Electrical Power System Management becomes an important aspect when it comes to Deregulated market comprising of Generation, Transmission and Distribution. It gives basic understanding of the principles of Power System operation like Voltage Control, etc.

1. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
By:-Akshay Arvind Awadhani,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
SGGSIE&T, Nanded 431 606.

2. What is Power System Management?

3. Indian Power System
• Capacity:- 288 GW.
• Faced severe blackouts in July 2012.
• Was previously divided into five regions viz. N,E,W,S and NE but now
is a single integrated system.
• Deregulation of the industry took place (i.e) Split into three sectors
viz. Generation, Transmission and Distribution.
• System is now no more radial.

4. Reactive Power is an important concern in
Modern Power industry…..
• Domestic consumers pay for kWh and not for kVAR.
• Presence of IPPs leads to lot of competition in the market for the
quest of collection of revenue.

5. Voltage Control & Frequency Control
• Voltage can be controlled locally but not Frequency.
• Frequency depends on Active power fed by Generators and state of
loading of the system.
• Voltage depends on Power Factor(Reactive power availability)and can
be controlled locally.

6. Methods for Voltage Control
• Excitation of Generators.
• Shunt Capacitors at load centers for Power Factor compensation.
• Series Capacitors in Transmission Lines, however, series compensation
should be maximum upto 70% only to avoid SSR.
• Synchronous Condensers.
• Shunt Reactors.
• FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission Systems) like Thyristor Controlled
Reactor(TCR), Static VAR compensators(SVC), etc.

7. Transmission Voltages, Efficiency and Stability
• Voltage levels of 33 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV and 765 kV are used.
• More the voltage greater the efficiency and stability of the system.
• Developed countries use HVDS(High Voltage Distribution System) to
ensure maximum efficiency.
• X/R ratio should be as high as possible for maximum efficiency.

8. Demand Side Management
• Uses ABT(Availability Based Tariff) and TOD tariff to keep the load
curve flat, means cheaper power when load is less and vice versa.

9. TOD(Time-of-Day) Tariff and ABT
• TOD meter records the demand of the customer throughout the day.
• ABT decides the cost of power in Rs/kWh every 15 minutes and
customer is notified about it.
• Customer is expected to take appropriate action in this regard (i.e)
Start non-critical load if tariff is low and vice versa.

10. Synchronizing the Generators to grid
• For Synchronism of Generator requires following conditions:
1) Terminal Voltage Equality.
2) Frequency Equality.
3) Phase sequence Equidirectionality.
Grid is considered as an infinity source with CVCF. Load sharing
starts when prime mover develops a power angle with the grid.

11. Generation of Power
• Thermal
• Nuclear
• Hydro
• Wind
• Solar
AGC system should be prompt since, Generators are main
components of the power system. AGC consist of speed governor
which controls the speed of the Generator.

12. Load Dispatch Centers(LDC)
• Controls the flow of power to various load centers.
• Has SCADA connectivity.
• Plays a vital role to keep equilibrium between Supply and Demand.

13. Captive Generation
• Local load centers with Solar, wind or bagasse co-generation
capability is called as Captive Generation.
• Preferably should be used in Synchronism with grid.
• Relieves the Active load on the system including Transmission lines.

14. Faults and abnormalities in the systems
• Open circuit faults.
• Short circuit faults.
• Temporary faults like overvoltages, undervoltages, etc.
• Contingencies.

15. Fault Clearance and removal of abnormalities
• Current Transformers and Relay operates the circuit breaker in case of
open circuit and short circuit faults.
• Due to Ferranti effect, receiving end voltage becomes greater than
sending end voltage, to combat it, we use shunt reactor.
• In case of contingency due to tripping of Generators or Transmission
lines, Load should be rescheduled and critical loads should be given
priority like Railways.

16. Don’ts in the Distribution System
• Tap changing in the load centers.
• Not to allow non-technical losses.
• More sag.
• Tree contacts to avoid ground faults.

17. ANY QUERIES?

18. THANK YOU