There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms: crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago). Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars. Habitat Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas. Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999) Habitat Regions • temperate • tropical • polar • saltwater or marine Aquatic Biomes • brackish water Other Habitat Features • intertidal or littoral GeoGraphy and eco-system Geographic Range Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003) BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS • arctic ocean • indian ocean • atlantic ocean • pacific ocean • mediterranean sea Eco-system Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms. Work cited: Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286. Ecosystem Roles Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003) Ecosystem Impact: keystone species

1. echinos = spiny derma = skin ata = to bear
Phylum Echinodermata:

2. General Characteristics:
1. Calcareous endoskeleton, often bearing
visable spines.
2. Adults with pentaradial symmetry,
frequently with central disc and 5 (or more)
radiating arms or rays.
3. Water-vascular system used in locomotion,
attachment, &/or feeding.

3. Special Note:
• The larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical. This
symmetry is lost during transition to adulthood.
• Why transition from bilateral symmetry in larvae
to radial symmetry in adults? Unlike a bilateral
symmetrical adult, an echinoderm can greet its
environment from all sides and respond to it.

4. Pentaradial symmetry:
- a form of radial symmetry: parts arranged in fives,
or multiples of fives, around an oral-aboral axis
(top and bottom of a dinner plate)
- Since the larval stages are bilaterally symmetrical,
they are believed to evolved from bilateral
ancestors.

5. Why 5 arms instead of 6?
• The 5 part organization may be advantageous
because joints between skeletal ossicles (joints)
are never directly opposite one another, as they
would be with an even number of parts.
• Having joints on opposite sides of the body in line
with each other could make the skeleton weaker.

6. Additions to our directional
terminology:
• Aboral: upper surface (think of the part of
the dinner plate you eat from)
• Oral: lower surface (think of the part of the
dinner plate on the table)

7. Habitat:
• - marine environments
- bottom of deep seas
-bottom of coastal
shores
Niche:
• - relatively slow moving
• - feeding
– *some species feed on
animal remains on the
ocean floor
– *some filter plankton
through their mouth pore
– *some scrape food off
rocks
– *others are predaceous on
mollusks, arthropods

8. Classes of Echinodermata:
Class Stelleroidea
examples: sea stars (starfish), brittle stars
sea stars:
• - general characteristics:
• 1. most common echinoderm;
central disc and 5 arms (or rays)
radiating from disc
• 2. may be various colors of
red, purple, green, blue and
yellow
• 3. range in size from about 2
cm to nearly a meter
• - found on pier pilings and
rocks in tide pools along coasts

9. Classes of Echinodermata:
Class Stelleroidea
examples: sea stars (starfish), brittle stars
brittle stars:
• - general characteristics:
• 1. a distinct disc set apart from
the arms
• 2. slender, articulating arms
• 3. rapid, serpentine (snakelike)
movements
• - found on the seashore,
burrowed in sand or
• deep sea sediments or under
rocks and kelp

10. Class Echinoidea
examples: sand dollars, sea urchins
sand dollars
• - general characteristics
• 1. range in size from 1-15 cm
• 2. flattened skeleton (test)
covered with a dense thicket of
tiny spines
• 3. aboral surface exhibits
flower petal-shaped grooves
(petaloids) that correspond to
the arms of sea stars and brittle
stars
• 4. tube feet in the petaloids are
used in locomotion

11. Class Echinoidea
examples: sand dollars, sea urchins
sea urchins
• - general
characteristics
• 1. rounded body shape
• 2. long spines on exterior
• 3. the areas
corresponding to the rays
of the sea stars are fused

12. Class Holothruoidea
examples: sea cucumbers, feather stars
sea cucumbers
• - general characteristics
• 1. long, cucumberlike body
lacking a solid, calcareous
skeleton
• 2. oral end has a ring of
retractile tentacles that
represent highly modified tube
feet
• - found on the sea bottom,
often partially
• submerged in mud or sand, or
among intertidal
• rocks

13. Class Holothruoidea
examples: sea cucumbers, feather stars
feather stars
• - general
characteristics
• 1. most primitive of the
living echinoderms
• 2. from a small cup or
calyx, protrudes five
flexable arms (rays) with
branches (pinnules) very
much like pine needles

14. Digestive System:
• -have an anus, but it is
almost nonfunctional;
undigested food is
expelled back through
the mouth
• -respond to light,
chemicals, and various
mechanical stimuli

15. Reproduction:
• dioecious – the two sexes are
indistinguishable externally
• gamete release by one individual is
accomplished by the release of spawning
pheromones, which induce other sea stars in
the area to spawn, increasing the likelihood
of fertilization

16. Nervous System:
• o nerve ring that
encircles the mouth
• o radial nerves that
extend into each arm
(these coordinate the
functions of the tube feet)
• other nervous elements are
in the form of a nerve net
associated with the body
wall