This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
The inverter is a static device. It can convert one form of electrical power into other forms of electrical power. But it cannot generate electrical power. Hence the inverter is a converter, not a generator.
This ppt gives the basic idea about multilevel inverter.this ppt includes
1.Introduction
2.Advantages of multilevel inverters
3.Types of multilevel inverters
4.Working of multilevel inverters
5.Applications.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
The inverter is a static device. It can convert one form of electrical power into other forms of electrical power. But it cannot generate electrical power. Hence the inverter is a converter, not a generator.
This ppt gives the basic idea about multilevel inverter.this ppt includes
1.Introduction
2.Advantages of multilevel inverters
3.Types of multilevel inverters
4.Working of multilevel inverters
5.Applications.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
DSTATCOM IS USED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY LIKE PF CORRECTION,VOLTAGE SAG OR SWELL,HARMONICS ELEMINATION,ETC.VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGY COMPARISION FOR DSTATCOM.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DSTATCOM.APPLICATION OF STASTCOM IN INDIA.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
Implementation of Cascaded H-bridge MULTI-LEVEL INVERTEREditor IJMTER
The classical two level inverter produce output with levels either Vdc or -Vdc. The output
voltage waveform of ideal inverter should be sinusoidal but the waveform of conventional inverters
is non-sinusoidal and contains certain harmonics. Large capacitor is normally connected across the
DC voltage source and such a capacitor is costly and demands space. In order to overcome these
drawbacks Multi level inverters are introduced. The great advantage of this kind of inverter is the
minimum harmonic distortion obtained. Power electronics is the applications of power
semiconductor devices for the control and conversion of electric power such that these devices
operate as switches. An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC voltage to AC voltage; the
resulting AC can be at any required frequency. Multi-level inverters are nothing but the modification
of basic bridge inverters [1]. The multilevel inverter collectively converts the several levels of dc
voltage to a desired ac voltage. The unique structure of multilevel inverters allows them to reach
nearer to sinusoidal i.e., with low harmonics. In this project the work is done on five & nine level
multilevel inverter but the multilevel can be done up to any level and how many levels we increase
that much precise sinusoidal supply we can get i.e., we can reduce that many harmonics from the
supply. Simulation work is done using the MATLAB software
types of transformers,seminar on transformers,
What is Transformer,
Working principle,
Types of transformers,
Ideal and practical transformer,
Applications of transformers.
wireless sensor networks using zigbee and wifisunil raj kumar
the ppt presents a brief view of how we can transmit zigbee collected data to wifi transceiver and flow chart ,block diagram gives you a clear idea of how data are transmitting
DSTATCOM IS USED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY LIKE PF CORRECTION,VOLTAGE SAG OR SWELL,HARMONICS ELEMINATION,ETC.VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGY COMPARISION FOR DSTATCOM.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DSTATCOM.APPLICATION OF STASTCOM IN INDIA.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
Implementation of Cascaded H-bridge MULTI-LEVEL INVERTEREditor IJMTER
The classical two level inverter produce output with levels either Vdc or -Vdc. The output
voltage waveform of ideal inverter should be sinusoidal but the waveform of conventional inverters
is non-sinusoidal and contains certain harmonics. Large capacitor is normally connected across the
DC voltage source and such a capacitor is costly and demands space. In order to overcome these
drawbacks Multi level inverters are introduced. The great advantage of this kind of inverter is the
minimum harmonic distortion obtained. Power electronics is the applications of power
semiconductor devices for the control and conversion of electric power such that these devices
operate as switches. An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC voltage to AC voltage; the
resulting AC can be at any required frequency. Multi-level inverters are nothing but the modification
of basic bridge inverters [1]. The multilevel inverter collectively converts the several levels of dc
voltage to a desired ac voltage. The unique structure of multilevel inverters allows them to reach
nearer to sinusoidal i.e., with low harmonics. In this project the work is done on five & nine level
multilevel inverter but the multilevel can be done up to any level and how many levels we increase
that much precise sinusoidal supply we can get i.e., we can reduce that many harmonics from the
supply. Simulation work is done using the MATLAB software
types of transformers,seminar on transformers,
What is Transformer,
Working principle,
Types of transformers,
Ideal and practical transformer,
Applications of transformers.
wireless sensor networks using zigbee and wifisunil raj kumar
the ppt presents a brief view of how we can transmit zigbee collected data to wifi transceiver and flow chart ,block diagram gives you a clear idea of how data are transmitting
Electrical Power System Management becomes an important aspect when it comes to Deregulated market comprising of Generation, Transmission and Distribution. It gives basic understanding of the principles of Power System operation like Voltage Control, etc.
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @...ARC Advisory Group
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Intelligent motor control & drives once provided a safe, flexible & centralized means to control & protect motors
•Today, these devices have evolved to ‘smart’ energy managers that bring advances ranging from complex drive systems to basic control of fan or pump motors
•In high demand where uptime & equipment reliability are critical, in applications where even a short period of downtime can prove extremely costly & damaging
•These devices perform critical protective & troubleshooting functions & detailed diagnostics to help improve productivity & minimize downtime
WSN protocol 802.15.4 together with cc2420 seminars Salah Amean
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Note that some slides are borrowed.
Design and simulation of Arduino Nano controlled DC-DC converters for low and...IJECEIAES
This paper mainly focuses on the controller of portable direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter which may be simple, low cost and efficient. Nowadays, proportional integral (PI) controller and opto-isolator based circuits are used for switching control. The switching control through the controller makes the DC-DC converter into larger circuit and less efficient. This problem will be rectified using the Arduino Nano controller which is small and low cost-effective controller. It is useful for low and medium power applications like residential solar power system, electronic gadgets, and academic laboratories. Arduino Nano-based DC chopper has been developed, and the Proteus software used for simulation. The different topologies of DC choppers like buck, boost, and buck-boost converter have been designed with mathematical calculations and simulated.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Wireless monitoring and control for smart grid and home appliancesUmayal Saravana Selvan
Secure and efficient communication between human being and managed devices are critical for smart grid and smart home. The power monitoring and controlling is playing a significant role in this project. In this project we proposes a new idea. The power consumption and their tariff amount will be automatically shown in the LCD display. This information will be automatically received to electricity board by using the Zigbee modem. From home we will pay the amount by using smart card system. If the amount is not paid within
the dead time the proposed system will automatically trip power supply from the EB station itself. When the amount is paid electricity board will enable the power supply again automatically.
Managementof Loads Using Maximum Demand Meter For Commercial Sector At Peak D...IJERA Editor
Industrial revolution in India since last 25 years has resulted in paradigm shift of residential population from
rural to urban. Thus urbanization and industrialization have resulted in unprecedented increase in electricity
demand. A direct consequence of this increased demand is the immense pressure that is build up on national
electricity grid due to excessive load. This effect is more pronounced especially during peak demand periods. It
becomes mandatory to reduce this pressure on grid in order to have reliable and continuous supply. One
solution to this problem would be the construction of additional power generating facilities, but this solution is
not economic as the installation is very costly as well as more power generating facilities will be threat to the
environment. This solution thus has to be eliminated. A more feasible solution to this problem would be an
instrument like maximum demand controller which can monitor the heavy load demand during peak hours. This
paper proposes a controller which is easy in construction and various tests carried out on it resulted in many
advantages like reduced electricity bill on recurring basis, improved load factor, and economy to the industrial
user. The users of M.D controller can recover its cost through resulted savings in recurring electricity bill.
Design Smart Energy Meter to Prevention of Power Theft and Automatic Billingijtsrd
In developing countries like India, power theft is one of the most prevalent issues which not only cause economic losses but also an irregular supply of electricity. An Electricity meter or Energy Meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence, business or an electrical power device. A Smart Energy Meter to control under voltage or overvoltage and it’s prevented power theft in line. The lower range of under voltage is 180 V and the higher range of overvoltage is 280 V and output should be constant between 220 V-240 V is constant continuously. If any consumer meter get bypass or tapping illegally that time connected all the equipment should be damaged with the help of changing the transformer tapping in substation that time the voltage should be more high as a rated supply voltage. The transformer changes the tapping time is not fixed in our days it depends on our supply authority. The energy consumed by the consumer and they paid equivalent amount will be shown on the LED 16 2 display continuously the consumer not paid a monthly bill then after 10 days of month the supply will be disconnect automatically and by consumer paid bill then the informed with the help of supply authority’s server. Prof. C. J. Sharma | Akash B. Khatik | Apekshit A. Ramteke | Aniket S. Askar "Design Smart Energy Meter to Prevention of Power Theft and Automatic Billing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49761/design-smart-energy-meter-to-prevention-of-power-theft-and-automatic-billing/prof-c-j-sharma
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Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Infrastructure
1. DHAANISH AHMED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INTELLIGENT ELECTRIC POWER MANAGEMENT USING ZIGBEE WITH
ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE
(EMBEDDED)
PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
S.AKBAR BADUSHA Mr.IRSHAD AHAMED M.Tech.,Ph.D
A.MOHAMED SARJUN ASST.PROFESSOR,
Z.IHSANULLAH DEPARTMENT OF ECE
M.MOHAMED IBRAHIM
2.
3. CAUSES
We have chosen this to do our final year project inorder to avoid
power theft, power cut and also to provide easy service to the
customers.
In Tamil Nadu, we have faced 4hours of power cut daily,due to the
shortage of power supply. Due to this power cut many small scale
industries has faced a heavy loss in their production and also people
living in the homes has suffered more.
Also many people has faced the low voltage problem during night
times due to the usage of heavy loads such AC, Refrigerator and so
on.
In many homes the electric energy meter is placed at the location
where it is not easily accessible. So the consumer cant unable to
monitor the daily energy usage .
Inorder to overcome this issues, we tends to do this project to help
the people and also to the government.
4. ABSTRACT
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason
for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem
through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the
power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to
only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will
be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever
generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched
off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE
command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular
load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the
equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other
methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be
detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically
updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the
user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
5. LITERATURE SURVEY
Z. Xiao, Y. Xiao, and D. H.-C.
Du, “NON-REPUDIATION IN
NEIGHBORHOOD AREA
NETWORKS FOR SMART
GRID,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 18–26, 2013.
Lack of non-repudiation is a
major barrier to building a
trustworthy smart grid. On current
power systems, bills are generated
based on the amount of service
consumed by residential or
commercial users. However, meter
readings may not be trustworthy
due to malicious behavior (e.g.,
energy theft) or external attacks.
The root cause is that power
providers have no means to obtain
the reading value other than
receiving it from the others. To
resolve this issue, we present a
mutual inspection strategy, which
enables no repudiation on meter
readings for smart grid. The goal of
our scheme is to discover
problematic meters that report
inaccurate reading values.
6. G. Hart, “NONINTRUSIVE
APPLIANCE LOAD
MONITORING,” Proc. IEEE,
vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 1870–1891,
1992.
A nonintrusive appliance load
monitor that determines the energy
consumption of individual
appliances turning on and off in an
electric load, based on detailed
analysis of the current and voltage
of the total load, as measured at the
interface to the power source is
described. The theory and current
practice of nonintrusive appliance
load monitoring are discussed,
including goals, applications, load
models, appliance signatures,
algorithms, prototype field-test
results, current research directions,
and the advantages and
disadvantages of this approach
relative to intrusive monitoring.
7. EXISTING SYSTEM
Meter reading taken manually
Consumer can know the unit consumed by seeing through their EB
card
Huge Manpower needed
Power shutdown to save power
Low voltage due to power theft
No protection for their electric meters
8. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The amount of unit consumed is displayed to the customer along
with the amount
Power theft, Restricted entry can be intimated through alarm for
the meter protection
If any load consumes more power,based on priority the supply to
the load is automatically switched off
After two months the readings/units consumed will be
automatically resetted
The load can be controlled through an interrupt given from the
admin section via Zigbee
9. ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Normal work happen at any time and external conditions
Less Manpower needed
High accurate meter reading
Customer service well
Power management
Meter Protection
Power cut can be achieved wirelessly
Units consumed by the user is sent to the admin section wirelessly
via Zigbee
14. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is used for the measurement of
alternating electric currents.
Current transformers, together with voltage (or potential)
transformers (VT or PT), are known as instrument transformers.
When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be
conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments.
(i) Schematic diagram (ii) Basic Operation of CT
15. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
The Voltage Transformer is also known as Potential
Transformer(PT).Voltage Transformers are devices used in electrical
circuits to change the voltage of electricity flowing in the circuit.
A transformer basically is very simple static (or stationary) electro-
magnetic passive electrical device that works on the principle of
Faraday’s law of induction by converting electrical energy from one
value to another.
The Transformers can be used either to increase the voltage (called
"stepping up") or decrease the voltage ("step down").
16. POWER SUPPLY
The AC voltage, typically 220V, is connected to a transformer,
which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired DC
output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage
that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage
variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc
value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the
output dc voltage changes.
18. BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a
bridge circuit configuration which provides the same output polarity
for either input polarity.
It is used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into a
direct current (DC) output.
A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire
AC input, therefore resulting in lower weight and cost when
compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a
center-tapped secondary winding.
19. (a) Symbol (b) Conversion of AC
to DC
(C) Bridge Rectifier
20. VOLTAGE REGULATOR
IC 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit.
It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator IC’s
The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the
output voltage at a constant value.
The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to
provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output
current.
22. MICROCONTROLLER(PIC 16F877A )
PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers
made by Microchip Technology, originally developed by General
Instrument's Microelectronics Division.
The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller"
now it is "PIC" only.
PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike
due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive
collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free
development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming
with flash memory) capability.
23. FEATURES
8kB of flash program memory
368bytes of Data memory
256-EEPROM data memory
15 Interrupts
In-circuit programming
3 internal hardware timers
Capture/Compare/PWM modules
Up to 8 channels of 10-Bit A/D
Built-in USART for serial communication
5 digital I/O ports (Up to 22 lines)
PIC 16F877A has FIVE I/O Ports
A total of 33 pins are used for I/O operations.
25. ZIGBEE
Technological standard created for control and sensor networks
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
Wireless personal area networks(WPANs)
High level communication
Frequency band up to 2.4GHz
Zigbee CC 2500
26. ZIGBEE CHARACTERISTICS
Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
Support for Low Latency Devices
CSMA-CA Channel Access
Low Power Usage consumption
3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels
Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
Supports large number of nodes
Very long battery life
Covers upto a range of 10 to 100 meters
27. LCD DISPLAY
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module
and find a wide range of applications.
A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits.
These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
28. RS232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
RS-232 is a Recommended Standard communication protocol for
linking computer and its peripheral devices to allow serial data
exchange.
In simple terms RS232 defines the voltage for the path used for data
exchange between the devices. It specifies common voltage and
signal level, common pin wire configuration and minimum, amount
of control signals.
A single integrated circuit called as UART known as universal
asynchronous receiver/transmitter is used in conjunction with
RS232.
30. UART
UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
In RS 232 we implement serial port with UART
Actually UART receives/sends data to
microprocessor/microcontroller through data bus. The remaining
part of signal handling of RS-232 is done by UART i.e. start bit,
stop bit, parity etc.
A UART is used when high speed and an inexpensive
communication link between two devices is required.
31. MAX 232
The MAX232 is an IC, that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic
circuits.
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the
RX, TX.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V)
from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external
capacitors.
32. RELAY DRIVERS ADVANTAGES
A relay is an electrically operated
switch. Current flowing through the
coil of the relay creates a magnetic
field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts.
The relay's switch connections are
usually labelled as COM, NC and
NO:
– COM = Common, always
connect to this, it is the moving
part of the switch.
– NC = Normally Closed, COM is
connected to this when the relay
coil is off.
– NO = Normally Open, COM is
connected to this when the relay
coil is on
(1)Relays can switch AC and DC,
transistors can only switch DC.
(2)Relays can switch higher
voltages than standard transistors.
(3)Relays are often a better choice for
switching large currents (> 5A).
(4)Relays can switch many
contacts at once.
33. IR SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an
electronic instrument which is
used to sense certain
characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting
and/or detecting infrared
radiation.
Infrared sensors are also
capable of measuring the heat
being emitted by an object and
detecting motion.
In our project,the IR sensor is
used to detect the unknown
persons entry inside the smart
meter room.
34. LOADS
An electrical load is an electrical component or portion of a circuit that
consumes electric power
Load can be classified as :
• Resistive Load
• Capacitive Load
• Inductive Load
(i) RESISTIVE LOAD
It includes loads such as incandescent lighting and electrical
heaters.
(ii) INDUCTIVE LOAD
It includes loads such as motors, transformers , wound control gear
and air conditioners
(iii) CAPACITIVE LOAD
It includes loads such as ceiling fan, table fan etc
36. MPLAB IDE FEATURES
MPLAB® X IDE is a software
program that runs on a PC
(Windows®, Mac OS®, Linux®) to
develop applications for Microchip
microcontrollers and digital signal
controllers.
It is called an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE),
because it provides a single
integrated "environment" to develop
code for embedded microcontrollers.
(1)Supports Multiple Configurations
(2)Supports Multiple Versions of the
same compiler
(3)Support for multiple Debug Tools
(4)MPLAB® X IDE can Track
Changes within your own system
using local history
(5)Within MPLAB® X IDE, a user
can configure their own Code
Format Style
37. PROTEUS
Proteus is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit
simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to co-
simulate the complete microcontroller based designs.
This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their microcontroller
designs before constructing a physical prototype in real time.
This program allows users to interact with the design using on-screen
indicators and LED and LCD displays and, if attached to the PC,
switches and buttons.
Proteus comes with extensive debugging features, single stepping and
variable display for a neat design prior to hardware prototyping.
Proteus is the program to use when you want to simulate the interaction
between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or
digital electronic device connected to it.
38. EMBEDDED C
Whenever the conventional ‘C’ language and its extensions are used for
programming embedded systems, it is referred to as “Embedded C”
programming.
The embedded C is an extension of the conventional C. i.e Embedded C
has all the features of normal C, but has some extra added features which
are not available in C.
The embedded C program needs a cross compiler to compile & generate
HEX code.
Cross compilers are software tools used in cross platform development
applications.
Embedded C is a Controller or target specific.
Embedded C allows direct communication with memory.
39. NS2(NETWORK SIMULATOR)
Network Simulator is a package
of tools that simulates behavior
of networks
Create Network Topologies
Log events that happen
under any load
Analyze events to
understand the network
behavior
Object-oriented, discrete event-
driven network simulator
Written in C++ and OTcl
40. K150 PIC PROGRAMMER
K150 is the latest of a low-cost
high-performance PIC programmer
It supports most popular PIC chip
burning Write, read, encryption and
other functions
It use a high-speed USB
communication and ultra-fast
programming
The programming quality is stable
and reliable.
Fully automatic programming
verification
The supported operating systems
are Windows98 and
Windows2000/NT, Windows XP.
41. HERCULES
Hercules is a computer emulator allowing software written for IBM
mainframe computers (System/370, System/390,
and zSeries/System z)
Hercules is significant in enabling private individuals to run
mainframe computer software on their own personal computers.
Hercules runs under multiple parent operating
systems including Linux, MS Windows, FreeBSD, Oracle Solaris,
and Apple Mac OS X and is released under the open source
software license QPL
The emulator is written almost entirely in C Language
Hercules provides GUI(Graphical User Interface)
43. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
We can also interface gsm to intimate the customer about the date of
payment of the e-bill.
We can use ARM instead of PIC to make the kit compact and
efficient and to to interface more applications.
By providing CT to all the load we can able to monitor the energy
usage of each load separately.
We can use NFC technology to get the data from the meters to the
NFC enabled devices.
44. CONCLUSION
In this project, we used Zigbee for wireless transmission and
reception of data between consumer section and admin section
For the consumer benefits we proposed, the amount for the unit
consumed by them will be displaced and after particular period it
will be resetted
Power theft, Power cut, Low voltage issues can be reduced through
Power management system
We used Embedded C program to implent our idea in Hardware
The concept of this project will be useful to our government and
also to people,through this our nation will get equal distribution of
supply even in a power crisis time.
45. REFERENCE
1) K.Hasegawa and H. Akagi, “A newdc-voltage-balancing circuit including
a single coupled inductor for a five-level diode-clamped PWM inverter,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 841–852, Mar./Apr. 2011.
2) L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, “Multilevel PWM methods
at low modulation indices,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 4,
pp. 719–725, Jul. 2000.
3) H. Fujita, S. Tominaga, and H. Akagi, “Analysis and design of a dc
voltage controlled static var compensator using quad-series voltage-
source inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 970–977,
Jul./Aug. 1996.
4) F. Z. Peng, J.-S. Lai, J. McKeever, and J. VanCoevering, “A multilevel
voltage-source converter system with balanced DC voltages,” in Proc.
Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 1995, pp. 1144–1150.