What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
pBluescript is an example of a combination between plasmids and phages (phagemids).
Phagemids represent a hybrid type of class of vectors that serve to produce single-stranded DNA.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
pBluescript is an example of a combination between plasmids and phages (phagemids).
Phagemids represent a hybrid type of class of vectors that serve to produce single-stranded DNA.
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Restriction mapping is a method used to map an unknown segment of DNA by breaking it into pieces and then identifying the locations of the breakpoints. This method relies upon the use of proteins called restriction enzymes, which can cut, or digest, DNA molecules at short, specific sequences called restriction sites.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Chromosome walking
A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome
Chromosome walking is a method to move systematically along a chromosome from a known location.
• It is the only to search for a gene its position on a chromosome is only approximately known.
The walking starts at the closest gene that has already been identified, known as a marker gene.
Once the markers on either side of an unmapped sequence are found, the chromosome walk can begin from one of the markers.
• the probe is taken from the end of an insert which has a lesser chance of repetition.
STEPS
Steps: 1- the gene is fragmented into overlapped fragments by the restriction enzymes.
2-the overlapped fragments are then inserted (cloned) into plasmids, phages or cosmids.
3-the first insert (clone)is then isolated and sequenced.
Diagram
hybridization probe
A more straightforward approach thus is to use the insert DNA from the starting clone as a hybridization probe to screen all the other clones in the library.
Positive hybridization signals that are given by clones, whose inserts overlap with the probe, are used as new probes to continue the walk.
There are about 96 clones that a library consists of and each clone contains a different insert.
A probe may have a genome wide repetition of sequences.
Application
This technique can be used for the analysis of genetically transmitted diseases, to look for mutations.
Chromosome Walking is used in the discovery of single-nucleotide polymorphism of different organisms.
Disadvantage
There is a limitation to the speed of chromosome walking because of the fragments that are to be cloned.
Another limitation is the difficulty of walking through the repeated sequence that are scattered through the gene.
There is a limitation to the speed of chromosome walking because of the fragments that are to be cloned.
Another limitation is the difficulty of walking through the repeated sequence that are scattered through the gene.
If the markers were too far away, it simply was not a viable option.
Additionally, chromosome walking could easily be stopped by unclone able sections of DNA.
A solution to this problem was achieved with the advent of chromosome jumping (Marx, 1989), which allows the skipping of unclone able sections of DNA.
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Restriction mapping is a method used to map an unknown segment of DNA by breaking it into pieces and then identifying the locations of the breakpoints. This method relies upon the use of proteins called restriction enzymes, which can cut, or digest, DNA molecules at short, specific sequences called restriction sites.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Chromosome walking
A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome
Chromosome walking is a method to move systematically along a chromosome from a known location.
• It is the only to search for a gene its position on a chromosome is only approximately known.
The walking starts at the closest gene that has already been identified, known as a marker gene.
Once the markers on either side of an unmapped sequence are found, the chromosome walk can begin from one of the markers.
• the probe is taken from the end of an insert which has a lesser chance of repetition.
STEPS
Steps: 1- the gene is fragmented into overlapped fragments by the restriction enzymes.
2-the overlapped fragments are then inserted (cloned) into plasmids, phages or cosmids.
3-the first insert (clone)is then isolated and sequenced.
Diagram
hybridization probe
A more straightforward approach thus is to use the insert DNA from the starting clone as a hybridization probe to screen all the other clones in the library.
Positive hybridization signals that are given by clones, whose inserts overlap with the probe, are used as new probes to continue the walk.
There are about 96 clones that a library consists of and each clone contains a different insert.
A probe may have a genome wide repetition of sequences.
Application
This technique can be used for the analysis of genetically transmitted diseases, to look for mutations.
Chromosome Walking is used in the discovery of single-nucleotide polymorphism of different organisms.
Disadvantage
There is a limitation to the speed of chromosome walking because of the fragments that are to be cloned.
Another limitation is the difficulty of walking through the repeated sequence that are scattered through the gene.
There is a limitation to the speed of chromosome walking because of the fragments that are to be cloned.
Another limitation is the difficulty of walking through the repeated sequence that are scattered through the gene.
If the markers were too far away, it simply was not a viable option.
Additionally, chromosome walking could easily be stopped by unclone able sections of DNA.
A solution to this problem was achieved with the advent of chromosome jumping (Marx, 1989), which allows the skipping of unclone able sections of DNA.
can someone explain in a easy way chromosome walking I know its w.pdfmckenziecast21211
can someone explain in a easy way chromosome walking? I know it\'s with overlapping
fragments and a gen nearby the gen you want to find, but I don\'t clearly understand it, I have
images in my book, but an image with steps and explanation would be nice,
Solution
Chromosome Walking:
Chromosome walking is positional cloning of gene sequences or upstream promoter sequences.
Eukaryotic DNA contains a lot of junk DNA between the genes. The technique relies upon
screening of gDNA library for overlapping fragments in a sequential manner to tap the upstream
or downstream region.
Procedure:
1. Isolation of Genomic DNA: First of all isolate genomic DNA (gDNA) of the test organism
and then partially digest it with some restriction enzyme, say Hind III that would yield unequal
random fragments.
2. Cloning of the Digested into E.coli: Clone the digested gDNA into a cloning vector (between
the Hind III sites in this case) to prepare a gDNA library of the organism. Each colony of the
library would have only one clone.
3. Preparation of marker probe: Prepare a radioactively labelled probe from the neighboring gene
(say A), from where you want to start walking.
4. Colony Hybridization: Hybridize the probe with your gDNA library. The probe would show
the signal in the colonies carrying DNA in and around your gene.
5. Sequencing: Pick the colonies showing the signal and isolate the plasmid DNA and sequence
each using the plasmid-specific primers. You would get only one sequence per bacterial colony
of your library.
The sequence, thus obtained must be analyzed. Select longer sequences towards the direction of
your walk.
6. Preparation of the probe: Prepare new probes from the region towards your target gene.
7. Repeat the steps 4-6 till you get the clone and sequence of your target gene..
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Chromosome walking is a method of positional cloning used to
find, isolate, and clone a particular allele in a gene library.
An allele is a gene for a particular genetic trait passed on from
adults to their offspring, such as the allele for brown eyes in a
gene for eye color.
Sometimes, the approximate location of a single allele in a string
of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) may be known.
To isolate a particular allele for a genetically transmitted disease,
chromosome walking needs to explore for the desired specimen in
an unmapped DNA sequence outside of previously mapped
sequences.
4. To locate a particular disease gene, the walking starts at the closest
gene that has been identified, known as a marker gene.
Each successive gene in the sequence is tested repeatedly for
overlap restrictions and mapped for their precise location in the
sequence.
Eventually, walking through the genes reaches the mutant gene in an
unmapped sequence that binds to a fragment of a gene of that
particular disease.
Once the gene is cloned, its function can be fully identified.
Throughout this process, tests are done to fully identify the properties
of each successive clone, to map their locations.
There are positional cloning tests that are done prior to a
chromosome walk, to narrow down possible particular genetic
sequences that may contain the desired mutant gene for a disease.
5. Once the markers on either side of an unmapped probable
sequence are found, the chromosome walk can begin from one of
the markers.
The testing on each successive clone is complex, time-
consuming, and varied by species. There are different tests for
genes related to plant diseases than for genes involved in a
human gene library.
Positional cloning uses genetic markers that are known to inhabit
the chromosomes of individuals who have specific diseases.
These databases of known common traits allow testing that can
be used to identify individuals who may or may not have certain
recessive genes for a disease that has not presented as yet.
6. When a probe is used for the identification of a gene sequence in
a genomic library, the probe may hybridize with a number of
clones, each carrying a part of a large gene fragmented during
preparation of genomic library.
By obtaining partial digests (by digesting the DNA only partially)
from the genome, different genomes (from large number of cells)
may give fragments which have overlapping sequences, because
sites cleaved in different genomes of the same organism, will
differ being random.
Since none of these fragments may have its entire sequence
represented in the probe, overlapping sequences can be used to
construct the original genomic sequence.
Identification of fragments with an overlapping sequence may be a
key to the reconstruction or characterization of large chromosome
regions by chromosome walking.
8. Select a clone of interest (identified by a probe) from the genomic library.
The gene is fragmented into overlapping fragments with the help of
restriction enzymes.
Subclone a small fragment from one end of the clone.
The subcloned fragment of the selected clone may be hybridized with
other clones in the library and a second clone hybridizing with the
subclone of the first clone is identified due to presence of overlapping
region.
The end of the second clone is then subcloned and used for
hybridization with other clones to identify a third clone having
overlapping region with the subcloned end of the second clone.
The third clone identified is also subcloned and hybridized with clones in
the same manner and the procedure may be continued
Restriction map of each selected clone may be prepared and compared
to know the regions of overlapping so that identification of new
overlapping restriction sites will amount to walking along the
chromosome or along a long chromosome segment.
9. Regions of chromosome approaching 1000kb have been mapped
following the above technique.
Restriction maps of entire chromosomes can be prepared in this
manner following the technique of chromosome walking.
Chromosome walking, along with all of the other tests done prior
to chromosome walking, requires exceptionally well equipped
laboratories within which to perform all of the cloning phases,
examinations, and analysis of mutations found.
10. Applications
Used to find mutation and analysis of genetically transmitted
diseases.
Used in the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism in
different organism.
11. Disadvantages
Limitation in the speed of chromosome walking due to small size
of the fragments.
Difficulty of walking through the repeated sequence which is
scattered throughout the gene.
Not a viable option if the markers are too far from each other.
The process can be stopped easily by the presence of unclonable
sections of DNA. A solution to this problem is Chromosome
jumping that skips unclonable sections of DNA.