Automatic Power Factor Detection And Correction using Arduino
Doc a.7-tlc report
1. PROJECT REPORT
ON
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED
TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER
Under the guidance of
Sri. M. CHAKRAVARTHY,
Associate Professor in Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD – 500 090
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)
2010 – 2011
2. PROJECT REPORT
ON
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED
TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER
SUBMITTED BY
1. B. PRASHANTH KUMAR 08245A0214
2. B. KARTHIK 08245A0207
3. J. BHEEMARAY 08245A0206
4. M. SRINIVAS 08245A0203
5. D. VAMSI KRISHNA 07241A0255
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD – 500 090
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)
2010 – 2011
3. PROJECT REPORT
ON
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED
TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this mini project report entitled “MICRO
CONTROLLER BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER” is the bonafied work
of the following students carried out the project under my supervision.
1. B. PRASHANTH KUMAR 08245A0214
2. B. KARTHIK 08245A0207
3. J. BHEEMARAY 08245A0206
4. M. SRINIVAS 08245A0203
5. D. VAMSI KRISHNA 07241A0255
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of Bachelor Of Technology in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Guide:
Sri M. CHAKRAVARTHY Prof P. M. SHARMA
Associate Professor Head of Department
Department of Electrical & Electronics Department of Electrical & Electronics
GRIET, Bachupally GRIET, Bachupally
Hyderabad – 500 090. Hyderabad – 500 090.
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We have great pleasure to convey our gratitude to Prof. Jandhyala N
Murthy, Principal, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology for
permitting to do the mini project.
We express our heartiest gratitude and respectful regards to Prof. P. M.
Sharma, Head of the Department of EEE, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of
Engineering and Technology for his support and encouragement while doing the
mini project.
We express our profound sense of gratitude to our internal guide Sri. M.
CHAKRAVARTHY, Associate Professor of EEE department for his valuable
guidance, constructive criticism and consistent enthusiastic interest during the
course of investigation and writing of manuscript that led this work to its
successful completion.
We regard our sincere thanks to the technical staff that helped us during the
project and made our project successful.
Last but not the least our special thanks to our Parents and friends for their
support and constant encouragement during the project work
B. Prashanth Kumar
B. Karthik
J. Bheemaray
D. Vamsi Krishna
M. Srinivas
7. 1. ABSTRACT
Vehicular traffic at intersecting streets is typically controlled by traffic control lights.
The function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to
ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible.
In recent days electro-mechanical controllers are replaced by electronic circuits. The
accuracy & fault tolerant drive towards electronic circuits.
This project is developed to meet the requirements of solid state traffic light
controller by adopting microcontroller as the main controlling element, and led’s as the
indication of light. A micro controller is interfaced to led’s provide for centralized control
of the traffic signals. Microcontroller is programmed in such a way to adjust their timing
and phasing to meet changing traffic conditions. The circuit besides being reliable and
compact is also cost effective.
8. 2. INTRODUCTION
Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many modern cities around the world.
Traffic congestion has been causing many critical problems and challenges in the major
and most populated cities. To travel to different places within the city is becoming more
difficult for the travelers in traffic. Due to these congestion problems, people lose time,
miss opportunities, and get frustrated. Traffic congestion directly impacts the
companies. Due to traffic congestions there is a loss in productivity from workers, trade
opportunities are lost, delivery gets delayed, and thereby the costs goes on increasing.
To solve these congestion problems, we have to build new facilities &
infrastructure but at the same time make it smart. The only disadvantage of making new
roads on facilities is that it makes the surroundings more congested. So for that reason
we need to change the system rather than making new infrastructure twice. Therefore
many countries are working to manage their existing transportation systems to improve
mobility, safety and traffic flows in order to reduce the demand of vehicle use.
The project uses simple Electronic components such as LED as TRAFFIC LIGHT
indicator and a MICROCONTROLLER for auto change of signal after a pre-specified
time interval.
Microcontroller AT89c51 is the brain of the project which initiates the traffic signal
at a junction. The led’s are automatically on and off by making the corresponding port
pin of the micro controller high. A seven segment display also connected to display the
timing of each signal. At a particular instant only one green light holds and other lights
hold at red. During transition from green to red, the present group yellow led and
succeeding group yellow led glows and then succeeding group led changes to green.
This process continues as a cycle.
9. 3. FLOWCHART
Start
Update the 7-segment
display for every
minute
Is
the delay
completed?
Yes No
Load Delay
Value in
Timer
Move next signalling
data onto the port
pins & start the timer
Initialize
Time0 as Timer
10. 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
+5V
UNIT
MICRO
CONTROLLER
(AT89C51)
7 – SEGMENT
DISPLAY
TRAFFIC
LIGHTS
12. 6. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
(a) POWER SUPPLY:
Filter RegulatorRectifierTransformer
Almost all electronic circuits required Dc power supply. Dc power supply is a
circuit which converts the Ac wave form of power lines to direct voltage of constant
amplitude. An ideal regulated power supply is designed to provide a pre- determined Dc
voltage which is independent of the current drawn from the source. These circuits are
special class of feedback amplifiers. All the benefits of 'ICs' are thus obtained: excellent
performance, small size, ease of use, low cost, high and reliability.
An unregulated power supply has many disadvantages due to which it is not
sufficient for many applications
• Poor regulation
• Dc out put voltage varies with the ac in put
• Dc out put voltage variation varies with temperature because of semi conductors
used To over come the above disadvantages we depend up on regulated power
supply. Regulated power supplies have internal short circuit protection, thermal
shut down and safe operation of output transistor.
13. TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device which step-up (or) step-down the electrical quantities
according to the need. It adjusts the Ac level so that the appropriate Dc amplitude is
achieved. Its load handling capacity must be sufficient to supply the load and account
for the losses in the rectifier, filter and regulator. The turn’s ratio is determined by the
output level required relative to the ac input amplitude.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
The circuit consists of four diodes (1N4007) in which at a time only two diodes
conduct. Each diode has only transformer secondary voltage across it on the inverse
cycle. This circuit model allows us to have the dc current to flow for the both cycles of
Ac input. The bridge circuit is thus suitable for high voltage application.
FILTERS
The use of Filters is to smoothen the waveform by eliminating the ac components
from the rectifier circuits basically capacitors are being connected in shunt. The action
of the system occurs as the capacitor stores energy during the conduction period and
delivers this energy to the load during non conducting period .In this way, the time
during which the current passes through the load is prolonged and the ripple is
considerably decreased .
14. The ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its average
Dc value. Input capacitor is required to cancel inductive effects associated with long
power distribution leads out put capacitors improve the transient
response.
REGULATOR
They maintain a constant voltage level independent of load condition or
variation in the amplitude of the Ac supply .An example of regulator is LM78xx series It
is the three terminal device with input (1) , ground(2), output(3) as its terminals. The
voltage required for micro controller is 5V. Hence LM7805 voltage regulator is used.
These devices require no adjustments and have an output preset by manufactures to
industry standard voltages of 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
Zener regulator is incorporated for maintaining 12v regulated output used for
sensing probes and Electromagnetic relay.
15. (b) MICRO-CONTROLLER UNIT:
Micro-controller unit is constructed with ATMEL 89C51 Micro-controller chip. The
ATMEL AT89C51 is a low power, higher performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
4K bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). Its high-
density non-volatile memory compatible with standard MCS-51 instruction set makes it
a powerful controller that provides highly flexible and cost effective solution to control
applications.
Micro-controller works according to the program written in it. The program is
written in such a way, so that this controller energizes or de-energizes the relays
according to the information received by the pushbuttons and the sensing probe.
The 8051 series of microcontrollers are highly integrated single Chip
microcomputers with an 8-bit CPU, memory, interrupt controller, timers, Serial I/O and
digital I/O on a single piece of silicon. The 8051 is an 8-bit Machine. Its memory is
organized in bytes and practically all its instruction deal with byte quantities. It uses an
Accumulator as the primary register for instruction Results. Other operands can be
accessed using one of the four different addressing modes available: register implicit,
direct, indirect or immediate. Operands reside in one of the five memory spaces of the
8051.
The five memory spaces of the 8051 are: Program Memory, External Data
Memory, Internal Data Memory, Special Function Registers and Bit Memory.
16. The Program Memory space contains all the instructions, immediate data and
constant tables and strings. It is principally addressed by the 16-bit Program Counter
(PC), but it can also be accessed by a few instructions using the 16-bit Data Pointer
(DPTR). The maximum size of the Program Memory space is 64K bytes. Several 8051
family members integrate on-chip some amount of either masked programmed ROM or
EPROM as part of this memory.
The External Data Memory space contains all the variables, buffers and data
structures that can't fit on-chip. It is principally addressed by the 16-bit Data Pointer
(DPTR), although the first two general purpose register (R0, R1) of the currently
selected register bank can access a 256-byte bank of External Data memory. The
maximum size of the External Data Memory space is 64Kbytes. External data memory
can only be accessed using the indirect addressing mode with the DPTR, R0 or R1.
The Internal Data Memory space is functionally the most important data memory
space. It resides up to four banks of general purpose registers, the program stack, 128
bits of the 256-bit memory, and all the variables and data structures that are operated
on directly by the program. The maximum size of the Internal Data Memory space is
256-bytes. However, different 8051 family members integrate different amounts of this
memory space on chip.
The register implicit, indirect and direct addressing modes can be used in
different parts of the Internal Data Memory space.
17. The Special Function Register space contains all the on-chip peripheral I/O
registers as well as particular registers that need program access. These registers
include the Stack Pointer, the PSW and the Accumulator. The maximum number of
Special Function Registers (SFR’s) is 128, though the actual number on a particular
8051 family member depends on the number and type of peripheral functions integrated
on-chip.
The SFRs all have addresses greater than 127 and overlap the address space of the
upper 128 bytes of the Internal Data Memory space. The two memory spaces are
differentiated by addressing mode. The SFRs can only be accessed using the Direct
addressing mode while the upper 128 bytes of the Internal Data Memory (if integrated
on-chip) can only be accessed using the Indirect addressing mode.
18. (c) Light Emitting Diode (LED):
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. The color of the light is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
PRINCIPLE:
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased electrons are able to recombine with
electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence. Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon in
which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong
electric field. The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color depends on the band gap
energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. The materials used for the LED have a direct
band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.
CONSTRUCTION:
LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type
layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many
commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate. Most materials used for
LED production have very high refractive indices. Light extraction in LEDs is an important
aspect of LED production.
19. (d) DISPLAY:
A seven-segment display, is a electronic display device for displaying decimal
numerals. A seven segment display is composed of seven elements. Individually on or
off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the Arabic numerals.
The set values and the selected time intervals are shown on the 7-
segment display. There are two types of displays available. One is common anode type
display and the other is common cathode type display.
In common cathode type display all the cathodes of the segments are tied
together and connected to ground. The supply will be given to the required segment
from the decoder or driver.
20. In common anode type display the anodes of all the segments are tied together
and connected to supply and the required segments will be connected to ground from
the decoder or driver.
In this project common anode type display (H101A) is used. Port 1 is used for the
seven segment data.
The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on
each side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the
seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally.
In a simple LED package, typically all of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all
of the anodes (positive terminals) of the segment LEDs are connected together and
brought out to a common pin; this is referred to as a "common cathode" or "common
anode" device. Hence a 7 segment plus decimal point package will only require nine
pins.
A single byte can encode the full state of a 7-
segment-display. The most popular bit encodings are gfedcba
and abcdefg - both usually assume 0 is off and 1 is on.
This table gives the hexadecimal encodings for
displaying the digits 0 to 9:
21. Digit gfedcba abcdefg a b c d e f g
0 0x3F 0x7E on on on on on on off
1 0x06 0x30 off on on off off off off
2 0x5B 0x6D on on off on on off on
3 0x4F 0x79 on on on on off off on
4 0x66 0x33 off on on off off on on
5 0x6D 0x5B on off on on off on on
6 0x7D 0x5F on off on on on on on
7 0x07 0x70 on on on off off off off
8 0x7F 0x7F on on on on on on on
9 0x6F 0x7B on on on on off on on
In this project seven segment display is connected to pins of Port 1. Common
Anode Connection is suitable for this application. The timer of microcontroller is
interfaced with seven segment display to display the delay of light.
The decoder enhances the capability of accommodation for more number of
seven segment displays with the same number of port pins. The current limiting resistor
associated with each segment limits the current at the cost of illumination. The drop
across each segment will be 2v approximately. The maximum current that the segment
can handle is 10mA. Care must be taken to limit the current to less than 10mA by
proper selection of resistor.
Current drawn by segment
= (Supply voltage – Drop across segment) / Resistance
= (5v - 2v)/1k = 3mA.
26. 9. COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. Micro Controller 89c51 1 No
2. Crystal Oscillator 12 MHz 1 No
3. Light Emitting Diodes Red 4 Nos
Orange 4 Nos
Green 4 Nos
4. Resistors 1 kΩ 4 Nos
460 Ω 4 Nos
100 Ω 4 Nos
120 Ω 10 Nos
5. Capacitors 33pF 2 Nos
6. Miscellaneous Components:
Regulated Power Supply of 5V
Circuit Connecting Board
Connecting Wires
27. 10. FUTURE SCOPE
This project can be enhanced in such away as to control automatically the
signals depending on the traffic density on the roads using sensors like IR
detector/receiver module extended with automatic turn off when no vehicles are
running on any side of the road which helps in power consumption saving.
This proximity detector using an infrared detector shown in fig.1 can be
used in various equipment like automatic door openers and burglar alarms. The
circuit primarily consists of an infrared transmitter and an infrared receiver. The
transmitter section consists of a 555 timer IC functioning in astable mode. It is
wired as shown in the fig. 2. The output from astable is fed to an infrared LED via
resistor R4, which limits its operating current. This circuit provides a frequency
output of 38 kHz at 50 per cent duty cycle, which is required for the infrared
detector/receiver module.
The receiver section comprises an infrared receiver module, a 555
monostable multivibrator, and an LED indicator. Upon reception of infrared
signals, 555 timer (mono) turns on and remains on as long as infrared signals are
received. When the signals are interrupted, the mono goes off after a few
28. seconds (period=1.1 R7xC6) depending upon the value of R7-C6 combination.
Thus if R7=470 kilo-ohms and
C6=4.7μF, the mono period will be around 2.5 seconds.
Both the transmitter and the receiver parts can be mounted on a single
breadboard or PCB. The infrared receiver must be placed behind the infrared
LED to avoid false indication due to infrared leakage. An object moving nearby
actually reflects the infrared rays emitted by the infrared LED. The infrared
receiver has sensitivity angle (lobe) of 0-60 degrees, hence when the reflected IR
ray is sensed, the mono in the receiver part is triggered. The output from the
mono may be used in any desired fashion. For example, it can be used to turn on
a light when a person comes nearby by energizing a relay. The light would
automatically turn off after some time as the person moves away and the mono
pulse period is over. The sensitivity of the detector depends on current-limiting
resistor R4 in series with the infrared LED. Range is approximately 40 cm. For
20-ohm value of R4 the object at 25 cm can be sensed, while for 30-ohm value of
R4 the sensing range reduces by 22.5 cm.
IR RECEIVER CIRCUIT
30. 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems
- Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi
2. Micro controllers Theory and Applications
- Ajay V. Deshmukh
3. www.wikipedia.org
4. www.8051.com
5. www.8052.com
6. www.microcontroller.com
