An Understanding Of Bacterial Transformation By Plasmid DnaGina Buck
Bacterial plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules within bacteria that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids can contain genes that provide bacteria with useful traits like antibiotic resistance. During genetic transformation, the plasmid is introduced to recipient bacteria where it can be replicated independently of the bacterial chromosome. The foreign DNA from the plasmid is then expressed in the recipient bacteria, altering its genotype and phenotype. This allows bacteria to horizontally acquire new genes from plasmids and gain traits like antibiotic resistance without direct contact between bacterial cells.
This document provides an overview of bacterial genetics principles including:
- Bacterial DNA is located in the nucleoid and can be found in the chromosome or extrachromosomal plasmids.
- DNA replication and transcription/translation processes allow for heredity and variation in bacteria.
- Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like transformation, transduction, conjugation, and transposition allow bacteria to acquire new genes.
- Plasmids, insertion sequences, and composite transposons are genetic elements that can move DNA within and between bacteria.
- Genetic engineering techniques like recombinant DNA technology are used to artificially modify bacterial genomes.
CONFERENCE 5-Techniques in Genetic Engineering.pptDicksonDaniel7
This document describes genetic engineering techniques such as selective breeding, recombinant DNA, PCR, and transgenic organisms. It explains how recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to insert DNA fragments into cloning vectors, which are then inserted into host bacteria for replication. This allows mass production of useful proteins like insulin. The document also discusses how Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid are widely used vectors to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells and genomes. In summary, the document outlines genetic engineering methods and how they have been applied to biotechnology and agriculture.
1) There are several methods for selecting and screening recombinant transformants, including blue-white screening using X-gal, insertional inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes, and using reporter genes like luciferase or GFP.
2) Gene transfer in animals can be done using viral vectors like retroviruses which incorporate the transgene into their genome, or using non-viral methods like microinjection, gene guns, electroporation, and ultrasound to deliver naked DNA into cells.
3) Stable transfection integrates transferred DNA into the host chromosome for permanent expression, while transient transfection expresses DNA temporarily without integration.
The genetic material of bacteria is stored in a chromosome and small extrachromosomal elements like plasmids and episomes. Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission. Mutations can arise spontaneously and change bacterial traits like colony color and nutrient usage. Bacteria can exchange genetic material through three main mechanisms - transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Conjugation requires cell-to-cell contact and occurs through plasmids. Transduction moves bacterial DNA between cells within bacteriophage virions.
1) The document describes genetic and recombinant DNA techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, cloning DNA into vectors, constructing cDNA libraries, and screening libraries.
2) Key techniques discussed are the use of dominant and recessive mutations to identify gene function, restriction enzymes for cleaving DNA, ligation for joining DNA fragments, transformation of E. coli for cloning DNA, and hybridization for screening cDNA libraries.
3) The techniques allow researchers to generate mutants, isolate genes, characterize protein function, and determine interactions between gene products.
1) The document describes genetic and recombinant DNA techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, DNA cloning, construction of cDNA libraries, and screening libraries.
2) Key techniques discussed are the use of dominant and recessive mutations to identify gene function, restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation to clone DNA, transformation of E. coli to replicate recombinant plasmids, and hybridization to screen libraries with probes.
3) The analysis of mutations, complementation, suppressors, and synthetics lethals are also covered as methods to determine gene function and interactions.
1) The document discusses molecular genetic techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, DNA cloning, and recombinant DNA methods.
2) Key terms are defined for genetic analysis, such as alleles, mutants, genotypes, and phenotypes. Methods are described for identifying dominant and recessive mutations through genetic crosses and complementation analysis.
3) Techniques like conditional mutations, suppressor mutations, and synthetic lethal analysis are explained for studying essential genes and protein interactions. DNA cloning is introduced, involving restriction enzymes to cut DNA and ligases to join DNA fragments into vectors.
An Understanding Of Bacterial Transformation By Plasmid DnaGina Buck
Bacterial plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules within bacteria that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids can contain genes that provide bacteria with useful traits like antibiotic resistance. During genetic transformation, the plasmid is introduced to recipient bacteria where it can be replicated independently of the bacterial chromosome. The foreign DNA from the plasmid is then expressed in the recipient bacteria, altering its genotype and phenotype. This allows bacteria to horizontally acquire new genes from plasmids and gain traits like antibiotic resistance without direct contact between bacterial cells.
This document provides an overview of bacterial genetics principles including:
- Bacterial DNA is located in the nucleoid and can be found in the chromosome or extrachromosomal plasmids.
- DNA replication and transcription/translation processes allow for heredity and variation in bacteria.
- Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like transformation, transduction, conjugation, and transposition allow bacteria to acquire new genes.
- Plasmids, insertion sequences, and composite transposons are genetic elements that can move DNA within and between bacteria.
- Genetic engineering techniques like recombinant DNA technology are used to artificially modify bacterial genomes.
CONFERENCE 5-Techniques in Genetic Engineering.pptDicksonDaniel7
This document describes genetic engineering techniques such as selective breeding, recombinant DNA, PCR, and transgenic organisms. It explains how recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to insert DNA fragments into cloning vectors, which are then inserted into host bacteria for replication. This allows mass production of useful proteins like insulin. The document also discusses how Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid are widely used vectors to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells and genomes. In summary, the document outlines genetic engineering methods and how they have been applied to biotechnology and agriculture.
1) There are several methods for selecting and screening recombinant transformants, including blue-white screening using X-gal, insertional inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes, and using reporter genes like luciferase or GFP.
2) Gene transfer in animals can be done using viral vectors like retroviruses which incorporate the transgene into their genome, or using non-viral methods like microinjection, gene guns, electroporation, and ultrasound to deliver naked DNA into cells.
3) Stable transfection integrates transferred DNA into the host chromosome for permanent expression, while transient transfection expresses DNA temporarily without integration.
The genetic material of bacteria is stored in a chromosome and small extrachromosomal elements like plasmids and episomes. Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission. Mutations can arise spontaneously and change bacterial traits like colony color and nutrient usage. Bacteria can exchange genetic material through three main mechanisms - transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Conjugation requires cell-to-cell contact and occurs through plasmids. Transduction moves bacterial DNA between cells within bacteriophage virions.
1) The document describes genetic and recombinant DNA techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, cloning DNA into vectors, constructing cDNA libraries, and screening libraries.
2) Key techniques discussed are the use of dominant and recessive mutations to identify gene function, restriction enzymes for cleaving DNA, ligation for joining DNA fragments, transformation of E. coli for cloning DNA, and hybridization for screening cDNA libraries.
3) The techniques allow researchers to generate mutants, isolate genes, characterize protein function, and determine interactions between gene products.
1) The document describes genetic and recombinant DNA techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, DNA cloning, construction of cDNA libraries, and screening libraries.
2) Key techniques discussed are the use of dominant and recessive mutations to identify gene function, restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation to clone DNA, transformation of E. coli to replicate recombinant plasmids, and hybridization to screen libraries with probes.
3) The analysis of mutations, complementation, suppressors, and synthetics lethals are also covered as methods to determine gene function and interactions.
1) The document discusses molecular genetic techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, DNA cloning, and recombinant DNA methods.
2) Key terms are defined for genetic analysis, such as alleles, mutants, genotypes, and phenotypes. Methods are described for identifying dominant and recessive mutations through genetic crosses and complementation analysis.
3) Techniques like conditional mutations, suppressor mutations, and synthetic lethal analysis are explained for studying essential genes and protein interactions. DNA cloning is introduced, involving restriction enzymes to cut DNA and ligases to join DNA fragments into vectors.
1) The document describes genetic and recombinant DNA techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, cloning DNA into vectors, constructing cDNA libraries, and screening libraries.
2) Key techniques discussed are the use of mutations to identify gene function, restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation to join DNA fragments, transforming E. coli with recombinant plasmids, and hybridizing probes to detect specific DNA sequences.
3) The goal is to learn about methods for isolating genes and characterizing the functions of the proteins they encode.
This case study describes the discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes using the TILLING technique. Researchers screened a population of 750 pollen-mutagenized maize plants for mutations in 11 genes. They detected 17 independent mutations in total, including an allelic series of 3 mutations in the DMT102 gene. No mutations were found in 5 other genes screened. The study demonstrates the ability of TILLING to discover mutations and further characterize gene function in crops like maize.
Insertional inactivation is a technique used in genetic engineering where a fragment of foreign DNA inserts into the genome of a host cell. This insertion disrupts or inactivates an existing gene, such as one that confers antibiotic resistance. Screening methods rely on insertional inactivation to detect recombinant cells. For example, blue/white screening uses disruption of the lacZ gene to distinguish cells with and without recombinant DNA insertion.
This document discusses several key concepts related to gene structure:
1. Genes in eukaryotes contain both coding (exon) and non-coding (intron) sequences. Introns are removed during RNA processing to form mRNA.
2. Benzer performed fine structure analysis of phage T4 genes which demonstrated that genes can undergo intragenic recombination, or crossing over within the gene. This established that genes have an internal structure smaller than previously believed.
3. Split genes were discovered, which have interrupted sequences (introns) between coding sequences (exons). RNA splicing removes introns to form mature mRNA from split genes.
This document summarizes a study on bacterial transformation. It discusses how plasmids can contain genes that provide resistance to bacteria in foreign environments. The experiment introduces an ampicillin-resistant plasmid to E. coli through a process called transformation. Transformation incorporates foreign DNA into a host cell's genome. The experiment uses E. coli as the host, a plasmid as the vector to transfer DNA, and tags the transformed cells to identify them. The objectives are to observe bacterial transformation and demonstrate a change in phenotype from uptake of plasmid genes.
Bacterial transposons are mobile segments of DNA that can move within bacterial genomes. There are two main types: insertion sequences, which consist only of the DNA required for transposition; and composite transposons, which contain additional genes like antibiotic resistance genes flanked by insertion sequences. Transposons can move within genomes through replicative or conservative transposition and have played an important role in bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses various methods for screening and selecting recombinant cells. Direct selection methods include antibiotic resistance screening and blue-white color screening. Indirect selection methods include screening by nucleic acid hybridization, colony hybridization, immunological assays, and detecting protein/enzyme activity. These screening methods allow identification of recombinant cells that contain the gene of interest from a mixture of transformed cells.
This document discusses various techniques used to study prokaryotic genetics, including bacterial conjugation, phage transduction, transformation, cross-feeding, and complementation. It provides examples of how these techniques can be used to determine the order and function of genes in metabolic pathways. Specifically, it describes experiments using the lactose operon in E. coli to elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional gene regulation in response to environmental conditions.
Knockout mice are laboratory mice that have had a gene inactivated through gene targeting or gene trapping techniques. This is done by manipulating embryonic stem cells to incorporate artificial DNA that disrupts the target gene. Mice generated from these stem cells lack the gene and its protein product. Studying knockout mice helps reveal the normal function of the disrupted gene and can provide insights into human health conditions. Several techniques are used to generate knockout mice, including homologous recombination, microinjection, and retroviral vectors. Knockout mice are a valuable model for studying diseases and evaluating potential therapies.
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesisAnuKiruthika
This document provides information on transposon mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis. It defines transposons as "jumping genes" that can move locations in the genome and explains that transposon mutagenesis uses transposons to cause mutations by interrupting genes. Site-directed mutagenesis is described as an in vitro technique to introduce specific mutations into DNA using methods like conventional PCR, nested PCR, or inverse PCR. The document outlines several applications of these mutagenesis methods such as identifying virulence genes or screening for desired mutations.
This document discusses various methods for screening recombinant clones, including:
1. Blue-white screening using X-gal to detect the presence or absence of insertions disrupting beta-galactosidase activity.
2. Insertional inactivation screening by inserting DNA fragments to disrupt antibiotic resistance or repressor genes.
3. Antibiotic sensitivity screening to detect circularized recombinant plasmids capable of conferring antibiotic resistance.
4. Auxotrophic yeast strain screening using yeast vectors containing selectable marker genes to complement host mutations.
5. Reporter gene assays using enzymes like luciferase, GFP, etc. fused to promoters to identify positive recombinant clones.
Biological Transformation Of Bacteria And Pglo Plasmid DnaTracy Berry
The document discusses a lab experiment on genetically transforming E.coli bacteria with pGLO plasmid DNA. The objective was to accomplish genetic transformation using E.coli and pGLO plasmid DNA. pGLO carries the β–lactamase enzyme which provides resistance to ampicillin. Four plates with E.coli were divided into experimental and control groups, with the experimental groups containing pGLO and ampicillin. Only the experimental group with pGLO, ampicillin and arabinose emitted green fluorescent light under UV light, confirming that bacteria emit green light only when paired with pGLO and arabinose. However, other experiments show that modifying plasmid DNA can alter results substantially, and bacteria are sensitive to transforming DNA.
1. Bacterial genetics follows the same principles as other organisms, with bacteria reproducing asexually and passing genetic traits from parents to offspring.
2. DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments like Griffith's, which showed that killed pneumococci could transfer genetic material to live pneumococci.
3. Bacteria have mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer including transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria and transfer of plasmids which can carry antibiotic resistance or other genes.
A powerful non-transgenic reverse genetics method that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identify point mutations in regions of interest.
EcoTILLING is a molecular technique that is similar to TILLING, except that its objective is to uncover natural genetic variation as opposed to induced mutations.
This document summarizes transposon tagging as a method to identify genes. Transposon tagging involves inserting a transposon near a gene of interest, which then allows the gene to be identified based on its proximity to the transposon. The document discusses different types of transposons used for tagging in plants and animals. It describes approaches for both targeted and non-targeted tagging and methods for identifying the tagged gene, including RFLP analysis and inverse PCR. As an example, it summarizes how the Cf-9 gene conferring resistance to leaf mold in tomato was identified using Ds transposon tagging.
Yeast 2 hybrid system ppt by meera qaiserQaiser Sethi
The yeast two-hybrid system is a technique used to study protein-protein interactions. It involves creating two fusion proteins, one with a DNA-binding domain and one with an activation domain. If the proteins of interest interact, they will reconstitute a functional transcription factor that activates a reporter gene. This allows researchers to identify novel interactions and characterize known interactions, helping to further understand biological processes at the molecular level.
Bacterial genetics involves three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transformation, transduction, and conjugation. These mechanisms allow bacteria to acquire new genetic material from other bacteria to help them survive in changing environments. Mutation also contributes to genetic variation in bacteria and usually involves changes to single genes, while gene transfer can involve simultaneous transfer of multiple genes.
Genetic recombination is the process by which bacteria exchange genetic material. It occurs through transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA by bacteria. Transduction involves the transfer of DNA between bacteria by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA through direct contact between "male" and "female" bacteria through plasmids. These processes increase genetic diversity and allow for the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
Plasmid vectors like pBR322 and pUC are commonly used cloning vectors. pBR322 was one of the first vectors created and has advantages like a small size, antibiotic resistance markers, and a high copy number. pUC vectors also have a small size and high copy number, and contain a multiple cloning site within the lacZ gene allowing visual selection of recombinants. Artificial vectors combine elements from different sources to overcome limitations of natural plasmids, and are designed for efficient cloning and expression of foreign DNA in host cells.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to DNA created outside living cells by joining DNA from multiple sources. Common techniques for creating rDNA include restriction enzymes to cut DNA strands, ligation to join strands, and transformation or transfection to introduce rDNA into host cells. Vectors like plasmids, viruses, and artificial chromosomes are often used to replicate and express rDNA in host cells. rDNA techniques have applications in gene cloning, DNA sequencing, genetic engineering of plants and animals, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
1) The document describes genetic and recombinant DNA techniques for isolating and characterizing genes, including the study of mutations, cloning DNA into vectors, constructing cDNA libraries, and screening libraries.
2) Key techniques discussed are the use of mutations to identify gene function, restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation to join DNA fragments, transforming E. coli with recombinant plasmids, and hybridizing probes to detect specific DNA sequences.
3) The goal is to learn about methods for isolating genes and characterizing the functions of the proteins they encode.
This case study describes the discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes using the TILLING technique. Researchers screened a population of 750 pollen-mutagenized maize plants for mutations in 11 genes. They detected 17 independent mutations in total, including an allelic series of 3 mutations in the DMT102 gene. No mutations were found in 5 other genes screened. The study demonstrates the ability of TILLING to discover mutations and further characterize gene function in crops like maize.
Insertional inactivation is a technique used in genetic engineering where a fragment of foreign DNA inserts into the genome of a host cell. This insertion disrupts or inactivates an existing gene, such as one that confers antibiotic resistance. Screening methods rely on insertional inactivation to detect recombinant cells. For example, blue/white screening uses disruption of the lacZ gene to distinguish cells with and without recombinant DNA insertion.
This document discusses several key concepts related to gene structure:
1. Genes in eukaryotes contain both coding (exon) and non-coding (intron) sequences. Introns are removed during RNA processing to form mRNA.
2. Benzer performed fine structure analysis of phage T4 genes which demonstrated that genes can undergo intragenic recombination, or crossing over within the gene. This established that genes have an internal structure smaller than previously believed.
3. Split genes were discovered, which have interrupted sequences (introns) between coding sequences (exons). RNA splicing removes introns to form mature mRNA from split genes.
This document summarizes a study on bacterial transformation. It discusses how plasmids can contain genes that provide resistance to bacteria in foreign environments. The experiment introduces an ampicillin-resistant plasmid to E. coli through a process called transformation. Transformation incorporates foreign DNA into a host cell's genome. The experiment uses E. coli as the host, a plasmid as the vector to transfer DNA, and tags the transformed cells to identify them. The objectives are to observe bacterial transformation and demonstrate a change in phenotype from uptake of plasmid genes.
Bacterial transposons are mobile segments of DNA that can move within bacterial genomes. There are two main types: insertion sequences, which consist only of the DNA required for transposition; and composite transposons, which contain additional genes like antibiotic resistance genes flanked by insertion sequences. Transposons can move within genomes through replicative or conservative transposition and have played an important role in bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses various methods for screening and selecting recombinant cells. Direct selection methods include antibiotic resistance screening and blue-white color screening. Indirect selection methods include screening by nucleic acid hybridization, colony hybridization, immunological assays, and detecting protein/enzyme activity. These screening methods allow identification of recombinant cells that contain the gene of interest from a mixture of transformed cells.
This document discusses various techniques used to study prokaryotic genetics, including bacterial conjugation, phage transduction, transformation, cross-feeding, and complementation. It provides examples of how these techniques can be used to determine the order and function of genes in metabolic pathways. Specifically, it describes experiments using the lactose operon in E. coli to elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional gene regulation in response to environmental conditions.
Knockout mice are laboratory mice that have had a gene inactivated through gene targeting or gene trapping techniques. This is done by manipulating embryonic stem cells to incorporate artificial DNA that disrupts the target gene. Mice generated from these stem cells lack the gene and its protein product. Studying knockout mice helps reveal the normal function of the disrupted gene and can provide insights into human health conditions. Several techniques are used to generate knockout mice, including homologous recombination, microinjection, and retroviral vectors. Knockout mice are a valuable model for studying diseases and evaluating potential therapies.
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesisAnuKiruthika
This document provides information on transposon mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis. It defines transposons as "jumping genes" that can move locations in the genome and explains that transposon mutagenesis uses transposons to cause mutations by interrupting genes. Site-directed mutagenesis is described as an in vitro technique to introduce specific mutations into DNA using methods like conventional PCR, nested PCR, or inverse PCR. The document outlines several applications of these mutagenesis methods such as identifying virulence genes or screening for desired mutations.
This document discusses various methods for screening recombinant clones, including:
1. Blue-white screening using X-gal to detect the presence or absence of insertions disrupting beta-galactosidase activity.
2. Insertional inactivation screening by inserting DNA fragments to disrupt antibiotic resistance or repressor genes.
3. Antibiotic sensitivity screening to detect circularized recombinant plasmids capable of conferring antibiotic resistance.
4. Auxotrophic yeast strain screening using yeast vectors containing selectable marker genes to complement host mutations.
5. Reporter gene assays using enzymes like luciferase, GFP, etc. fused to promoters to identify positive recombinant clones.
Biological Transformation Of Bacteria And Pglo Plasmid DnaTracy Berry
The document discusses a lab experiment on genetically transforming E.coli bacteria with pGLO plasmid DNA. The objective was to accomplish genetic transformation using E.coli and pGLO plasmid DNA. pGLO carries the β–lactamase enzyme which provides resistance to ampicillin. Four plates with E.coli were divided into experimental and control groups, with the experimental groups containing pGLO and ampicillin. Only the experimental group with pGLO, ampicillin and arabinose emitted green fluorescent light under UV light, confirming that bacteria emit green light only when paired with pGLO and arabinose. However, other experiments show that modifying plasmid DNA can alter results substantially, and bacteria are sensitive to transforming DNA.
1. Bacterial genetics follows the same principles as other organisms, with bacteria reproducing asexually and passing genetic traits from parents to offspring.
2. DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments like Griffith's, which showed that killed pneumococci could transfer genetic material to live pneumococci.
3. Bacteria have mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer including transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria and transfer of plasmids which can carry antibiotic resistance or other genes.
A powerful non-transgenic reverse genetics method that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identify point mutations in regions of interest.
EcoTILLING is a molecular technique that is similar to TILLING, except that its objective is to uncover natural genetic variation as opposed to induced mutations.
This document summarizes transposon tagging as a method to identify genes. Transposon tagging involves inserting a transposon near a gene of interest, which then allows the gene to be identified based on its proximity to the transposon. The document discusses different types of transposons used for tagging in plants and animals. It describes approaches for both targeted and non-targeted tagging and methods for identifying the tagged gene, including RFLP analysis and inverse PCR. As an example, it summarizes how the Cf-9 gene conferring resistance to leaf mold in tomato was identified using Ds transposon tagging.
Yeast 2 hybrid system ppt by meera qaiserQaiser Sethi
The yeast two-hybrid system is a technique used to study protein-protein interactions. It involves creating two fusion proteins, one with a DNA-binding domain and one with an activation domain. If the proteins of interest interact, they will reconstitute a functional transcription factor that activates a reporter gene. This allows researchers to identify novel interactions and characterize known interactions, helping to further understand biological processes at the molecular level.
Bacterial genetics involves three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transformation, transduction, and conjugation. These mechanisms allow bacteria to acquire new genetic material from other bacteria to help them survive in changing environments. Mutation also contributes to genetic variation in bacteria and usually involves changes to single genes, while gene transfer can involve simultaneous transfer of multiple genes.
Genetic recombination is the process by which bacteria exchange genetic material. It occurs through transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA by bacteria. Transduction involves the transfer of DNA between bacteria by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA through direct contact between "male" and "female" bacteria through plasmids. These processes increase genetic diversity and allow for the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
Plasmid vectors like pBR322 and pUC are commonly used cloning vectors. pBR322 was one of the first vectors created and has advantages like a small size, antibiotic resistance markers, and a high copy number. pUC vectors also have a small size and high copy number, and contain a multiple cloning site within the lacZ gene allowing visual selection of recombinants. Artificial vectors combine elements from different sources to overcome limitations of natural plasmids, and are designed for efficient cloning and expression of foreign DNA in host cells.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to DNA created outside living cells by joining DNA from multiple sources. Common techniques for creating rDNA include restriction enzymes to cut DNA strands, ligation to join strands, and transformation or transfection to introduce rDNA into host cells. Vectors like plasmids, viruses, and artificial chromosomes are often used to replicate and express rDNA in host cells. rDNA techniques have applications in gene cloning, DNA sequencing, genetic engineering of plants and animals, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
Similar to INSERTIONAL INACTIVATION AND COMPLEMENTATION OF DEFINED MUTATION (1).pptx (20)
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXPLANATION
3. BLUE WHITE SCREENING
4. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTSNCE
5. COMPLIMENTATION
6. COMPLIMENTATION TEST
7. COMPLIMENTATION OF DEFINED MUTATIONS
8. CONCLUSION
3. INTRODUCTION
Insertional inactivation is a technique used in recombinant DNA technology.
In this procedure, a bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids or a fragment of
foreign DNA is made to insert into a restriction site inside a gene to resist
antibiotics, hence causing the gene to turn non-functional or in an inactivated
state.
4. EXPLANATION
Insertional inactivation is one of the screening methods, which is a fundamental
process involved in the recombinant DNA technology.
It is used in the detection of cells (host cells) that has received the foreign DNA
molecule.
There are several examples of insertional inactivation, few of them are :-
1. Blue white screening method.
5. BLUEWHITESCREENING
The lacZ gene encodes for an enzyme beta-galactosidase. This gene is inserted into the
vector.
The enzyme beta-galactosidase has the ability to split a synthetic substrate, X-gal, which is
an organic compound abbreviated as BCIG.(5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-INDOYL-BETA-D-
GALACTOPYRANOSIDE) insoluble product, that is blue in colour.
If the foreign gene is introduced into the gene lacz, the gene will be disrupted and hence
it's activity will be inhibited. Thus, no blue colour will develop as beta-galactosidase is not
produced due to deactivation of the lacZ gene.
Consequently, the host cell comprising the rDNA will create white background colonies on
the medium containing X-gal, whereas other cells bearing non-recombinant DNA will tend
8. ANTIBIOTICRESISTANCE
Plasmid vector pBR322, which has genes that encodes polypeptides which confer
resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotics.
In the example given, the gene of interest is inserted into the tetracycline gene coding
region, this leads to the inactivation of tetracycline resistance gene. This process is
called insertional inactivation.
This process helps in the selection of recombinant colonies. Recombinant colonies
with desired gene inserted at tetracycline coding region can grow only in ampicillin
coding medium, whereas transformed colonies with unaltered vector can grown in
both tetracycline and ampicillin medium.
9.
10. MERITS:
1. Easy screening procedure i.e., it is inexpensive and does not need very skilled
people to perform this experiment.
2. The whole setup is very easy to handle.
3. The changes can be observed very easily and quickly.
DEMERITS
1.There are chances of non-specific insertion.
2. The normal functioning of the gene is disrupted.
11. COMPLIMENTATION
Complementation occurs when two strains of an organism with different homozygous
recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype. (e.g. a change in wing
structure in flies) produce offspring with the wild-type phenotype when mated or
crossed.
► Complementation will occur only if the mutations are in different genes.
In this case, each strain's genome supplies the wild-type allele to "complement" the
mutated allele of the other strain's genome. Since the mutations are recessive, the
offspring will display the wild-type phenotype.
12. COMPLIMENTATIONTEST
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether
the mutations in two strains are in different genes.
► Complementation will not occur if the mutations are in the same gene.
► The complementation test was developed by American geneticist Edward B. Lewis.
► A heterozygote with two mutations of the same gene will produce only mutant mRNAs,
which result in mutant enzymes.
► The two mutations will complement each other and produce the wild-type.
► Mutations that fail to each other are termed as functional alleles.
The test for defining alleles strictly on the basis of functionality is termed the cis-trans
complementation test.
13. A heterozygote of two recessive mutations can have either trans or cis arrangement.
► In trans position, functional alleles produce a mutant phenotype.
► In cis position, functional alleles produce a wild-type phenotype.
This difference in phenotype is called cis-trans position effect.
14. COMPLEMENTATION OF DEFINED MUTATIONS
EXAMPLES:
► The complementation test is used to establish how many units of genes are defined by a
given test of mutations that express the same mutant phenotypes.
► In Benzer's work with r-II mutants, the non-permissive strain K12(lamda) was infected
with a pair of r-II mutant phages.
► If the phages produce progeny, the two mutants are said to complement each other,
meaning that the two mutations must be in different genes that encode different products.
► If no progeny phages are produced, the mutants are not complementary indicating that
mutations are in the same functional unit.
16. Each r-II mutant phage that co-infects the non-permissive E.coli strain K12(lamda) carries one r-II
mutation, a configuration of mutations called the trans configuration.
When both the mutations are carried on same chromosome, the configuration is called cis
configuration of mutations.
Benzer called the genetic unit of function revealed by the cis-trans test as cistron.
A cistron is the smallest segment of DNA that encodes a piece of RNA.
17. Example of complementation in a diploid organism :-
Two true-breeding mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster have black body color
instead of wild-type grey-yellow.
When the two strains are crossed, all the F1 flies have wild-type body color.
This is because complementation has occurred between mutations into genes, each of
which is involved in the body color phenotype.
That is a recessive autosomal gene, ebony(e), when homozygous, produces a black body
color.
On another autosome a different recessive gene, black(b), also produces a black body color
when homozygous.
Because the two parents are homozygotes, they are genotypically e/eb+/b+ and
e+/e+b/b, which is equivalent to trans configuration.
The F1 have wild-type body color because complementation has occurred.