This document describes the design and implementation of a generator power sensor and shutdown timer. Key points:
1) A microcontroller (Atmega8) is used to control the timing operation and sense power restoration, making the circuit more compact, efficient and reliable compared to using discrete components.
2) The microcontroller is programmed in C language to control an LCD display, buttons, LEDs, buzzer, and relay for switching the generator.
3) In addition to automatically shutting down the generator after a set time, the circuit can sense when utility power is restored and switch the load to that power while stopping the timer.
In our country we are facing tremendous problems because of electricity shortage and the J&K state is on top. We are considered rich in production of electricity but the truth is we are not getting the desired. The solution is implementation of latest and emerging technologies like IOT and Microcontrollers in electrical domain. The paper describes the need of technology for load shedding process. Itika Sharma | Shavet Sharma"Load Shedding Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18364.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18364/load-shedding-management/itika-sharma
Implementation of self excited induction generator (seig) with igbt based ele...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a mathematical model of the Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) is developed to analyze the operation of it in wind energy systems. In such type of wind scheme often whole generating system is isolated from the grid and supply electricity to the remote communities. A wind energy system usually a low/medium speed projects driven by controlled/uncontrolled micro wind turbines. The single point operation of these generators is realized; in such a manner that speeds, voltage, currents of generators remain constant under various operating loads conditions. The Electronic Load Controller (ELC) is modeled here for the controlled operation of WES against various load condition. Here the proposed electrical system are modeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power System (SPS) set toolboxes and different aspects of the proposed system are studied. On the basis this model different characteristics of SEIG with ELC are analyzed which shows its suitability in wind energy systems. Index Terms: SEIG, ELC, Wind Energy, and Induction generator etc
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Design and Analysis of PID and Fuzzy-PID Controller for Voltage Control of DC...Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
DC microgrids are desired to provide the electricity for the remote areas which are far from the main grid. The microgrid creates the open horizontal environment to interconnect the distributed generation especially photovoltaic (PV). The stochastic nature of the PV output power introduces the large fluctuations of the power and voltage in the microgrid and forced to introduce the controller for voltage stability. There are many control strategies to control the voltage of a DC microgrid in the literature. In this paper the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic PID (FL-PID) controller has been designed and compared in term of performance. Performance measures like maximum overshoot and settling time of FL-PID compared with the PID proved that the former is better controller. The controllers are designed and simulated in the MATLAB programming environment. The controllers has been tested for the real time data obtained from Pecan Street Project, University of Texas at Austin USA.
HIGH EFFICIENT BRIDGELESS BOOST RECTIFIER FOR LOW VOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING A...IAEME Publication
A single phase ac-dc bridgeless boost rectifier for low voltage energy harvesting applications is proposed in this paper. The conventional bridge type boost converters for low voltage energy harvesting requires more components hence they suffer from high power loss and require more number of energy storage components like inductors and capacitors. Conventional converters can be modeled for boost operation or buck-boost operation alone. The proposed converter overcomes the above mentioned draw backs of conventional converter. Detailed analysis of proposed convertor is also presented under boost, buck-boost mode operations. The proposed converter operation is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment both open loop and closed loop conditions.
In our country we are facing tremendous problems because of electricity shortage and the J&K state is on top. We are considered rich in production of electricity but the truth is we are not getting the desired. The solution is implementation of latest and emerging technologies like IOT and Microcontrollers in electrical domain. The paper describes the need of technology for load shedding process. Itika Sharma | Shavet Sharma"Load Shedding Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18364.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18364/load-shedding-management/itika-sharma
Implementation of self excited induction generator (seig) with igbt based ele...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a mathematical model of the Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) is developed to analyze the operation of it in wind energy systems. In such type of wind scheme often whole generating system is isolated from the grid and supply electricity to the remote communities. A wind energy system usually a low/medium speed projects driven by controlled/uncontrolled micro wind turbines. The single point operation of these generators is realized; in such a manner that speeds, voltage, currents of generators remain constant under various operating loads conditions. The Electronic Load Controller (ELC) is modeled here for the controlled operation of WES against various load condition. Here the proposed electrical system are modeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power System (SPS) set toolboxes and different aspects of the proposed system are studied. On the basis this model different characteristics of SEIG with ELC are analyzed which shows its suitability in wind energy systems. Index Terms: SEIG, ELC, Wind Energy, and Induction generator etc
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Design and Analysis of PID and Fuzzy-PID Controller for Voltage Control of DC...Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
DC microgrids are desired to provide the electricity for the remote areas which are far from the main grid. The microgrid creates the open horizontal environment to interconnect the distributed generation especially photovoltaic (PV). The stochastic nature of the PV output power introduces the large fluctuations of the power and voltage in the microgrid and forced to introduce the controller for voltage stability. There are many control strategies to control the voltage of a DC microgrid in the literature. In this paper the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic PID (FL-PID) controller has been designed and compared in term of performance. Performance measures like maximum overshoot and settling time of FL-PID compared with the PID proved that the former is better controller. The controllers are designed and simulated in the MATLAB programming environment. The controllers has been tested for the real time data obtained from Pecan Street Project, University of Texas at Austin USA.
HIGH EFFICIENT BRIDGELESS BOOST RECTIFIER FOR LOW VOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING A...IAEME Publication
A single phase ac-dc bridgeless boost rectifier for low voltage energy harvesting applications is proposed in this paper. The conventional bridge type boost converters for low voltage energy harvesting requires more components hence they suffer from high power loss and require more number of energy storage components like inductors and capacitors. Conventional converters can be modeled for boost operation or buck-boost operation alone. The proposed converter overcomes the above mentioned draw backs of conventional converter. Detailed analysis of proposed convertor is also presented under boost, buck-boost mode operations. The proposed converter operation is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment both open loop and closed loop conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
GSM Based Wireless Load-Shedding Management System for Non Emergency ConditionEditor IJMTER
In that papers, most of us current a new cost-effective wireless allocated fill shedding
technique for non-emergency scenarios. Throughout electric power transformer destinations
wherever SCADA technique can't be utilized, your suggested remedy offers a realistic choice that
will includes the usage of microcontrollers as well as recent GSM commercial infrastructure in order
to deliver first alert SMS communications in order to customers counseling them to proactively
lessen their particular electric power usage prior to technique capacity can be attained as well as stepby-step electric power shutdown takes place. Some sort of story verbal exchanges process as well as
message arranged are invented to deal with your messaging between the transformer web sites, the
spot that the microcontrollers are situated as well as the spot that the sizes occur, as well as the key
control web page the spot that the repository server can be organized. Furthermore, the machine
posts alert communications towards the end-users mobile products which have been utilized since
verbal exchanges terminals. The system has become put in place as well as tried by using distinct
experimental effects.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
DESIGN OF THE ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER USING MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ZERO CR...elelijjournal
Small hydro power plant project (SHPP) a significant role in renewable energy sector in several countries, Especially Indonesia, among different categories, community based and estate based hydro projects use electric load control technology since it can be locally manufactured, easily to installation and the low cost. For example; constant voltage and frequency in Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). In this method, the principle of phase angle control of back to back thyristor is used. A thyristor is fired at a specific delay angle relative to the zero voltage crossing of the sine wave. A thyristor commutates at zero crossing, will be occurs a twice the frequency and generates total harmonic distortion about of 40% in current with added reactive power burden. This scheme can continuously vary the dump power over nearly the entire range from zero to full load as the delay angle varies from 0 to 180 degree.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
These slides presents the different challenges and issues related to DG integration to Micro-grid distribution systems. The possible solutions are also presented. Later of the class I will try to upload the mathematical presentations and simulation results related to each protection scheme. However, your suggestions are always welcome.
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @...ARC Advisory Group
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @ ARC's 2011 Industry Forum by Craig Resnick.
Intelligent motor control & drives once provided a safe, flexible & centralized means to control & protect motors
•Today, these devices have evolved to ‘smart’ energy managers that bring advances ranging from complex drive systems to basic control of fan or pump motors
•In high demand where uptime & equipment reliability are critical, in applications where even a short period of downtime can prove extremely costly & damaging
•These devices perform critical protective & troubleshooting functions & detailed diagnostics to help improve productivity & minimize downtime
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
GSM Based Wireless Load-Shedding Management System for Non Emergency ConditionEditor IJMTER
In that papers, most of us current a new cost-effective wireless allocated fill shedding
technique for non-emergency scenarios. Throughout electric power transformer destinations
wherever SCADA technique can't be utilized, your suggested remedy offers a realistic choice that
will includes the usage of microcontrollers as well as recent GSM commercial infrastructure in order
to deliver first alert SMS communications in order to customers counseling them to proactively
lessen their particular electric power usage prior to technique capacity can be attained as well as stepby-step electric power shutdown takes place. Some sort of story verbal exchanges process as well as
message arranged are invented to deal with your messaging between the transformer web sites, the
spot that the microcontrollers are situated as well as the spot that the sizes occur, as well as the key
control web page the spot that the repository server can be organized. Furthermore, the machine
posts alert communications towards the end-users mobile products which have been utilized since
verbal exchanges terminals. The system has become put in place as well as tried by using distinct
experimental effects.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
DESIGN OF THE ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER USING MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ZERO CR...elelijjournal
Small hydro power plant project (SHPP) a significant role in renewable energy sector in several countries, Especially Indonesia, among different categories, community based and estate based hydro projects use electric load control technology since it can be locally manufactured, easily to installation and the low cost. For example; constant voltage and frequency in Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). In this method, the principle of phase angle control of back to back thyristor is used. A thyristor is fired at a specific delay angle relative to the zero voltage crossing of the sine wave. A thyristor commutates at zero crossing, will be occurs a twice the frequency and generates total harmonic distortion about of 40% in current with added reactive power burden. This scheme can continuously vary the dump power over nearly the entire range from zero to full load as the delay angle varies from 0 to 180 degree.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
These slides presents the different challenges and issues related to DG integration to Micro-grid distribution systems. The possible solutions are also presented. Later of the class I will try to upload the mathematical presentations and simulation results related to each protection scheme. However, your suggestions are always welcome.
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @...ARC Advisory Group
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @ ARC's 2011 Industry Forum by Craig Resnick.
Intelligent motor control & drives once provided a safe, flexible & centralized means to control & protect motors
•Today, these devices have evolved to ‘smart’ energy managers that bring advances ranging from complex drive systems to basic control of fan or pump motors
•In high demand where uptime & equipment reliability are critical, in applications where even a short period of downtime can prove extremely costly & damaging
•These devices perform critical protective & troubleshooting functions & detailed diagnostics to help improve productivity & minimize downtime
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUE...Pradeep Avanigadda
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
This research presents a very important industrial issue of controlling the production target, despite changing loads. Engines of various types, whether synchronous or synchronous, operate on single and three phase AC, DC motors or special motors such as stepper and servo. In all these motors, the speed control of the torque and speed of the above motors has gained considerable importance. There are three main ways reviewed in the current search, the second that completes the previous research referred to in the references. The three methods are PID method, LQR method and feeding –forward control methods. A real DC motor was used in electrical engineering machine laboratory at University of Diyala, Iraq. Where the actual parameters of the DC motor were actually calculated. The practical parameters were then integrated into the three control method Matlab codes for the purpose of comparing the results and representing the motor performance in the indicated control methods.
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
Along by a continuous improvement to composite electronic devices, a safety to technicians takes
additionally become the matter to good concern, as a result to technicians' lives is in jeopardy while their
work through shutting down circuit breakers, even that even once the breaker takes been switched off,
someone will inadvertently flip to while a technician remains working. That should be a system to
guarantee safety that technicians. Also, individuals do not love switching all the time toward turn on / off
appliances like fans/lighting/air conditioners. It ends in wasted energy thanks to unnecessarily placing the
instrument. To address these issues, we tend to come up through the system through mobile app-controlled
circuit breakers that degrade wireless management to home appliances to hunt down a golem app. That
replaces a traditional breaker through the mobile app-controlled system in the on / off system, where no
one will activate the breaker, while not the word. The remote of home appliances helps a user to save
electricity. That enhances a quality of life and luxury. Additionally, a system includes the home security
mechanism against drone intrusion using the mobile app-controlled door lock system besides the
mechanism that sleuthing dangerous gas leaks. A formation of the system subtracts the degree of victim
associate ESP 32 microcontroller, the Bluetooth module, matrix 4x4 keyboards, and the paraffin gas
detector associate with a golem mobile application. The entire system is usually compact systems.
CIRCUIT BREAK CONNECT MONITORING TO 5G MOBILE APPLICATIONijcsit
Along by a continuous improvement to composite electronic devices, a safety to technicians takes
additionally become the matter to good concern, as a result to technicians' lives is in jeopardy while their
work through shutting down circuit breakers, even that even once the breaker takes been switched off,
someone will inadvertently flip to while a technician remains working. That should be a system to
guarantee safety that technicians. Also, individuals do not love switching all the time toward turn on / off
appliances like fans/lighting/air conditioners. It ends in wasted energy thanks to unnecessarily placing the
instrument. To address these issues, we tend to come up through the system through mobile app-controlled
circuit breakers that degrade wireless management to home appliances to hunt down a golem app. That
replaces a traditional breaker through the mobile app-controlled system in the on / off system, where no
one will activate the breaker, while not the word. The remote of home appliances helps a user to save
electricity. That enhances a quality of life and luxury. Additionally, a system includes the home security
mechanism against drone intrusion using the mobile app-controlled door lock system besides the
mechanism that sleuthing dangerous gas leaks. A formation of the system subtracts the degree of victim
associate ESP 32 microcontroller, the Bluetooth module, matrix 4x4 keyboards, and the paraffin gas
detector associate with a golem mobile application. The entire system is usually compact systems
Design and simulation of Arduino Nano controlled DC-DC converters for low and...IJECEIAES
This paper mainly focuses on the controller of portable direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter which may be simple, low cost and efficient. Nowadays, proportional integral (PI) controller and opto-isolator based circuits are used for switching control. The switching control through the controller makes the DC-DC converter into larger circuit and less efficient. This problem will be rectified using the Arduino Nano controller which is small and low cost-effective controller. It is useful for low and medium power applications like residential solar power system, electronic gadgets, and academic laboratories. Arduino Nano-based DC chopper has been developed, and the Proteus software used for simulation. The different topologies of DC choppers like buck, boost, and buck-boost converter have been designed with mathematical calculations and simulated.
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Similar to Design and implementation of a generator power sensor and shutdown timer (20)
Design and implementation of a generator power sensor and shutdown timer
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
1
Design and Implementation of a Generator Power Sensor and
Shutdown Timer
Gbenga Daniel Obikoya1
Adamu Murtala Zungeru1
Anthony C. Mmonyi2
Tasiu Hayatuddeen3
1.Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
gbenga.obikoya@fuoye.edu.ng, zungeru.adamu@fuoye.edu.ng
2.Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
mac11anthony@gmail.com
3.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
hayatumt@gmail.com
Abstract
This research is on the design and construction of a generator shutdown timer; an electronic device that
automatically turns off electric generator after a specified period of duty hours. A microcontroller Atmega8 is
used, which makes the entire circuitry compact, more flexible, efficient and reliable. The microcontroller
program is written in C programming language using AVR studio4 and the circuit simulation using Proteus. This
circuitry does not only control the timing operation of electric generators, but also possesses the ability to sense
power restoration (from the utility power supply) and respond by switching off the generator. Power handling
capacity of the circuit is estimated to be 1760W.
Keywords: Power Sensor, Shutdown Timer, Atmega8, AVR Studio, Proteus VSM.
1. Introduction
A timer is a specialized type of clock. A timer can be used to control the sequence of processes. A stopwatch
counts upward from zero or reference point for measuring elapsed time, whereas, a timer counts down from a
specified time interval to zero. When the set period expires, some timers indicates so (e.g. by an audible signal),
while others operate electric switches, which cuts electric power. The interest of this research is in the time
switching, where a countdown timer is employed to switch off an electric generator after a specified time
interval.
Programming countdown timers can be realized using discrete electronic components, such as logic
gates, RC oscillators, Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) for the indication, and few Integrated Circuits (ICs) like
counters and so on. Timers of this kind suffer many drawbacks. The RC oscillator, which serves as the heart of
the entire system may itself not be precise, due to variation in the component ratings or due to capacitor charge
leakages, which is associated with more electrolytic capacitors. Another problem is that, it can only have few
settable starting times (i.e. not all time intervals can be set). Also the circuit is bulky, and this increases its failure
tendencies [1].
Advancement in large scale integration of semiconductor devices results in the availability of
microcontroller. The microcontroller is simply a computer on a chip. It is one of the most important
developments in electronics since the invention of the microprocessor itself [2].
To take care of all the shortcomings aforementioned, the microcontroller would be employed in this
project. Due to its flexibility, the starting time can be varied for all time intervals. The time period is set by the
use of operator interface which consists of push buttons and liquid crystal display (LCD). Also, timing ranges
from minute to several hours. The use of microcontroller makes the device more compact, more reliable and
much more precise.
An additional feature in this device is its ability to sense a power interruption such as when power is
restored. The device responds to this kind of situation by switching from generator power to the public utility
power supply, and while doing so the countdown timer stops since normalcy is restored.
There are several researches on programmable countdown timers and related applications. In those
researches, the timers were normally realized using discrete electronics components such as logic gates, RC
oscillators, LEDs for indication, and few ICs like counters, and timers of this kind suffer many drawbacks. The
RC oscillator, which serves as the heart of the entire system may itself not be precise due to variation in the
component ratings or due to capacitor charge leakages, which is associated with more electrolytic capacitors.
Another problem is that, it can only have few settable starting times (i.e. not all time intervals can be set). Also,
the circuitry is too complex and it increases the risk of failure [1].
In a work by Olatinwo et al [3], an attempt was made to design and implement an automatic
changeover with remote control. The design and construction of an automatic changeover with remote control
will ease the use of an electrical power generating system. The paper focuses on the design of an automatic
changeover that will enhance user control over a power generating set. It is intended for use with a single phase
power generating set operating at 220V AC.
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Clive Maxted and Winston Walter (2005), developed an intelligent embedded system for high power
industrial generator in replacement of the existing discrete logic design. This system could support automatic
main failure start-up and shutdown, multi-channel graphical annunciation control, and monitoring of generator
temperature and pressure. With the new controller, of reduced size, used in this research, there were great
advantages in terms of reduced cost, increased functionality and flexibility [4].
Jonathan Kolo (2007) designed and constructed an automatic power changeover switch, with control
logic (with timing abilities) and relay, to automatically switch between public power supply and generator power
supply in the event of power outage. This work proved to be reliable, cheap and reduce human stress [5].
Abd Wahab, Abdullah, Johari and Abdul Kadir (2010) developed a GSM-based control for electrical
appliances in order to reduce electricity wastage. The researchers were able to switch ON and OFF appliances by
sending SMS through a GSM network. This work has proven to be energy saving- effective, though no provision
for notification in case there is power failure [6].
Thiyagaragan and Palanivel (2010) designed an AVR microcontroller that could shut down a
transformer in a distribution substation in case of open-circuit, short-circuit, overload and over-temperature, in
order to prevent further damages. This proposed system would make distribution system more secure, reliable
and efficient [7].
J. Datta, J. Datta, S. Chowdhuri and J. Bera (2012) developed a dedicated microcontroller-based
hardware unit (DHU) meant to report any abnormal running conditions installed at different geographical
location, and shut down the motors in case of extreme fault or abnormality in operation of each motor [8].
Ezema, Peter and Harris (2012) designed and constructed an automatic change-over switch with
generator start/shut down functions. The automatic switching mechanism ensured that consumer loads are
transferred to the generator supply in case of mains power failure. Conversely, the switch automatically detects
power restoration from the mains, returns the load to the mains power supply and then shut down the generator
set. This work has help immensely to reduce human stress and loss time associated with switching power supply
from one source to another [9].
In the current research, the timing procedure was reviewed critically and appropriate modifications
were made to ensure better performance of generator power sensor and shutdown timer. This is done with a
microcontroller together with an LCD display, in order to ensure good precision, compatibility and flexibility.
2. Design
The hardware component of the generator power sensor and shutdown timer consists of display unit, reset
configuration, generator power feedback (utility supply sensor), processing unit (microcontroller) and switching
circuit.
Power Supply Unit: voltage rating of ATmega8L microcontrollers is between 4.5V to 5.5V DC, the
LCD requires a voltage range from 3V to 6V DC while, the relay and the buzzer required voltage of 12V DC
each.
From the above consideration, it was concluded that a power supply of two different voltage levels was
needed. The microcontroller, push button and the LCD can be operated with a 5V supply, while the relay and a
buzzer can be operated at 12V DC. Therefore, 12V rechargeable battery was chosen because of the fact that the
device consume less power and the battery gives a clear DC output without any ripples. This is in addition to its
portability, cheapness and reliability.
Switching Circuit: The generator shutdown timer is supposed to be able to switch off electric generators.
A convenient way of achieving this switching is via the use of a relay. In this design, a 12V relay was used with
a contact capacity of 12V DC and 10A thus making the maximum switching load 1760W. This can, however,
easily be increased by selecting a relay contact with higher rating.
The relay driver circuit is as shown in Figure 4. Each Atmega8 pin can sink and source a maximum
current of 25mA but the relay is rated at 50mA, thus the need for a driver transistor to amplify the current output
from the microcontroller. From the fig 3.3, it can be seen that logic high on pin PC3 and pin PD5 of the Atmega8
microcontroller causes the transistor to saturate thus energizing the relay. This setup allows the control of the
relay using the microcontroller.
Processing Unit: The microcontroller serves as the processing unit, and Atmega8 is suitable for it.
Reset Configuration: In Figure 1, a reset capacitor and resistor is used on microcontroller to enable
normal operation, while allowing the programming voltage (about 5V) to be applied without damaging the target.
When the switch is open, the current flowing through the resistor charges the capacitor. The microcontroller
continues to operate normally as long as the reset pin is at logic high. When the switch is pressed, the capacitor
gets discharged and the reset pin becomes low. This condition forces the microcontroller to restart its operation
from the beginning again. A resistor ranges from 5kΩ to 10kΩ and a capacitor of 10uF is specified by the
manufacturer of the microcontroller.
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Figure 1: Reset Pin Configuration
Display Unit: The display unit is composed of a liquid crystal display (LCD). The LM016L LCD can be
interfaced directly with the Atmega8 microcontroller, because of the fact that they almost have the same voltage
and current requirements for both sourcing and sinking.
Generator Power Feedback (Utility Power Sensor): This is where the device senses the generator’s
power status and the utility power supply. When there is a power failure, this section sends logic high to the
microcontroller which enables the controller to prepare the generator for starting. If a generator is running (i.e.
the timer is set) and if utility power supply system is restored, it sends a logic zero to the controller. This power
down the generator automatically and connect the load to utility power supply system.
In this design, it is assumed that, Icmax > load current
and
(1)
Therefore, BCC 337 transistor was selected because it has IC max = 200 mA and hfe = 100.
For relay transistor,
RL = 358Ω, and VL = 12V
(2)
⇒
In other to operate the transistor on saturation:
The base resistance of the transistor is calculated as follows:
And the voltage at the base is given as
The value of resistor to be used to limit the amount of current in a LED is calculated as thus:
The LED require 2V at 20mA, and
Therefore, the LED current limiting resistor is 150Ω
Resistance at the base of Buzzer Transistor is calculated as thus:
The buzzer requires 12V, IC = 20mA
For transistor to operate in full saturation;
∴
3. Pin Assignments
Atmega8 microcontroller serves as the control house for generator shutdown timer design generating all the
necessary control logic for driving the necessary component in the circuit. The port assignments are done as
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follows [10]:
PORT B (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7) pins serve as a data bus for sending display digits to the LCD display. Weak
internal pull ups resistors are enabled for its pins.
PORT C (0, 1, 5, 6) pins are the increase, decrease, start and reset buttons respectively.
PORT C (2, 3, 4) pins are set to drive the LED source, the transistor buzzer and the (generator) relay transistor
respectively.
PORT D (0, 1, 4) pins are for LCD Register Select (RS) input, Read /write (RW), Enable (E) input respectively
PORT D (2, 5) pins are the Optocoupler sensor and (switching) transistor relay respectively.
4. Coding
The program was written in C language using the AVR Studio4 IDE’s embedded editor with the flowcharts (see
Figure 2) as guidelines [11].
Figure 2: Flowchart of the Main Program
5. Simulation and Debugging
The written program was simulated using Proteus VSM and problems observed, debugged and solved by
modifying certain parts of the code. Values of variables, execution of instructions, and status of the port pins
(whether set or cleared) were observed in the watch window.
Once this was complete and also from the simulation, it was verified that the program was working, the C
program code compiled into hex file using the AVR studio so as it can be loaded into the ATMEGA8L
microcontroller chip.
6. Construction
After careful examination of the circuit diagram in Figure 4, all required components were assembled. The
circuit was implemented on Vero-board. All components are arranged in close proximity and with an orientation
that will effectively minimize the number of links required.
As seen in Figure 3, the main circuit board contains the microcontroller and some of its auxiliary
components such as resistor, capacitor, opto-coupler, and so on. Relay is also mounted on the same board.
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The Push buttons were mounted on a separate board, but their RESET is placed on the main board and connected
with a wire.
A plastic casing was used, because of its resistance to corrosion and some other hazards. It is also cheap
compared to the metal case.
Figure 3: Showing Component in Plastic Casing
PB0/ICP1
14
PB1/OC1A
15
PB2/SS/OC1B
16
PB3/MOSI/OC2
17
PB4/MISO
18
PB5/SCK
19
PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1
9
PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2
10
PC6/RESET
1
PD0/RXD
2
PD1/TXD
3
PD2/INT0
4
PD3/INT1
5
PD4/T0/XCK
6
PD5/T1
11
PD6/AIN0
12
PD7/AIN1
13
PC0/ADC0
23
PC1/ADC1
24
PC2/ADC2
25
PC3/ADC3
26
PC4/ADC4/SDA
27
PC5/ADC5/SCL
28
AREF
21
AVCC
20
U1
ATMEGA8
D714
D613
D512
D411
D310
D29
D18
D07
E6
RW5
RS4
VSS1
VDD2
VEE3
LCD1
LM016L
C1
10u
R1
10k
RLY
5V Q1
BC547 R2
1k8
D1
1N4001
BUZ1
BUZZER
R3
1k8
Q2
BC547
D2
LED-BIRG
R4
100
12V
12V
GeneratorSwitch
R6
10k
6
5
4
1
2
U3
OPTOCOUPLER-NPNR7
10k
RL1
12V
L N
N
PHCNGEN
Q3
BC547
R8
1k
12V
B1
12V
VI
1
VO
3
GND2
U2
7805
5V
+
-
+
-
UP DOWN START
50%
RV1
1k
Figure 4: Complete Circuit of the Generator Power Sensor and Shutdown Timer
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7. Testing and Results
The programmed chip was mounted in its circuit via an IC socket. The circuit was then powered ON by the
power switch. The circuit power supply re-checked to ensure 5V supply to the AVR microcontroller and 12V to
the relays. All other connections (resistors, transistors, rectifiers, switches) were ensured. The display was seen
to display a text at start up [i.e enter time] indicating initialization. We then proceeded to perform the timing test.
The timing set was carried out by the increase and decrease buttons accordingly, followed by the start button,
and noting the countdown time with a conventional digital stopwatch.
A 100W incandescent light bulb, which represents a load condition for the circuit, was then connected
via the relay. The timing test was then carried out again and it was observed that the light bulb powered ON for
the duration of time interval, then powered OFF.
After this test, the device was then coupled with an electric generator, and the device was switched ON.
The timer was set using the push button (soft touch) to one minute. After the time elapsed, the generator
switched OFF.
8. Conclusions
It is seen from this research that the device has maximum operation time of 99 hours and 99 minutes with
maximum switchable load (or device power handing capability) of 1760 W. Heavier loads could be handled with
higher rating relay.
The constructed shutdown timing circuit does not only control the timing operation of the electric
generators, but also possesses the ability to sense power restoration from the public utility supply and respond by
switching OFF the generator.
In conclusion, this research provides an easier means of controlling or timing the operation of electric
generators used for household appliance, offices, schools and some other establishments. With few modifications,
the device can be used in many applications other than generators.
References
Paul Scherz, “Practical electronics for inventors”, McGraw Hill companies Inc., 2000.
M. Bates, “interfacing PIC microcontrollers, Embedded design by interactive simulation”, Elsevier publishers
(UK). (2006)
Segun O. Olatinwo, O. Shoewu , Oluwabukola Mayowa Ishola “Design and implementation of a remote control
based automatic changeover”, Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol.1 No.9 March 2013.
Clive Maxted, Winston Waller, “Development of an intelligent controller for power generators”, Journal of
Physics: Conference Series 15 (2005) 306–310, Sensors & their Applications XIII, Institute of Physics
Publishing (doi:10.1088/1742-6596/15/1/051), 2005.
Jonathan Gana Kolo, “Design and Construction of an Automatic Power Changeover Switch”, AU Journal of
Technology 11(2): Oct. 2007.
Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Norzilawati Abdullah, Ayob Johari, Herdawatie Abdul Kadir, “GSM Based Electrical
Control System for Smart Home Application”, Journal of Convergence Information Technology Volume 5,
Number 1, February 2010
(doi: 10.4156/jcit.vol5.issue1.4)
V. Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel “An Efficient Monitoring Of Substations Using Microcontroller Based
Monitoring System”, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences 4 (1). July 2010.
Jinia Datta(Das), Soumyajit Datta, Sumana Chowdhuri and Jitendranath Bera, “Condition based reporting of
multi-machine monitoring system using GSM”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012 (ISSN 2250-3153).
L.S. Ezema, B.U. Peter, O.O. Harris, “Design of Automatic Change Over Switch with Generator Control
Mechanism”, Part-I: Natural and Applied Sciences, ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944, Vol. 3, No. 3,
November 2012.
Steven. F and Daniel. J. Pack,”Atmel AVR microcontroller primer; programming and interfacing,” Morgan and
Claypool Publishers, 2008.
Lam Phung,” Getting started with C Programming for the ATMEL AVR Microcontroller,” University of
Wollongon, 2008.
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