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SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION.............pptx

Synthetic seed production involves the artificial encapsulation of plant tissues capable of forming a plant, and offers advantages such as long-term storage and preserving genetic uniformity. The production process utilizes tissue culture techniques to induce and mature somatic embryos, leading to the encapsulation in hydrogels for protection. While synthetic seeds provide benefits for propagating hybrid and genetically modified plants, challenges include low survival rates and susceptibility to infection.

Science◦
1 SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
Introduction 2/25  Synthetic seed can be defined as the artificial encapsulation of somatic embryo, shoot buds or aggregates of cell or any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex vivo condition.  Synthetic seeds can be stored for a long time in appropriate condition.  Synthetic seed production and used technology is rapidly growing branch of seed biotechnology.  Toshio Murashige in 1970 first coined the term synthetic seed.  Synthetic seed production requires the large scale production of viable plant material in lab condition using invitro culture system. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL SEED Vs natural seed 3/25 SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
Limitation of natural seeds 4/25 Maintaining genetic variation are difficult. Many fruit crops are difficult to produce seed. Difficult in dioecious plant for female plant. Seed borne disease and pest. Some seedless fruits cannot be propagated through seed. Dormancy of seed. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 5/25
PROTOCOL 6/25  Explant is selected from choice of plant.  In a laboratory using tissue culture techniques callus is induced in the explants.  Using tissue culture techniques somatic embryo is induced in the callus.  Somatic embryo are proliferated.  Histodifferentiation and maturation of somatic embryo.  Desiccation and tolerance induction using tissue culture techniques.  Encapsulation of somatic embryo using suitable water soluble hydrogel.  Invitro germination or transported to field for germination. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 7/25
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 8/25
Procedure for Production of Artificial Seeds 9/25 1.Establishment of somatic embryogenesis 2.Maturation of somatic embryos 3.Synchronization and singulation of somatic embryos 4.Mass production of somatic embryos 5.Standardization of encapsulation 6.Standardization of artificial endosperm 7.Mass production of synthetic seeds 8.Green house and field planting SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
Equipments : Autoclave, incubator, analytical balance, pH meter, hot plate Chemicals : Distilled water, MS medium, Sodium alginate, Calcium nitrate. Procedure: A. Preparation of nutrient medium: Required quantity of MS medium is dissolved in sterilized water and supplement with growth regulators and 6-8 g agar/liter of the medium. B. Isolation of explants: Healthy organ is selected and sterilized with 2% sodium hypochloride solution rinsed with distilled water. C. Inoculation of explants: 1 mm thickness slices are cut from the desired tissues and transferred in test tube containing MS medium. MATERIAL & METHOD 10/25 SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
D.10-20 weeks structures are isolated. E. Encapsulation of somatic embryos: Synthetic seed is encapsulated to simulate the seed coat and endosperm. The alginate hydrogel was found most suitable for Encapsulation. F. Storage of synthetic seeds: The growth of somatic embryos occurs without any lag phase. These seeds are stored in dark for 10-20 weeks at 25° C at 40-50% relative humidity. G. Germination and seedling establishment: The somatic embryos turns green with initiation of root and shoot are considered as seedling. The somatic cells developed into differentiated embryos, & each embryo is capable of developing into a plantlet. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 11/25
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 12/25
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 13/25
Types of synthetic seeds 14/25 Based on the techniques two types of synthetic seeds are produced such as desiccated and hydrated.  Desiccated synthetic seeds: This involves the encapsulation of multiple somatic embryos followed by desiccation. Desiccated synthetic seeds are produced by naked or polyoxyethylene glycol encapsulated somatic embryo. This type of synthetic seeds are produced in desiccation tolerant species of plant. Kim & Janice 1st developed desiccated artificial seeds from SE of carrot.  Hydrated synthetic seeds: This involves the encapsulation of a single somatic embryo in hydrogel capsules. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
15/25  Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogels like sodium alginate, potassium alginate, carrageenan, sodium pectate or sodium alginate with gelatine.  Calcium alginate is most suitable.  Hydrated artificial seeds are sticky & difficult to handle on a large scale & are dry rapidly in the open air. This problems can be solved by providing a waxy coating over the bead.  Redenbergh et.al(1986) developed hydrated artificial seeds by mixing SE of alfalfa, celery & cauliflower with sodium alginate followed by dropping into a solution of calcium chloride/nitrate to form calcium-alginate.  Encapsulation or artificial seed are used to provide protection to the artificially produced propagules.  Encapsulation technologies are used to produce artificial or synthetic seeds of species belonging to angiosperm and gymnosperm families.
Four types of synthetic seeds are distinguished on the basis of embryos and their encapsulation. They are the following (i) Uncoated and desiccated somatic embryos - e.g., orchard grass. (ii) Coated and desiccated somatic embryos - e.g., carrot. (iii) Encapsulated and hydrated somatic embryos- e.g., Alfalfa. (iv) Uncoated and hydrated embryos (in a fluid –drilling gel) – e.g., carrot. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 16/25
ENCAPSULATION METHODS FOR SYNTHETIC SEED 17/25 SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 18/25
Components used in the synthetic seed 19/25 SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
Synseeds or synthetic seeds of a mulberry plant in soil, (2) Germination of synseeds into plantlets. Artificial seed production and plant conversion SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 20/25
APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS 21/25  Hybrid plants can be easily propagated using synthetic seed technology.  Genetically modified plant or crops can be propagated.  Endangered species can be propagated .  Elite genotype can be preserved and propagated using artificial seed technology.  Synthetic seed plantation can be done by using the sowing farm machinery.  Genetic uniformity is maintained by using synthetic seed technology.  Synthetic seeds can be transported from one country to another without obligations from quarantine department. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
 Cereals, fruits and medicinal plants can be studied anywhere in the world using synthetic seeds.  Synthetic seed transportation is easy as these do not contain any disease causing agents as they are produced using sterile plant materials produced using plant tissue culture techniques.  Synthetic seed encapsulation provides aseptic condition to the plant material or explant, which is present inside the capsule.  While producing the synthetic seed encapsulation herbicides can be added to the formulation, this herbicide will provide extra protection to the explants against pests and SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION 22/25
ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS 23/25  This method is for large scale productions.  Synthetic seed production is cost effective when compared to traditional method.  It facilitates rapid multiplication of plants.  Facilitates direct delivery of plant parts (protected with viable coating) to the field without acclimatization under greenhouse conditions.  These seeds have potential for short and medium term storage without losing viability.  Compared to plantlets, it is easy to handle and transport as they are small in size.  Synthetic seed crops are easy to maintain because of uniform genetic constituent. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
DIS-ADVANTAGES 24/25  Somatic embryos have low survival rates for most plant species, which also limits the value of synthetic seeds.  The encapsulated embryo is highly susceptible to microbial infection & so it has to be protected against microbes.  In some cases, inefficient maturation of somatic embryos leads to poor germination and hence poor growth and development.  According to scientists, somatic embryos from some plants species are not capable of germinating out of the capsule or coating. Hence, they are not able to form normal plants rapidly.  The concentration of coating material is also a limiting factor for producing synthetic seeds. It should have nutrient supplementing materials for facilitating germination and growth.  When the shape of synthetic seeds is not matching the farm machinery then it is hard to use them for transplantation.  Synthetic seeds face a problem of quick drying out of capsules. It should be stored in a humid environment & coated with hydrophobic materials to prevent drying. SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION
REFERENCE 25/25  Moshtaghi, N. (2020, January 1). Tissue and cell culture. Elsevier  Razdan, M. K. (2002). An introduction to plant tissue culture. Oxford and IBH publishing.  Elsevier eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818638-1.00014-9  http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2000/200009-02.pdf
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