthesis to produce food and oxygen. Some key points about algae include:
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General Characteristics & Classification of Fungi
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Earthworms are terrestrial invertebrates that inhabit moist soil. They have segmented bodies and ingest soil to digest organic matter. Earthworms reproduce sexually through cross-fertilization. They deposit fertilized eggs in cocoons in the soil, where the eggs hatch into juvenile worms. Earthworms are important for soil quality as their burrowing and digestion of organic matter aerates and enriches the soil, making it more suitable for plant growth.
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FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
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The Characteristics of Fungi
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Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
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Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
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Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
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Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
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Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
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Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
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REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
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Bryophyte are intermediate between thallophyta and pteridophyta. They are known as plant amphibians and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes reproduce via spores and have a life cycle with both a gametophyte and sporophyte phase in alternation of generations. They can be found growing in a wide range of habitats.
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The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics like cellular organization, nutrition, and whether organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Key details about the kingdoms of plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria/monera are provided.
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This document provides an overview of taxonomy and the characteristics of living organisms. It discusses the levels of biological organization from atomic to biosphere levels. Key topics covered include the characteristics of living things, metabolic reactions, diversity in the living world, classification systems, and the various taxonomic categories such as species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom. The document also examines modern taxonomy approaches and the importance and scope of taxonomy.
Ppt of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved molecules through enzymes secreted into their environment. Fungi play important roles in decomposition, industrial processes like brewing, and producing medications. They can also cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
Diversity in Living Organism
The document provides a detailed overview of the classification of living organisms across five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is further divided into smaller sub-groups at various levels from phylum down to species. Key points include that Monera contains prokaryotes, Protista and Fungi contain eukaryotes, and Plantae and Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotes. The document also describes the five-kingdom system of classification and provides examples of representative groups within each kingdom.
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Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
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The document discusses the Kingdom Monera, which consists mainly of eubacteria and cyanobacteria. Eubacteria are heterotrophic organisms that are named according to their shape, including coccus (round), spirillum (spiral), and bacillus (rod-shaped). Cyanobacteria are autotrophic organisms commonly found in aquatic and terrestrial environments; they can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms, and some can fix nitrogen through specialized cells called heterocysts.
Oedogonium LifeCycle /vegetative cell/Asexual and sexual reproduction.
Oedogonium belongs to chlorophyta. Fresh water alga .We can easily identify with the help of cap cells. The plant body is haploid and the life cycle is also haplontic type.
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Evolution and Economic Importance of Bacillariophyta
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Oedogonium LifeCycle /vegetative cell/Asexual and sexual reproduction.
Oedogonium LifeCycle /vegetative cell/Asexual and sexual reproduction.
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Plants can be classified into several groups based on their structure and physiology. There are two major groups: non-vascular plants which lack vascular tissues for transporting water and nutrients, and vascular plants which have vascular bundles. Vascular plants are further divided into seed-bearing plants and spore-bearing plants. Seed-bearing plants include gymnosperms which produce naked seeds, and angiosperms which have seeds enclosed in ovaries. Angiosperms are divided into dicots and monocots. Plants can also be classified based on their life cycle as annuals, biennials, or perennials.
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The document summarizes key characteristics and structures of several mollusk and arthropod classes, including bivalves (Mercenaria), cephalopods (Loligo), gastropods, polyplacophorans, chitons, horseshoe crabs (Limulus), crustaceans (Cambarus), centipedes, millipedes, and insects (Lubber grasshopper). It provides detailed descriptions of anatomical features such as shells, mantles, siphons, hearts, digestive organs, reproductive structures, eyes, limbs and more.
Planarian[1]
Planarian (Flat Worm)
- Planarians are small freshwater flatworms that range from 3-12mm in size and have two eyespots that allow them to move away from light. They have three tissue layers and are carnivorous, feeding on other organisms and dead matter.
- Planarians can reproduce asexually through budding or fission, or sexually by exchanging sperm. They are found beneath rocks and debris in freshwater environments around the world.
IS2 Classification PPT
This document provides an overview of biological classification, describing the hierarchical system from kingdom down to species. It summarizes the key characteristics of major kingdoms including Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Animalia. Within Animalia, it outlines several phyla such as Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. It also discusses key characteristics of plants, including bryophytes, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
Phylum Chordata
The document discusses the characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It notes that all chordates possess a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and gill slits at some point in their development. It describes two subphyla: Cephalochordata, which includes Amphioxus/lancelets, and Urochordata, which includes Tunicates/sea squirts. Tunicates are filter feeders that have a notochord and nerve cord as larvae but lose these traits as adults, while Amphioxus retains its notochord throughout life but never develops a backbone.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
1. Flatworms are acoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical organisms classified in the phylum Platyhelminthes.
2. Class Turbellaria contains free-living flatworms like the planarian Dugesia, which have a simple nervous system with anterior ganglia and ventral nerve cords, a complete digestive system with a mouth and blind gut, and a protonephridial excretory system.
3. Turbellarians reproduce both asexually through fission and sexually as simultaneous hermaphrodites, exchanging sperm through direct internal fertilization.
SNAKE BITE MANAGEMENT
Snake bite is one of the major public health problems in the tropics. It is also emerging as an occupational disease of agricultural workers. In view of their strong beliefs and many associated myths, people resort to magico –religious treatment for snake bite thus, causing delay in seeking proper treatment.
Snake bites is a particularly important public health problem in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries situated in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.
Plant Kingdom
Plants are divided into two main categories: vascular and non-vascular plants. Vascular plants are further divided into seedless plants like ferns and seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce seeds in cones, while angiosperms produce seeds within fruits. Non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts have no vascular tissue and reproduce via spores. They alternate between generations that are genetically identical.
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[1] It describes the characteristics of algae, including their sizes, shapes, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction. [2] Bryophytes are described as the first land plants and having a thalloid plant body without roots or leaves. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes and sporophytes. [3] Pteridophytes are vascular plants that exhibit alternation of generations between free-living gametophytes and sporophytes.
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This document summarizes the classification of animals from the cellular level to the organ system level. It describes 11 animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Within Chordata, it outlines the classes of Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each phylum and class.
Diversity in living organisms
This document discusses the classification and diversity of living organisms. It describes the major kingdoms including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia and their characteristic features. Within the kingdoms, it outlines the different phyla and how organisms are classified based on their body structure, tissues, organs and other distinguishing traits. The document provides examples of organisms that fall within different kingdoms and phyla in the hierarchical system of biological classification.
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This document provides information on the classification of animals, describing their levels of organization, symmetry, embryonic layers, body cavities, and other characteristics used to group them into taxa. It discusses sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates. Within chordates, it describes lampreys and hagfish, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, and several classes of vertebrates. The classification system presented moves from simpler to more complex organisms and discusses key distinguishing features of each group.
diversity in living organisms
This document provides an overview of the classification of animals in the animal kingdom. It discusses the major taxonomic groups from the lowest level of Porifera to the highest level of mammals. Key points include:
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system used for living organisms. It discusses the five kingdom system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and describes some key characteristics of each kingdom. Within the kingdoms, there are further classifications into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The classification system aims to systematically organize all of Earth's life in a way that solves naming confusions and groups organisms with similar traits. Scientific names are written in Latin and follow specific formatting rules to uniquely identify each species.
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This document provides information about different types of invertebrate animals, including arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, sponges, cnidarians, and others. It describes their key characteristics such as body structure, circulatory and nervous systems, habitats, and behaviors. For example, arthropods have jointed exoskeletons and appendages and include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. The document aims to distinguish the characteristics of different invertebrate groups for further study of their relationships with human actions.
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animal classification
- 1. Science:Diversity in living organisms Animal classification
- 2. Flow chart for classification of animals
- 3. Porifera • Porifera means the organisms with holes.They are non-motile and attached with some solid support.These holes lead to canal system that help in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.They are commonly called sponges and are mainly found in marine habitats.examplespongilla,sycon etc.
- 4. Cnideria • These are the animals which live in water.they show body differntiation.There is cavity in the body.The body is made up of two layers of cell: one makes up the cell on the outside body and the other makes the inner linning of the body.example-hydra,jelly fish.
- 5. Platehelminthes • The body is bilaterally symmetrical,triploblastic and doesnot have a true coelomic cavity.The body is flattened dorsoventrally,meaning from top to bottom, which is why these animals are called flatworms.They are either paprsitic or free living organisms.example-planarians,liverfluke etc.
- 6. Nematoda • The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.the body is cylindrical.They have no true cavity.They are familiar with parasitic worms and cause diseases like elephantiasis or the the worms in the intestines.some examples are:-ascaris,wuchereria.
- 7. Annelida • These animals are bilatrally symmetrical,triploblastic and have a true body cavity.This differntiation occurs in segmented fashion,with the segments lined up one after the other from head to tail.These animals are found in a large varity of habitats-fresh water,marine water as well as land.Exampleleeches,earthworm.
- 8. ARTHROPODA • This is probably the largest group in animals.these are bilaterally symmetrical,segmented.There is an open circulatory system system and blood does not flow through defined blood vessels.They have jointed legs.example-spiders,butterfly.
- 9. Mollusca • In the animals of this group,there is bilateral symmetry.The coelomic cavity is reduced. There is a little segmentation.They have an open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excreation.There is a foot that is used for moving around.example-octopus,unio.
- 10. Protochordata • These are the animals having bilateral symmetry and have a coelom.In addiction they have a notochord at least at some stages during their lives.The notochord is a long rod-like support structure that runs along the back of the animal seprating the nervous tissue from the gut.exampleHerdmania,amphioxus.
- 11. All types of vertebrata