Industrial revolution in India since last 25 years has resulted in paradigm shift of residential population from
rural to urban. Thus urbanization and industrialization have resulted in unprecedented increase in electricity
demand. A direct consequence of this increased demand is the immense pressure that is build up on national
electricity grid due to excessive load. This effect is more pronounced especially during peak demand periods. It
becomes mandatory to reduce this pressure on grid in order to have reliable and continuous supply. One
solution to this problem would be the construction of additional power generating facilities, but this solution is
not economic as the installation is very costly as well as more power generating facilities will be threat to the
environment. This solution thus has to be eliminated. A more feasible solution to this problem would be an
instrument like maximum demand controller which can monitor the heavy load demand during peak hours. This
paper proposes a controller which is easy in construction and various tests carried out on it resulted in many
advantages like reduced electricity bill on recurring basis, improved load factor, and economy to the industrial
user. The users of M.D controller can recover its cost through resulted savings in recurring electricity bill.
Is a seminar based on the concept of replacing the existing electricity metering system using in developing countries by a low cost energy meter working without human intervention. Its main components are discussed later...
e-ENERGY METERING BOX (Smart Meter by KPMP Electronics)Likan Patra
e-EMB also known as e-Energy Metering Box is a Revolutionary “Smart Meter” designed by KPMP Electronics that works through GSM/GPRS modem, tampering proof, self-healing and very Economic. It consist of Meter Reading System and Data Analysis Software.Unleash the true power of smart meter data through our end-to-end solutions.Our unique offering of interoperable hardware and software supports flexible integration in complex business environments to improve your Business Value and Customer Satisfaction.
This document has been prepared related to a project of designing and implementing a single phase 230V 40A digital prepaid energy meter according to IEC standards.
Presentation to BRE event on 30 Nov 2010, covering technical challenges arising from the first phase of work in the British smart meter design programme being lead by Ofgem.
Smart street light management systems for street light energy conservation, a...Instruments Universal
Smart Street light management and control system for street light Energy management, street light automation, carbon footprint reduction and light pollution reduction.
Implementation of T-Junction Traffic Light Control System Using Simatic S7-20...IJERA Editor
A conventional traffic light control system is designed by using devices such as timers, relays and
contactors etc. The critical timing operation is required to be carried out under the existence of heavy
traffic situations. This conventional practice leads to many problems that need additional maintenance
cost and subsequent delay for a long time. With the help of a PLC, the requirement of fast automation
and effective optimization of traffic light control system can be achieved. Use of PLC helps us to
develop this process not only for traffic signal on the roads, but also on the movement of trains and
the transfer of containers in ports in maritime works. In order to provide a solution to the above
problem, this paper introduces an execution and implementation of T-junction traffic control system
using SEIMENS S7-200 PLC. Programming in PLC is written in ladder logic with the help of STEP7
MICROWIN software
Innovative Human Resource Practices In Indian Banks: A Study From Hr Manager’...IJERA Editor
Banking sector is one of the vital financial pillars of Indian economy. The liberalization policy has affected the
competitiveness of banks due to the global pressures resulting into combination of Human Resource
Management with business policies. The survey by Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and Indian Bank’s
Association (IBA) report that the Indian banking industry will face two upcoming challenges that is an
economically viable solution for financial inclusion and human resources framework in next one decade. While
the first challenge demands unusual innovation and experimentation, the second threatens to cripple the ability
of the largest segment of the banking industry from being able to innovate and stay competitive. The unique
complexities of the public sector make conventional HR solutions ineffective. The initiatives like “Pradhan
Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana” by the Honourable Prime Minister of India, banks contribution in the financial
inclusion has boosted up, but the employee’s expectations from the industry have also arisen. This calls for a
need to innovate the earlier HR practices of the banks so that the employee productivity can be enhanced. This
paper aims to provide an insight to such innovations, related to Human Resource Management with the help of a
primary study based on the viewpoints of HR managers of six different Indian banks both from public and
private sector. These innovative HRM practices have been listed under seven different heads of HRM namely
recruitment & selection, training and development, performance management, compensation management,
career development, employee motivation and employee security. A few of the earlier studies have also been
referred for the final conclusions. The level of implementation of these innovations may not be satisfactory, yet
the implementation has been started and the favourable results in the productivity will make these banks feel
how important these are for their growth. It has been found that convergence of practices of new and innovative
HR areas will benefit the banks to become more competitive.
Is a seminar based on the concept of replacing the existing electricity metering system using in developing countries by a low cost energy meter working without human intervention. Its main components are discussed later...
e-ENERGY METERING BOX (Smart Meter by KPMP Electronics)Likan Patra
e-EMB also known as e-Energy Metering Box is a Revolutionary “Smart Meter” designed by KPMP Electronics that works through GSM/GPRS modem, tampering proof, self-healing and very Economic. It consist of Meter Reading System and Data Analysis Software.Unleash the true power of smart meter data through our end-to-end solutions.Our unique offering of interoperable hardware and software supports flexible integration in complex business environments to improve your Business Value and Customer Satisfaction.
This document has been prepared related to a project of designing and implementing a single phase 230V 40A digital prepaid energy meter according to IEC standards.
Presentation to BRE event on 30 Nov 2010, covering technical challenges arising from the first phase of work in the British smart meter design programme being lead by Ofgem.
Smart street light management systems for street light energy conservation, a...Instruments Universal
Smart Street light management and control system for street light Energy management, street light automation, carbon footprint reduction and light pollution reduction.
Implementation of T-Junction Traffic Light Control System Using Simatic S7-20...IJERA Editor
A conventional traffic light control system is designed by using devices such as timers, relays and
contactors etc. The critical timing operation is required to be carried out under the existence of heavy
traffic situations. This conventional practice leads to many problems that need additional maintenance
cost and subsequent delay for a long time. With the help of a PLC, the requirement of fast automation
and effective optimization of traffic light control system can be achieved. Use of PLC helps us to
develop this process not only for traffic signal on the roads, but also on the movement of trains and
the transfer of containers in ports in maritime works. In order to provide a solution to the above
problem, this paper introduces an execution and implementation of T-junction traffic control system
using SEIMENS S7-200 PLC. Programming in PLC is written in ladder logic with the help of STEP7
MICROWIN software
Innovative Human Resource Practices In Indian Banks: A Study From Hr Manager’...IJERA Editor
Banking sector is one of the vital financial pillars of Indian economy. The liberalization policy has affected the
competitiveness of banks due to the global pressures resulting into combination of Human Resource
Management with business policies. The survey by Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and Indian Bank’s
Association (IBA) report that the Indian banking industry will face two upcoming challenges that is an
economically viable solution for financial inclusion and human resources framework in next one decade. While
the first challenge demands unusual innovation and experimentation, the second threatens to cripple the ability
of the largest segment of the banking industry from being able to innovate and stay competitive. The unique
complexities of the public sector make conventional HR solutions ineffective. The initiatives like “Pradhan
Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana” by the Honourable Prime Minister of India, banks contribution in the financial
inclusion has boosted up, but the employee’s expectations from the industry have also arisen. This calls for a
need to innovate the earlier HR practices of the banks so that the employee productivity can be enhanced. This
paper aims to provide an insight to such innovations, related to Human Resource Management with the help of a
primary study based on the viewpoints of HR managers of six different Indian banks both from public and
private sector. These innovative HRM practices have been listed under seven different heads of HRM namely
recruitment & selection, training and development, performance management, compensation management,
career development, employee motivation and employee security. A few of the earlier studies have also been
referred for the final conclusions. The level of implementation of these innovations may not be satisfactory, yet
the implementation has been started and the favourable results in the productivity will make these banks feel
how important these are for their growth. It has been found that convergence of practices of new and innovative
HR areas will benefit the banks to become more competitive.
Resist Dictionary Attacks Using Password Based Protocols For Authenticated Ke...IJERA Editor
A parallel file system is a type of distributed file system that distributes file data across multiple servers and
provides for concurrent access by multiple tasks of a parallel application. In many to many communications or
multiple tasks, key establishments are a major problem in parallel file system. So we propose a variety of
authenticated key exchange protocols that are designed to address the above issue. In this paper, we also study
the password-based protocols for authenticated key exchange (AKE) to resist dictionary attacks. Password-based
protocols for authenticated key exchange (AKE) are designed to work to resist the use of passwords drawn from
a space so small that attacker might well specify, off line, all possible passwords. While many such protocols
have been suggested, the elemental theory has been lagging. We commence by interpreting a model for this
problem, to approach password guessing, forward secrecy, server compromise, and loss of session keys.
Greening of Boardrooms: Influence Factors for Greening Decisions in Real Esta...IJERA Editor
Real estate sector in India is in a stage of transition towards „green‟-which is seen as a popular term for adopting
higher sustainability goals for development projects. These sustainability goals include responses towards
energy efficiency, resource minimization and ecological planning considerations. Real estate developers,
planning and design professionals along with technology experts have been adopting sustainability practices for
various reasons. What guides these decisions is a mix of cost, stakeholder pressure, market dynamics,
environmental regulations as well as willingness of the leadership to change. The ethical and business case for
environmental sustainability or „greening‟ decisions have an unclear borderline both in theory and practice. This
paper, with the help of a perception survey involving sector experts and drawsinferences to identify the key
influence factors in the form of drivers and barriers to greening decisions in real estate sector in India.
Big Data for New Industrialization and Urbanization Development: A Case Study...IJERA Editor
Industrialization and urbanization are considered as interdependent processes of recent economic development.
Innovations in technology and higher affordability of electronic devices have facilitated current age of big data.
Use of digital data provided modern urbanization which is an essential element of industrialization and rapid
income growth globally. Most manufacturing and service production is efficient when undertaken in urbanized
areas where organizations can readily follow best practice in technology and management. Over the past three
decades, China has achieved enormous economic growth, accompanied by a growing number of large cities.
The purpose of this paper is to identify prominent issues relating influence of big data on modern
industrialization and urbanization development in China as well as in other regions. The case study of China
was taken to understand the advancement of big data on industrialization and urbanization enhancement. It was
investigated that industrialization and the rise of the service sector appear to have influenced the growth of
urbanization, but their role was relatively small when compared to the direct effects of economic growth. In the
coming years, urbanization will become increasingly an opportunity as well as a challenge to the country‟s
effort to sustain rapid growth and maintain effective development
Development Of An Effective Industrial Maintenance Practice For Plant Optimum...IJERA Editor
Plant optimization is a sound fiscal decision and this is a key attribute of good operational management. The
decision to adhere strictly to the maintenance measurements, controls and efficiencies necessary for optimum
performance not only enhances the plant operations, it quite often produces a safer operating facility and
protects plant asset or investment. Plant operations rely on dependable acquired knowledge, skills, equipment
and maintenance programs for an assured performance whiles strategies are required to be in place for
equipment optimum availability to ensure system operational integrity in order to reduce costs which affect
production. This optimized system would ideally give meaning to effective maintenance practice of plant
equipment and accepted best maintenance management system. This paper presents a comprehensive review of
characteristics of plant equipment and maintenance strategies and proposes sustainable maintenance
management performance criteria. Thereby improving business, safety, equipment efficiency and sustain the
environment. The goal is to achieve optimum availability and optimum operating condition of the equipment
life cycle in a cost optimized approach.
Design of 12-14.1 GHz Bandpass Filter with Stub LoadedIJERA Editor
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of 12-14.1GHz microstrip multi-mode bandpass
filter. The fabricated microstrip bandpass filter has a compact size of 15.785mm×5mm and good filtering
characteristics. In the frequency range of 12-14.1GHz, the insertion loss varies between 1.565dB and 2.051dB
with about 0.5dB ripple. The measured results show excellent out-of-band rejection above 40dB in 0.02-10GHz,
but much poorer rejection performance in upper stopband due to the existence of spurious passband. To solve
the problem, a DC-14.1GHz LC low pass filter is supplemented after the microstrip bandpass filter.
Sensory and Nutritional Quality, Shelf-Life, and Microbial Analyses of Hermit...IJERA Editor
Goat meat or chevon is regarded as nutritious food and became popular food for health conscious people. In the
Philippines, demand for chevon is growing as noted in the increasing per capita consumption of chevon.
However, the price of chevon remains high. With a goal to transform the basis of disposal from per head basis to
retail scheme and to make it affordable to consumers, a study was conducted to use canning technology to
develop chevon-based products. Using 11-month old male upgraded Boer, local dishes popularly cooked using
chevon were innovated and elevated to capture wider market. These dishes include braised chevon in soy sauce
and spices (locally known adobo), savory goat stew commonly in tomato stew (locally called kaldereta) and
goat meat ceviche made with skin, smothered with vinegar and spices (known as kilawin) Sensory evaluation
and different analyses such as nutritional, shelf-life and microbial were conducted for food safety. On sensory
evaluation, kaldereta and adobo were rated as “like moderately” while kilawin was rated as “like slightly”. On
nutritional analysis, calorie level was found highest for adobo, followed by kaldereta and kilawin; on fat and
saturated fat, kilawin was found lowest, followed by kaldereta and adobo; on cholesterol level, kilawin was
found highest, followed by adobo and kaldereta. On microbial analysis, the products were found negative on
food-borne microorganisms such as aerobic and anaerobic thermophiles and mesophiles, making these products
commercially sterile. On shelf-life analysis, kilawin can be stored longest at 15months, followed by adobo at
12months and kaldereta can be stored at 10months. These results suggest that canning can be used to develop
products that can be sold to different costumer. These activity can be utilized to make product value-adding
more profitable, while transforming the traditional per head basis of selling goat.
In this paper we have focused on the additive and multiplicative identity „e‟ and determine the additive and
multiplicative semigroups. Here we established that, A semiring S in which (S, +) and (S, •) are left singular
semigroups, then S is a left regular semiring. We have framed an example for this proposition by considering a
two element set.
Formulation of a Combined Transportation and Inventory Optimization Model wit...IJERA Editor
Most distribution network design models existing in the literature have focused on minimizing the costs of
inventory and transportation. During the analysis of supply chain of currency management problem it is
observed that the transportation of currency from various sources to various destinations and the required
inventory to be maintained to meet the emerging demands requires formulation of a combined problem. This
framework aims to support the coordination of inventory and transportation activities to properly manage the
inventory profiles and currency flows between source locations and distribution centers. This paper considers a
multi-period inventory and transportation model for a single commodity. The key contribution of this paper is, a
mathematical programming formulation of transportation cum inventory problem is proposed and an algorithm
for this new formulation as a multi period decision process is intended. A numerical example of currency
transportation cum inventory is presented to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
Low cycle biaxial fatigue behavior of direct aged Nickel-based 718 superalloy IJERA Editor
In recent years, significant advances in the fabrication process of nickel-base supperalloy leading to grain size
reduction have been made in order to improve fatigue properties of aircraft turbine discs. Indeed, a change in
particle size affects the initiation mode of fatigue cracks as well as the fatigue life of the material. The present
study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of a newly developed nickel-based superalloy under biaxial-planar
loading. Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests are performed at different stress ratios to study the influence of the
multiaxial stress state on the fatigue life of the material. Full-field displacement and strain measurements as well
as crack initiation detection are obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Results related to
different load ratios are presented and an appropriate biaxial lifetime prediction is given. Crack detection, strain
amplitude and number of cycles to crack initiation vs. triaxial stress ratio for each loading case are mentionned.
From fractographic investigations by scanning electron microscopy it is found that the mechanism of fatigue
crack initiation does not depend on the triaxial stress ratio and that most fatigue cracks initiate from subsurface
carbides.
Strategies and Modeling of Reverse Logistics Networks of an Industry in IndiaIJERA Editor
Among the various aspects of SCM, emphasis has been placed on reverse logistics: closing the loop of a supply
chain by integrating waste materials into logistic management decisions. Logistics network design is commonly
recognized as a strategic supply chain issue of prime importance. While consumers traditionally dispose of
products at the end of their life cycle, product take-back legislations introduced by governments shift this
responsibility from consumers to manufacturers. As a result, manufacturers have to collect products at the endof-life
(EOL) and control their recovery or disposal. Product recovery, which encompasses reuse,
remanufacturing and materials recycling, requires a structured reverse logistic network in order to collect
products efficiently at the end of their life cycle. Meanwhile, ever growing concern for environmental problems
and pressure from the global competitive marketplace toward further improvement of customer service, have
been presenting industries with a new challenge; development and management of effective reverse logistics
processes. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview to reverse logistics, and to provide insights on
how to manage the creation of economically efficient EOL product returns and recycling practice in an Industry
of India.
Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heteroge...IJERA Editor
: This paper presents about the synthesis of (0.25-1.0) wt.% cobalt doped titania nanomaterials
without surfactants: pure Co2+/TiO2 and in presence of 1,4-Butane sultone and 1,3-Propane sultone Anionic
Gemini surfactants and CTAB (Heterogemini surfactant)-0.5wt.%Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1&2).The synthesized nano
photocatalysts have been characterized by using various advanced techniques like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopic Studies (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From the characterization studies all
the catalysts synthesized were reported in anatase phase. TEM indicates the particles size of prepared catalysts
reported with 7-10 nm and 15 nm for pure Co2+/ TiO2 catalyst. From XPS studies Cobalt was found to be in +2
oxidation state. From BET results the surface area was reported to be-89.51 and 77.93 (m2
/g) for Co2+/TiO2-
HgS(1)& Co2+/TiO2-HgS(2). From UV-DRS studies absorbance band shifted more towards visible region (red
shift). In order to find out the efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst the photocatalytic activity studies were
carried out by degradation of Acid Red as a model azo dye pollutant in presence of the visible light irradiation.
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized catalysts against Escherichia coli was also studied. Thus from the
results 0.5wt.% Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1) exhibited highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of azo dye Acid
Red as well as proved to be an excellent antibacterial agent
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
Identify Current Deficiencies in Public Private Partnership Practices and Are...IJERA Editor
Public- Private Partnerships is becoming a popular investment model since late 1980s and 1990s in the world.
PPPs in the delivery of public services have become a phenomenon which is spreading around the globe and
generating great interest among governments, investors and other key project stakeholders. Public- Private
Partnerships avoid the often negative effects of either exclusive public ownership or outright privatization. This
is seen as a win-win situation for both public and private entities where they undertake large scale projects. This
balanced approach is especially welcomed in public services which touch on every human being‟s basic needs
& economic development of a country.
Basically in this research, it is attempted to address three main objectives, which are to identify the current
Public- Private Partnerships coverage on infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka, to identify current deficiencies in
Public- Private Partnerships practices and areas which resist Public- Private Partnerships being an attractive
investment model in infrastructure developments in Sri Lankan context and to propose an improved PublicPrivate
Partnerships framework/model that can be used effectively and address the identified problems in
infrastructure developments in Sri Lanka.
Based on a structured questionnaire, data collection has been done using a selected sample. Then, the data set
has been evaluated using Likert Scale and giving weights for that and the total percentage of score.
Lack of the knowledge and deficiencies of the PPP framework are main issues in PPP practice in Sri Lanka.
Thus, it is not much popular investment model to infrastructure development at the moment. Further the
government should change their role from developer and operator to facilitator to improve the PPP practice in
Sri Lanka
Solar PV Energy Conversion System and its ConfigurationsIJERA Editor
Solar PV based energy conversion system is now used in commercial and residential buildings. Advancements in
Power electronics leads the researchers to enhance the use of solar application in various configurations. These
configurations may be used to utilize the energy optimally. The main objective of this paper is to present an
overview of the various configurations of solar PV energy conversion system.
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
Snorm–A Prototype for Increasing Audio File Stepwise NormalizationIJERA Editor
This paper introduces a novel concept SNORM (Step NORMalization) for increasing normalization. It is a
prototype algorithm for increasing normalization based on loudness factor of the audio. The function effect
normalization plays a vital role in loudness control. The proposed experiment carried out for increasing
normalization based on step wise increase yield the variations in peaks of the audio file. The experimental
results are shown in the form of graphical analysis of the plot spectrum values of frequency analysis. From the
results, it is clearly apparent that, the normalization values are increased at different levels. The function
SNORM can set a new benchmark in the field of audio industry for the processes of increasing normalization.
SNORM can be substantial in the audio broadcast systems for applications in live audio streaming, news
broadcast, sports coverage, live programming where the loudness control mechanism is essential. For the
selective or predictive loudness control systems SNORM can be effectively applied.
Application of PLC’s for Automation of Processes in IndustriesIJERA Editor
Several industries utilize sequential industrial process which is respective in nature. For such processes
industries have to depend upon use of relays, stepping drum, timers and controls, considerable difficulties
experienced in reprogramming necessitated due to change in the nature of production. Often the whole system
has to be scrapped and a redesigning is required. To overcome these problems PLC control system was
introduced. The PLC can be described as a control ladder comprising a sequence program. PLC sequence
program consists of normally open and normally closed contacts connected in parallel or in series. It also has
relay coils, which turns ON and OFF as the state of these contacts change. In this paper, about all aspects of
these powerful and versatile tools and its applications to process automation has been discussed.
Every electrical system needs power as the supply. Power is rated at each and amount of energy is used to accomplish the work. Electrical power is measured in kwhr which is determine by V*I. In the industries high power consumption than the contracted one can lead to severe penalties. Often there are power peak produce by the load co incidence that normally do not work in simultaneously. In order to avoid penalties one solution would be increase in the contracted power according to the maximum resister peak but on contract this will force to pay higher power than it is really needed. Another solution will be avoiding the consumption peaks through a vigilance element that a device of the risk situation or it can disconnect certain noncritical load such as air conditioning compressors lighting and fans. Maximum demand refers to the maximum amount of electrical energy that is being consumed at a given time. The general purpose of maximum demand meter is to monitor and control the maximum power demand in order also can reduced the monthly electricity bill. By using the meter, the user do not have to worry that their electricity bill will increase thus have to pay lot of money on bills. Maximum power demand meter can benefit every user specially factories. The information and also knowledge that been used to produce the meter can benefit the society. Assembly language will be used to design a program for specific purpose which is to monitor and controlling power demand.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
In our country we are facing tremendous problems because of electricity shortage and the J&K state is on top. We are considered rich in production of electricity but the truth is we are not getting the desired. The solution is implementation of latest and emerging technologies like IOT and Microcontrollers in electrical domain. The paper describes the need of technology for load shedding process. Itika Sharma | Shavet Sharma"Load Shedding Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18364.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18364/load-shedding-management/itika-sharma
GSM Based Wireless Load-Shedding Management System for Non Emergency ConditionEditor IJMTER
In that papers, most of us current a new cost-effective wireless allocated fill shedding
technique for non-emergency scenarios. Throughout electric power transformer destinations
wherever SCADA technique can't be utilized, your suggested remedy offers a realistic choice that
will includes the usage of microcontrollers as well as recent GSM commercial infrastructure in order
to deliver first alert SMS communications in order to customers counseling them to proactively
lessen their particular electric power usage prior to technique capacity can be attained as well as stepby-step electric power shutdown takes place. Some sort of story verbal exchanges process as well as
message arranged are invented to deal with your messaging between the transformer web sites, the
spot that the microcontrollers are situated as well as the spot that the sizes occur, as well as the key
control web page the spot that the repository server can be organized. Furthermore, the machine
posts alert communications towards the end-users mobile products which have been utilized since
verbal exchanges terminals. The system has become put in place as well as tried by using distinct
experimental effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The proposed model automatically corrects the power factor without any human presence. It consist of a micro controller which detects the power factor value,if the power factor goes low during peak hours it automatically connects capacitor banks to improve it. The main aim of the model is to maintain the power factor as high as possible which helps to increase the efficiency of the system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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Managementof Loads Using Maximum Demand Meter For Commercial Sector At Peak Demand Period
1. Supriti Dash Sharma et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 6) March 2016, pp.30-33
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Managementof Loads Using Maximum Demand Meter For
Commercial Sector At Peak Demand Period
1
Supriti Dash Sharma, 2
. Rajeshwari Arelli, 3
.Ankit Dukre,
4
. Renuka Bhandarkar
1234
Department of Electrical Engineering Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Industrial revolution in India since last 25 years has resulted in paradigm shift of residential population from
rural to urban. Thus urbanization and industrialization have resulted in unprecedented increase in electricity
demand. A direct consequence of this increased demand is the immense pressure that is build up on national
electricity grid due to excessive load. This effect is more pronounced especially during peak demand periods. It
becomes mandatory to reduce this pressure on grid in order to have reliable and continuous supply. One
solution to this problem would be the construction of additional power generating facilities, but this solution is
not economic as the installation is very costly as well as more power generating facilities will be threat to the
environment. This solution thus has to be eliminated. A more feasible solution to this problem would be an
instrument like maximum demand controller which can monitor the heavy load demand during peak hours. This
paper proposes a controller which is easy in construction and various tests carried out on it resulted in many
advantages like reduced electricity bill on recurring basis, improved load factor, and economy to the industrial
user. The users of M.D controller can recover its cost through resulted savings in recurring electricity bill.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Voltage controllers Driver, Sensors, GSM module.
I. INTRODUCTION
Every electrical system needs power for its
working. Power is rated as per the amount of energy
required to accomplish the work. Electrical power is
measured in kilowatts per hour (kWh). Higher power
consumption by an industry leads to huge bills along
with penalties too. In order to avoid penalties, one
solution would be increasing the power supplying
facilities according to the maximum registered peak,
but on contrary this will force the consumers to pay
for such increased consumption of power. Another
more feasible solution to this problem would be a
maximum the critical load can be thus kept on. Thus
it also provides load prioritization. Maximum demand
refers to the maximum amount of electrical energy
that is being consumed at a given time. It is measured
in kilowatts per hours, which is a measurement of
total electricity used for a period of time. The purpose
of controlling the demand is, not to exceed the preset
maximum demand limit. One way to do this is to
shed non-critical loads. There are possible loads to be
disconnected such as lights, compressors, air
conditioners, pumps, fans and extractors, packaging
machinery, shredders and others. Generally, all those
machines do not give a significant effect to the main
production process or are not essential. The general
purpose of maximum demand meter is to monitor and
control the maximum power demand which also
reduces the monthly electricity bill. By using this
meter, the users do not have to worry about their
electricity bill as it will be much less as
compared to previous bill before installing the meter.
As a result
consumer savings will increase. Maximum power
demand meter can benefit every user especially
factories. This new technology based meter can
benefit the society at large. The proposed controller is
easy in construction and various tests carried out on it
resulted in many advantages like reduced electricity
bill on recurring basis, improved load factor, and
economy to the industrial user. The users of M.D
controller can recover its cost through resulted
savings in recurring electricity bill.
II. OBJECTIVE
1) To monitor the maximum power demand in
industrial installation.
2) To control the power usage in industrial field.
3) To regulate and reduce electricity monthly bill.
III. PROJECT STATEMENT
In industrial field, efforts should be made to
achieve overall economy so that per unit cost of
production is as low as possible. The problem of
determining the cost of production of electrical
energy is highly complex. Nowadays there is one
equipment that can solve this problem which is the
maximum demand meter. This meter is specifically
design to monitor and also control the maximum
power demand. The greater the maximum demand,
the greater is it sizes and cost. This type of meter can
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Supriti Dash Sharma et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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www.ijera.com 31|P a g e
make sure that our monthly bill will not over limit
thus also can fixed and maintain the monthly cost.
Controlling maximum demand can lower the bill thus
saving the customer money. If the maximum power
demand reading almost exceeds more than it is fixed
by the company, the maximum demand meter will
automatically control the power usage by load
shedding. Load shedding can be accomplished by
turning off non critical loads such as lamps and fans.
IV. SCOPE OF PROJECT
Produce a meter that has function of
monitoring and also controlling the maximum power
demand in a device. The meter that we produce must
easy to use and reliable. This project needs both
hardware and software.
V. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Fig. 1.Block diagram of maximum demand controller
Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of maximum demand
controller
Current and voltage are supply by company
utilities as an input. The value of voltage supply is
240V from TNB. The current sensor is detecting the
current from utilities and converts the current into the
voltage. The voltage that converts from current sensor
is 5V. The voltage from utilities will step down by
transformer to 5V. The voltage from sensor and 5V
will flow to the microcontroller because
microcontroller only can read for 5V. The
microcontroller will be program to monitor and
display the power demand and shed the load.
VI. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION
A .Microcontroller
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard 80C51
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows
the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S52
provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of
flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters,
axis-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator ,and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with
static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing
the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down
mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the
oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the
next interrupt or hardware reset.
Driver
The ULN2801A-ULN2805Aeach contains
eight Darlington transistors with common emitters
and integral suppression diodes for inductive loads.
Each Darlington features a peak load current rating of
600mA (500mA continuous) and can withstand at
least50V in the off state. Outputs may be paralleled
for higher current capability. Five versions are
available to simplify interfacing to standard logic
families: the ULN2801Ais designed for general
purpose applications with a current limit resistor;
theULN2802Ahas a 10.5kW input resistor and Zener
for 14-25VPMOS; theULN2803Ahas a 2.7kW input
resistor for 5V TTL and CMOS; the ULN2804A has
a 10.5kW input resistor for 6-15V CMOS and the
ULN2805A is designed to sink a minimum of 350mA
for standard and Schottky TTL where higher output
current is required. All types are supplied in a 18-lead
plastic DIP with a copper lead from and feature the
convenient input opposite- output pin out to simplify
board layout.
C. Voltage Regulator
The L7800 series of three-terminal positive
regulator is available in TO-220, ISOWATT220 and
TO-3 packages and with several fixed output voltages
3. Supriti Dash Sharma et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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making it useful in a wide range of applications.
These regulators can provide local on-card regulation,
eliminating the distribution problems associated with
single point regulation. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If
adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output current. Although designed primarily
as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used
with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.
VI. INNOVATION
Introduction to the SMS based system:
SMS, stands for “Short Message Service”, is
a technology that enables the sending and receiving
of messages between mobile Phones. SMS first
appeared in Europe in 1992. It was included in the
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to
wireless technologies like CDMA and TDMA. As
suggested by the name "Short Message Service", one
SMS can contain at most 140 bytes or 160 bytes (in
case of 7-bit character encoding) of data.
By using this GSM module we can send a
text message to the customer or the consumer about
the status of their consumption at a specific set time.
The time can be chosen as per the requirement of the
consumer. The text will indicate the rating of voltage
(V), current(A), power(kW), times(sec) and the
average demand.
VII. APPLICATIONS AND
ADVANTAGES
A. Applications
The MD Meter will find its applications in
wide areas like:
1. Process Control Industries
2. Main Incomers in Substation
3. Hospitals
4. Hotels
5. Corporate Offices
6. Educational Institutes
7. Small Single phase MD Controllers and be used
for domestic purposes.
B. Advantages
The use of MD Meter will provide many
advantages; some of them are listed below:
1. Better Utilization of available Power
2. Avoids penalty
3. Improved Load Factor
4. Auto scaling from k VA to MVA
5. Predictive control method adopted to optimize
demand control
6. Field programmable CT & PT ratios
7. Demand profile generation for setting realistic
demand targets
8. Records peak demands with date & time
9. Time of the day (TOD) facility
10. Integration time selectable : 15/30 minutes
(optional)
11. Communication interface to PC (optional)
12. Multi Control outputs for better control
13. The device has no or negligible running costs
14. It is economical to install
VIII. RESULT
The use of the MD Controller leads to proper
kW Demand Management. The actual Maximum
Demand can be curtailed, saving considerable
Electricity charges.MD Controller avoids risk of
crossing the limits and penalties and disconnection.
Maximum utilization of demand and optimum
utilization of both power and in-plant generation.
Apart from savings in Maximum Demand, the active
power consumption is also considerably reduced. As
a result of these savings, the payback period is low.
IX. CONCLUSION
The main purpose of maximum demand
meter is to monitor and control the maximum power
demand and also to reduce the monthly electricity
bill. Use of this meter will ensure customer from
worry of hiked bill. Maximum power demand meter
can benefit every user especially the factories or bulk
user of electricity. The information about meter and
knowledge about how to use it will certainly benefit
lot to the society
X. FUTURE SCOPE
The maximum demand Controller can be
interfaced with the computer and the maximum
demand can be monitored through the SCADA
system itself.
The MD Controller can be made more accurate
and transparent by using advance version of
GSM technology
REFERENCES
[1]. “A Load Shedding Controller For
Management Of Residential Loads During
Peak Demand Periods” –IEEE AFRICON
2004.
[2]. “SMS based Load Shedding Period Control”
System-International Journal of Computer
4. Supriti Dash Sharma et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 6) March 2016, pp.30-33
www.ijera.com 33|P a g e
Applications (0975 – 8887)Volume 29–
No.7, September 2011
[3]. “Automated Load Shedding Period Control”
System-Dwijen Rudrapal et al. /
International Journal on Computer Science
and Engineering (IJCSE).
[4]. Electric schedule E-20 Sheet 1-SERVICE
TO customers with demands of 1000
kilowatts or more energy sufficient
technology in electrical system.
[5]. “SMES for Protection of Distributed Critical
Loads” M. V. Aware and D. Sutanto, Senior
Member, IEE1Es