SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION.............pptx

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SYNTHETIC SEED
PRODUCTION

2. Introduction
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 Synthetic seed can be defined as the artificial encapsulation of somatic embryo,
shoot buds or aggregates of cell or any tissues which has the ability to form a plant
in in-vitro or ex vivo condition.
 Synthetic seeds can be stored for a long time in appropriate condition.
 Synthetic seed production and used technology is rapidly growing branch of seed
biotechnology.
 Toshio Murashige in 1970 first coined the term synthetic seed.
 Synthetic seed production requires the large scale production of viable plant
material in lab condition using invitro culture system.
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

3. ARTIFICIAL SEED Vs natural seed
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4. Limitation of natural seeds
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Maintaining genetic variation are difficult.
Many fruit crops are difficult to produce seed.
Difficult in dioecious plant for female plant.
Seed borne disease and pest.
Some seedless fruits cannot be propagated through seed.
Dormancy of seed.
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

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6. PROTOCOL
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 Explant is selected from choice of plant.
 In a laboratory using tissue culture techniques callus is induced in the
explants.
 Using tissue culture techniques somatic embryo is induced in the callus.
 Somatic embryo are proliferated.
 Histodifferentiation and maturation of somatic embryo.
 Desiccation and tolerance induction using tissue culture techniques.
 Encapsulation of somatic embryo using suitable water soluble hydrogel.
 Invitro germination or transported to field for germination.
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

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9. Procedure for Production of Artificial Seeds
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1.Establishment of somatic
embryogenesis
2.Maturation of somatic embryos
3.Synchronization and singulation
of somatic embryos
4.Mass production of somatic
embryos
5.Standardization of encapsulation
6.Standardization of artificial
endosperm
7.Mass production of synthetic seeds
8.Green house and field planting
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

10. Equipments : Autoclave, incubator, analytical balance, pH meter, hot plate
Chemicals : Distilled water, MS medium, Sodium alginate, Calcium nitrate.
Procedure: A. Preparation of nutrient medium: Required quantity of MS
medium is dissolved in sterilized water and supplement with growth regulators and
6-8 g agar/liter of the medium.
B. Isolation of explants: Healthy organ is selected and sterilized with 2% sodium
hypochloride solution rinsed with distilled water.
C. Inoculation of explants: 1 mm thickness slices are cut from the desired
tissues and transferred in test tube containing MS medium.
MATERIAL & METHOD
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SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

11. D.10-20 weeks structures are isolated.
E. Encapsulation of somatic embryos: Synthetic seed is encapsulated to simulate
the seed coat and endosperm. The alginate hydrogel was found most suitable for
Encapsulation.
F. Storage of synthetic seeds: The growth of somatic embryos occurs without any
lag phase. These seeds are stored in dark for 10-20 weeks at 25° C at 40-50% relative
humidity.
G. Germination and seedling establishment: The somatic embryos turns green
with initiation of root and shoot are considered as seedling.
The somatic cells developed into differentiated embryos, & each embryo is capable of
developing into a plantlet.
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14. Types of synthetic seeds
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Based on the techniques two types of synthetic seeds are produced such as desiccated and
hydrated.
 Desiccated synthetic seeds:
This involves the encapsulation of multiple somatic embryos followed by desiccation.
Desiccated synthetic seeds are produced by naked or polyoxyethylene glycol encapsulated
somatic embryo. This type of synthetic seeds are produced in desiccation tolerant species of
plant.
Kim & Janice 1st developed desiccated artificial seeds from SE of carrot.
 Hydrated synthetic seeds:
This involves the encapsulation of a single somatic embryo in hydrogel capsules.
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 Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogels
like sodium alginate, potassium alginate, carrageenan, sodium pectate or sodium alginate
with gelatine.
 Calcium alginate is most suitable.
 Hydrated artificial seeds are sticky & difficult to handle on a large scale & are dry rapidly
in the open air. This problems can be solved by providing a waxy coating over the bead.
 Redenbergh et.al(1986) developed hydrated artificial seeds by mixing SE of alfalfa, celery
& cauliflower with sodium alginate followed by dropping into a solution of calcium
chloride/nitrate to form calcium-alginate.
 Encapsulation or artificial seed are used to provide protection to the artificially produced
propagules.
 Encapsulation technologies are used to produce artificial or synthetic seeds of species
belonging to angiosperm and gymnosperm families.

16. Four types of synthetic seeds are distinguished on the basis of embryos and
their encapsulation. They are the following
(i) Uncoated and desiccated somatic embryos - e.g., orchard grass.
(ii) Coated and desiccated somatic embryos - e.g., carrot.
(iii) Encapsulated and hydrated somatic embryos- e.g., Alfalfa.
(iv) Uncoated and hydrated embryos (in a fluid –drilling gel) – e.g.,
carrot.
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17. ENCAPSULATION METHODS FOR SYNTHETIC SEED
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SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

18. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
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19. Components used in the synthetic seed
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SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

20. Synseeds or synthetic seeds of a mulberry plant in soil, (2) Germination of synseeds into plantlets.
Artificial seed production and plant conversion
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21. APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS
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 Hybrid plants can be easily propagated using synthetic seed technology.
 Genetically modified plant or crops can be propagated.
 Endangered species can be propagated .
 Elite genotype can be preserved and propagated using artificial seed technology.
 Synthetic seed plantation can be done by using the sowing farm machinery.
 Genetic uniformity is maintained by using synthetic seed technology.
 Synthetic seeds can be transported from one country to another without obligations from
quarantine department.
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

22.  Cereals, fruits and medicinal plants can be studied anywhere in the world using synthetic
seeds.
 Synthetic seed transportation is easy as these do not contain any disease causing agents as
they are produced using sterile plant materials produced using plant tissue culture
techniques.
 Synthetic seed encapsulation provides aseptic condition to the plant material or explant,
which is present inside the capsule.
 While producing the synthetic seed encapsulation herbicides can be added to the
formulation, this herbicide will provide extra protection to the explants against pests and
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23. ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS
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 This method is for large scale productions.
 Synthetic seed production is cost effective when compared to traditional method.
 It facilitates rapid multiplication of plants.
 Facilitates direct delivery of plant parts (protected with viable coating) to the field without
acclimatization under greenhouse conditions.
 These seeds have potential for short and medium term storage without losing viability.
 Compared to plantlets, it is easy to handle and transport as they are small in size.
 Synthetic seed crops are easy to maintain because of uniform genetic constituent.
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

24. DIS-ADVANTAGES
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 Somatic embryos have low survival rates for most plant species, which also limits the value of
synthetic seeds.
 The encapsulated embryo is highly susceptible to microbial infection & so it has to be
protected against microbes.
 In some cases, inefficient maturation of somatic embryos leads to poor germination and hence
poor growth and development.
 According to scientists, somatic embryos from some plants species are not capable of
germinating out of the capsule or coating. Hence, they are not able to form normal plants
rapidly.
 The concentration of coating material is also a limiting factor for producing synthetic seeds. It
should have nutrient supplementing materials for facilitating germination and growth.
 When the shape of synthetic seeds is not matching the farm machinery then it is hard to use
them for transplantation.
 Synthetic seeds face a problem of quick drying out of capsules. It should be stored in a humid
environment & coated with hydrophobic materials to prevent drying.
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION

25. REFERENCE
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 Moshtaghi, N. (2020, January 1). Tissue and cell culture. Elsevier
 Razdan, M. K. (2002). An introduction to plant tissue culture. Oxford and IBH
publishing.
 Elsevier eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818638-1.00014-9
 http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2000/200009-02.pdf

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