The document provides information about plant tissue culture. It discusses techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, and organs under sterile conditions. Plant tissue culture is used for micropropagation to produce clones of plants. The document outlines various types of plant tissue culture, including callus culture, single cell culture, root tip culture, shoot tip culture, anther culture, and their applications in plant breeding and biotechnology.
This document discusses embryo culture and embryo rescue techniques. It begins by defining an embryo and explaining that embryo culture involves growing plant embryos in artificial media to enhance survival. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to prevent abortion, especially for interspecific or intergeneric hybrids where endosperm development fails. The key steps of embryo culture include excising embryos, placing them in sterile media with suitable temperature, light and nutrients, and transferring viable plantlets to soil. Embryo culture has applications in shortening breeding cycles, overcoming dormancy, producing sterile seeds, and rescuing distant hybrids.
This document discusses seed propagation techniques in fruit and plantation crops. It covers sexual propagation starting with seed formation through fertilization and development of the zygote into an embryo. The process of seed germination including imbibition, mitochondrial maturation, and radicle and plumule emergence is explained. Seed dormancy, types including exogenous, endogenous, and the processes to overcome dormancy are outlined. Commercial seed production in crops like phalsa, jamun, mangosteen, jackfruit, arecanut and coconut is mentioned, while propagation through other means than seeds is preferred for banana, pineapple, and strawberry.
This document discusses seed propagation techniques in fruit and plantation crops. It begins by defining plant propagation as the art and science of multiplying plants through sexual or asexual means. It then describes seed propagation as the oldest and most natural technique, involving the sexual fusion of male and female gametes to form seeds. The document outlines the processes of seed development, germination, and dormancy in detail. It notes that while seed propagation is widely used, it can result in heterogeneous offspring. The document discusses different types of seed dormancy and concludes by listing some fruits and crops that are commonly or not commonly propagated through seeds.
This document provides an overview of seed viability and factors that affect it. It defines what a seed is and describes seed development. Seed viability is the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. It is highest at physiological maturity and declines over time. Factors like moisture content, temperature, relative humidity, mechanical damage, and storage fungi can impact seed viability during development and post-harvest storage. The document also discusses methods to test seed viability, such as germination tests and tetrazolium tests.
This document discusses polyploids, which are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the typical diploid number. Polyploids can be classified as euploids, containing multiples of the full chromosome set, or aneuploids, containing extra or missing chromosomes. Euploids include autopolyploids, with multiple copies of the same genome, and allopolyploids, with genomes from different species. Polyploids occur naturally but can also be induced in crops to create advantages like seedlessness, hybrid vigor, and stress tolerance. While polyploids offer benefits to plant breeding, they also face challenges like reduced fertility.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
This document discusses embryo culture techniques. It begins by defining embryo culture as the sterile isolation and growth of immature or mature zygotic embryos in vitro to obtain viable plants. Embryo culture is commonly used for embryo rescue in intergeneric plant crosses. The document then discusses types of embryo culture including mature and immature embryo culture. It provides details on excising embryos and the cultural requirements for embryo growth, such as suitable media, carbohydrates, amino acids, and growth regulators. Finally, the document outlines several applications of embryo culture including producing rare hybrids, developing disease resistance, propagation of rare plants, and shortening breeding cycles.
The document provides information about plant tissue culture. It discusses techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, and organs under sterile conditions. Plant tissue culture is used for micropropagation to produce clones of plants. The document outlines various types of plant tissue culture, including callus culture, single cell culture, root tip culture, shoot tip culture, anther culture, and their applications in plant breeding and biotechnology.
This document discusses embryo culture and embryo rescue techniques. It begins by defining an embryo and explaining that embryo culture involves growing plant embryos in artificial media to enhance survival. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to prevent abortion, especially for interspecific or intergeneric hybrids where endosperm development fails. The key steps of embryo culture include excising embryos, placing them in sterile media with suitable temperature, light and nutrients, and transferring viable plantlets to soil. Embryo culture has applications in shortening breeding cycles, overcoming dormancy, producing sterile seeds, and rescuing distant hybrids.
This document discusses seed propagation techniques in fruit and plantation crops. It covers sexual propagation starting with seed formation through fertilization and development of the zygote into an embryo. The process of seed germination including imbibition, mitochondrial maturation, and radicle and plumule emergence is explained. Seed dormancy, types including exogenous, endogenous, and the processes to overcome dormancy are outlined. Commercial seed production in crops like phalsa, jamun, mangosteen, jackfruit, arecanut and coconut is mentioned, while propagation through other means than seeds is preferred for banana, pineapple, and strawberry.
This document discusses seed propagation techniques in fruit and plantation crops. It begins by defining plant propagation as the art and science of multiplying plants through sexual or asexual means. It then describes seed propagation as the oldest and most natural technique, involving the sexual fusion of male and female gametes to form seeds. The document outlines the processes of seed development, germination, and dormancy in detail. It notes that while seed propagation is widely used, it can result in heterogeneous offspring. The document discusses different types of seed dormancy and concludes by listing some fruits and crops that are commonly or not commonly propagated through seeds.
This document provides an overview of seed viability and factors that affect it. It defines what a seed is and describes seed development. Seed viability is the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. It is highest at physiological maturity and declines over time. Factors like moisture content, temperature, relative humidity, mechanical damage, and storage fungi can impact seed viability during development and post-harvest storage. The document also discusses methods to test seed viability, such as germination tests and tetrazolium tests.
This document discusses polyploids, which are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the typical diploid number. Polyploids can be classified as euploids, containing multiples of the full chromosome set, or aneuploids, containing extra or missing chromosomes. Euploids include autopolyploids, with multiple copies of the same genome, and allopolyploids, with genomes from different species. Polyploids occur naturally but can also be induced in crops to create advantages like seedlessness, hybrid vigor, and stress tolerance. While polyploids offer benefits to plant breeding, they also face challenges like reduced fertility.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
This document discusses embryo culture techniques. It begins by defining embryo culture as the sterile isolation and growth of immature or mature zygotic embryos in vitro to obtain viable plants. Embryo culture is commonly used for embryo rescue in intergeneric plant crosses. The document then discusses types of embryo culture including mature and immature embryo culture. It provides details on excising embryos and the cultural requirements for embryo growth, such as suitable media, carbohydrates, amino acids, and growth regulators. Finally, the document outlines several applications of embryo culture including producing rare hybrids, developing disease resistance, propagation of rare plants, and shortening breeding cycles.
A novel method for triploid plant production, Increases yield of timber and fuel, Rescuing Embryos from Incompatible Crosses, Overcoming Dormancy and Shortening Breeding Cycle
Tissue culture is a technique used in crop improvement involving growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions. It allows for rapid mass propagation of plants, production of disease-free planting material, and genetic improvement through techniques like protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. Some key applications of tissue culture discussed are micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue, artificial seed production, and overcoming barriers to wide hybridization. While a powerful tool, tissue culture must be done carefully to avoid spreading pathogens and maintain genetic integrity of regenerated plants.
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
Embryo rescue, Somaclonal Variation, CryopreservationAbhinava J V
This document discusses various techniques in plant biotechnology including embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature or weak embryos on artificial nutrient media to allow their development. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic and phenotypic changes that can occur in plants regenerated from tissue culture. Cryopreservation aims to preserve plant cells and tissues in a frozen state at ultra-low temperatures like liquid nitrogen. The key steps involve adding cryoprotectants, freezing, storage, thawing, and regeneration of plants. These techniques have various applications for breeding programs and conservation of plant genetic resources.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions. It allows for the mass production of clones of plants with desirable traits. The key aspects of plant tissue culture are maintaining sterile conditions on a nutrient medium, and providing proper aeration. Common types of plant tissue culture include callus culture, single cell culture, root tip culture, shoot tip culture, and anther culture. Plant tissue culture has many applications for plant conservation, breeding, and production of secondary metabolites.
Polyploids are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the diploid number. They occur naturally and provide mechanisms for adaptation. Euploids are the most common type of polyploid and contain multiples of the basic chromosome set. Autopolyploids contain multiple copies of the same genome, while allopolyploids contain genomes from different species. Polyploids have applications in plant breeding like inducing mutations, producing seedless fruits, and overcoming hybridization barriers. They provide advantages such as increased vigor and stress tolerance, but also drawbacks like effects on sterility and inheritance.
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
Haploid plants have half the normal number of chromosomes due to developing from an unfertilized egg or synergid cell. Haploids can be produced in vitro through anther or ovule culture, or in vivo through chromosome elimination after interspecific hybridization in some plants like barley. Anther culture involves excising anthers and exposing them to stress before culture. Microspores then develop into haploid embryos or calli. Ovule culture is less common. Haploids are valuable for breeding as recessive traits are expressed, but are sterile. Chromosome doubling through colchicine produces fertile doubled haploids that are useful for breeding programs. Factors like genotype, culture medium composition
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. It allows for mass production of plant clones and regeneration of whole plants from modified plant cells. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include using explants, maintaining sterile conditions, and promoting cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants using techniques like micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis. Success requires selecting the right tissue culture type and optimizing factors like media, light, and temperature for the specific plant.
This document discusses the application of plant tissue culture techniques in forestry, agriculture, and horticulture. It provides examples of how micropropagation, apical meristem culture, embryo culture, endosperm culture, and haploid plant production can be used for clonal propagation of trees, production of disease-free plants, breeding hybrids, and inducing stress resistance. Specific techniques like encapsulated somatic embryo production and transfer of nitrogen-fixing genes are also summarized. The document outlines impacts on forestry, agriculture, and horticulture industries through large-scale micropropagation of various plants.
Polyploidy breeding is a plant breeding technique that uses polyploid plants to create new hybrids. Polyploidy refers to plants having more than two sets of chromosomes. The suitability of a crop for polyploid breeding depends on factors like whether it is seed or vegetatively propagated and its mating system. The process involves inducing polyploidy, detecting and isolating different polyploids, and creating autopolyploids, allopolyploids, and aneuploids. Haploids can be produced using techniques like pollen or anther culture and used to create diploids. Triploid and tetraploid breeding are also part of polyploid breeding.
This document discusses triploid production through endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis. It defines endosperm culture as the in vitro development of isolated mature or immature endosperm tissue to obtain triploid plantlets. Two types of endosperm culture are described: mature and immature. The key steps and factors affecting endosperm culture are outlined. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the development of embryos from somatic cells in vitro. The document compares somatic and zygotic embryos and describes the two routes of somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect. The stages of somatic embryogenesis and factors influencing the process are summarized.
This document discusses triploid production through endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis. It defines endosperm culture as the in vitro development of isolated mature or immature endosperm tissue to obtain triploid plantlets. Two types of endosperm culture are described: mature and immature. The key steps and factors affecting endosperm culture are outlined. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the development of embryos from somatic cells in vitro. The document compares somatic and zygotic embryos and describes the two routes of somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect. The stages of somatic embryogenesis and factors influencing the process are summarized.
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptxkrishnajoshi70
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines of different genotypes to produce hybrid offspring. It is commonly used in crop improvement and most crop varieties today result from hybridization.
2. There are two main types of hybridization - intervarietal hybridization which involves crosses between varieties of the same species, and distant hybridization between different species or genera.
3. Hybridization has several objectives like transferring traits, improving quantitative traits, and producing hybrid varieties that benefit from heterosis. The process involves choosing parents, emasculating flowers, bagging, tagging, pollinating, and harvesting F1 seeds.
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines of different genotypes to produce hybrid offspring. It is commonly used in crop improvement and most crop varieties today result from hybridization.
2. There are two main types of hybridization - intervarietal hybridization which involves crosses between varieties of the same species, and distant hybridization between different species or genera.
3. Important consequences of hybridization include heterosis, where hybrid offspring show increased vigor over the parents, and inbreeding depression, where self-pollination over generations leads to reduced fertility and vigor due to increased homozygosity.
Meristem and shoot tip culture in horticultural cropsHORTIPEDIA INDIA
This document outlines the process of meristem and shoot tip culture in horticultural crops. It discusses (1) the establishment of explants in culture media, (2) the multiplication of propagules through axillary shoot proliferation using cytokinins, and (3) the regeneration of adventitious roots using auxins to complete the tissue culture process. Meristem and shoot tip culture is an effective method for cloning plant material and producing disease-free plants for agriculture and industry.
This document discusses the cultivation, collection, and storage of crude drugs from natural origins. It covers various methods of propagating medicinal plants including vegetative propagation, sexual propagation, and micropropagation. It describes how to properly collect, harvest, dry, and store crude drugs to ensure the best quality. Factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants are also discussed such as light, temperature, soil, and water.
Polyploidy refers to organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It commonly occurs through mechanisms like non-disjunction during cell division and hybridization between species. Polyploids are classified as euploids, which are multiples of the normal chromosome number, and aneuploids, which have extra or missing chromosomes. Polyploidy provides benefits like increased vigor, seedlessness, and stress tolerance, and has applications in breeding crops, inducing mutations, and producing secondary metabolites. However, newly formed polyploids can experience issues like gene silencing, sterility, and unpredictable inheritance patterns.
This document discusses autopolyploidy, which refers to polyploids produced directly from a species without hybridization. Autopolyploids can originate spontaneously, through physical agents like heat/cold treatments, regeneration in vitro, or chemical treatments like colchicine. Colchicine treatment is the most effective method, blocking spindle formation to double chromosome number. Autopolyploids have some applications in crop improvement, like producing seedless watermelons or more vigorous sugar beets, but also have limitations like sterility and instability in progeny.
A novel method for triploid plant production, Increases yield of timber and fuel, Rescuing Embryos from Incompatible Crosses, Overcoming Dormancy and Shortening Breeding Cycle
Tissue culture is a technique used in crop improvement involving growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions. It allows for rapid mass propagation of plants, production of disease-free planting material, and genetic improvement through techniques like protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. Some key applications of tissue culture discussed are micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue, artificial seed production, and overcoming barriers to wide hybridization. While a powerful tool, tissue culture must be done carefully to avoid spreading pathogens and maintain genetic integrity of regenerated plants.
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
Embryo rescue, Somaclonal Variation, CryopreservationAbhinava J V
This document discusses various techniques in plant biotechnology including embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature or weak embryos on artificial nutrient media to allow their development. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic and phenotypic changes that can occur in plants regenerated from tissue culture. Cryopreservation aims to preserve plant cells and tissues in a frozen state at ultra-low temperatures like liquid nitrogen. The key steps involve adding cryoprotectants, freezing, storage, thawing, and regeneration of plants. These techniques have various applications for breeding programs and conservation of plant genetic resources.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions. It allows for the mass production of clones of plants with desirable traits. The key aspects of plant tissue culture are maintaining sterile conditions on a nutrient medium, and providing proper aeration. Common types of plant tissue culture include callus culture, single cell culture, root tip culture, shoot tip culture, and anther culture. Plant tissue culture has many applications for plant conservation, breeding, and production of secondary metabolites.
Polyploids are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the diploid number. They occur naturally and provide mechanisms for adaptation. Euploids are the most common type of polyploid and contain multiples of the basic chromosome set. Autopolyploids contain multiple copies of the same genome, while allopolyploids contain genomes from different species. Polyploids have applications in plant breeding like inducing mutations, producing seedless fruits, and overcoming hybridization barriers. They provide advantages such as increased vigor and stress tolerance, but also drawbacks like effects on sterility and inheritance.
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
Haploid plants have half the normal number of chromosomes due to developing from an unfertilized egg or synergid cell. Haploids can be produced in vitro through anther or ovule culture, or in vivo through chromosome elimination after interspecific hybridization in some plants like barley. Anther culture involves excising anthers and exposing them to stress before culture. Microspores then develop into haploid embryos or calli. Ovule culture is less common. Haploids are valuable for breeding as recessive traits are expressed, but are sterile. Chromosome doubling through colchicine produces fertile doubled haploids that are useful for breeding programs. Factors like genotype, culture medium composition
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. It allows for mass production of plant clones and regeneration of whole plants from modified plant cells. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include using explants, maintaining sterile conditions, and promoting cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants using techniques like micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis. Success requires selecting the right tissue culture type and optimizing factors like media, light, and temperature for the specific plant.
This document discusses the application of plant tissue culture techniques in forestry, agriculture, and horticulture. It provides examples of how micropropagation, apical meristem culture, embryo culture, endosperm culture, and haploid plant production can be used for clonal propagation of trees, production of disease-free plants, breeding hybrids, and inducing stress resistance. Specific techniques like encapsulated somatic embryo production and transfer of nitrogen-fixing genes are also summarized. The document outlines impacts on forestry, agriculture, and horticulture industries through large-scale micropropagation of various plants.
Polyploidy breeding is a plant breeding technique that uses polyploid plants to create new hybrids. Polyploidy refers to plants having more than two sets of chromosomes. The suitability of a crop for polyploid breeding depends on factors like whether it is seed or vegetatively propagated and its mating system. The process involves inducing polyploidy, detecting and isolating different polyploids, and creating autopolyploids, allopolyploids, and aneuploids. Haploids can be produced using techniques like pollen or anther culture and used to create diploids. Triploid and tetraploid breeding are also part of polyploid breeding.
This document discusses triploid production through endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis. It defines endosperm culture as the in vitro development of isolated mature or immature endosperm tissue to obtain triploid plantlets. Two types of endosperm culture are described: mature and immature. The key steps and factors affecting endosperm culture are outlined. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the development of embryos from somatic cells in vitro. The document compares somatic and zygotic embryos and describes the two routes of somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect. The stages of somatic embryogenesis and factors influencing the process are summarized.
This document discusses triploid production through endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis. It defines endosperm culture as the in vitro development of isolated mature or immature endosperm tissue to obtain triploid plantlets. Two types of endosperm culture are described: mature and immature. The key steps and factors affecting endosperm culture are outlined. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the development of embryos from somatic cells in vitro. The document compares somatic and zygotic embryos and describes the two routes of somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect. The stages of somatic embryogenesis and factors influencing the process are summarized.
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptxkrishnajoshi70
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines of different genotypes to produce hybrid offspring. It is commonly used in crop improvement and most crop varieties today result from hybridization.
2. There are two main types of hybridization - intervarietal hybridization which involves crosses between varieties of the same species, and distant hybridization between different species or genera.
3. Hybridization has several objectives like transferring traits, improving quantitative traits, and producing hybrid varieties that benefit from heterosis. The process involves choosing parents, emasculating flowers, bagging, tagging, pollinating, and harvesting F1 seeds.
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines of different genotypes to produce hybrid offspring. It is commonly used in crop improvement and most crop varieties today result from hybridization.
2. There are two main types of hybridization - intervarietal hybridization which involves crosses between varieties of the same species, and distant hybridization between different species or genera.
3. Important consequences of hybridization include heterosis, where hybrid offspring show increased vigor over the parents, and inbreeding depression, where self-pollination over generations leads to reduced fertility and vigor due to increased homozygosity.
Meristem and shoot tip culture in horticultural cropsHORTIPEDIA INDIA
This document outlines the process of meristem and shoot tip culture in horticultural crops. It discusses (1) the establishment of explants in culture media, (2) the multiplication of propagules through axillary shoot proliferation using cytokinins, and (3) the regeneration of adventitious roots using auxins to complete the tissue culture process. Meristem and shoot tip culture is an effective method for cloning plant material and producing disease-free plants for agriculture and industry.
This document discusses the cultivation, collection, and storage of crude drugs from natural origins. It covers various methods of propagating medicinal plants including vegetative propagation, sexual propagation, and micropropagation. It describes how to properly collect, harvest, dry, and store crude drugs to ensure the best quality. Factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants are also discussed such as light, temperature, soil, and water.
Polyploidy refers to organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It commonly occurs through mechanisms like non-disjunction during cell division and hybridization between species. Polyploids are classified as euploids, which are multiples of the normal chromosome number, and aneuploids, which have extra or missing chromosomes. Polyploidy provides benefits like increased vigor, seedlessness, and stress tolerance, and has applications in breeding crops, inducing mutations, and producing secondary metabolites. However, newly formed polyploids can experience issues like gene silencing, sterility, and unpredictable inheritance patterns.
This document discusses autopolyploidy, which refers to polyploids produced directly from a species without hybridization. Autopolyploids can originate spontaneously, through physical agents like heat/cold treatments, regeneration in vitro, or chemical treatments like colchicine. Colchicine treatment is the most effective method, blocking spindle formation to double chromosome number. Autopolyploids have some applications in crop improvement, like producing seedless watermelons or more vigorous sugar beets, but also have limitations like sterility and instability in progeny.
Similar to Triploidy ...............................pptx (20)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
2. Content
1. Triploidy
2. Importance of triploid plants
3. Conventional production of triploid plants
4. Endosperm culture
5. Advantages
6. Limitations
2
3. TRIPLOIDY
• Triploidy is a genetic condition characterized
by the presence of three sets of
chromosomes in an organism’s cells instead
of the usual two.
• Triploid plants have larger organs, greater
biomass, and strong stress resistance by
preserving relatively larger amounts of
photosynthetic energy.
• Triploid plants are valued for the seedless
fruits. E.g., seedless banana, watermelon
etc.
Triploidy…
3
4. Importance of triploid plants
Seedless Fruit Production
• One of the primary applications of triploidy in plants is the production of
seedless fruits.
• For example, seedless watermelons, grapes, and bananas are often triploid
varieties.
Triploidy…
4
5. Increased Vigor and Growth
• Triploid plants are typically sterile, meaning they cannot produce viable seeds.
• This sterility is advantageous in fruit production, as it eliminates the need for
seeds, enhancing the fruit’s market value and desirability.
Neutralizing invasive plants
• The undesirable spread of non-native invasive crop and horticultural plants into
natural areas can also be reduced or eliminated by the use of triploids, because
they tend to be sterile and seedless.
Triploidy…
5
6. • Triploid production increases the size of somatic cells and guard cells and
increases chloroplast number, which results in strengthening photosynthesis.
• Therefore, many triploid plants are relatively more vigorous; have short
internodes; broad, thick, dark green leaves, resulting in greater biomass or crop
yield per plant.
Triploidy…
6
7. Prolonging flowering period
• Flowers of triploid plants are generally larger and more colorful than those of
their diploid counterparts partly because the energy that is normally devoted
to seed formation is used for flowers or other organs.
• Triploid flowers often have longer shelf life.
Genetic Research
• Studying triploid plants provides valuable insights into genetics and
chromosomal behavior.
• Understanding how triploidy influences gene expression and development can
contribute to broader advancements in plant genetics.
Triploidy…
7
8. • Some triploid plants demonstrate improved resistance to certain diseases.
• Triploid plants may exhibit enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses
such as drought, heat, or soil salinity. This resilience makes them well-suited
for cultivation in challenging conditions.
• Triploid plants can result from crossing two different diploid varieties. The
hybrid vigor, or heterosis, observed in triploid offspring often leads to plants
with superior qualities, including better disease resistance, adaptability, and
overall robustness.
Triploidy…
8
9. • Triploid plants often exhibit enhanced fruit quality.
• This is of great value in tree species, which are grown for biomass production
such as acacia, sandalwood and Tea.
• Triploid plants are used in ornamental horticulture to create new and unique
flower varieties.
Triploidy…
9
10. Conventional production of Triploid plants
Natural selection
• Fertilization of unreduced gamete (2x) with the normal
gamete (n) results in triploids.
• Environmental stress variables may stimulate production of
unreduced gametes in diploids.
• Rare in nature because of inviable seeds and hence no
progeny.
• Banana is a typical example of naturally existing triploid.
Triploidy…
10
11. • Triploidy is encountered occasionally in natural populations of flowering
plants containing diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) plants.
• Triploids arise by natural crosses between diploid and tetraploid plants in the
same population.
• However, there are many examples of triploid strains of cultivated plants that
have been induced artificially by crossing diploid and tetraploid parental
strains.
Triploidy…
11
12. Artificial hybridization
• Sexual hybridization of diploid and tetraploids is the most common method
i.e. 2x X 4x or 4x X 2x.
• Chromosome doubling can be achieved by spindle inhibitors or protoplast
fusion.
• Colchicine is commonly used to disrupts spindle fiber formation during cell
division, leading to chromosome doubling in treated cell.
Triploidy…
12
13. • The diploid plants are treated with colchicine to get
tetraploid plant (4n).
• The tetraploid and diploids are crossed.
• Thus triploid plant was formed.
• Triploid efficiency depends upon several factors like
Pollen viability, compatibility between the parents or
the frequency of unreduced gametes.
Triploidy…
13
16. Endosperm culture
• Culture of endosperm to regenerate whole plants
under in vitro condition is termed as endosperm
culture.
• Endosperm is formed in most cases by the fusion of
two polar nuclei with one of the male gamete.
• It is the main source of reserve food for the
developing embryo.
Triploidy…
16
17. Endosperm
• Short lived
• Unorganized
• Triploid
• Stores reserve
food materials
• Provides nutrition
during embryo
development and
seed germination
Triploidy…
17
18. • Endosperm is generally short lived-structure and is consumed during the
development of embryo (exalbuminous seed).
• In plants like Castor, it exists as a massive tissue even in the mature seed
(albuminous seed).
• Seedless triploid plants can be produced by endosperm culture.
• The first attempt on endosperm culture was made by La Duel (1949).
Triploidy…
18
19. TYPES OF ENDOSPERM CULTURE
1. Mature endosperm culture
It is the in vitro development of isolated mature endosperm from ripen
endospermic seed on suitable culture medium to obtain triploid plantlet is
called mature endosperm culture.
2. Immature endosperm culture
It is the in vitro development of isolated immature endosperm isolated at
precise stage from immature seed, cultured on suitable culture medium to
obtain triploid plantlet is called immature endosperm culture.
19
20. STEPS IN ENDOSPERM CULTURE
• It consist of mainly 3 steps:
1. The immature or mature seeds are dissected under aseptic conditions and
endosperms along with embryos are excised.
2. Excised endosperms are cultured on a suitable medium and embryos are removed
after initial stage.
3. Callus followed by embryogenesis or shoot bud differentiation.
4. Complete plant formation.
Triploidy…
20
21. 1. Explant source
• In most of the cereals, mature endosperm does not respond to
cultural conditions. It is therefore, excised at proper period of
development.
• In some families association of embryo tissue in initial stages seems
essential for proliferation of mature endosperm. In such cases, entire
seeds are used as explant. Immature seeds provide explant for non-
endospermic seeds.
22. 2. Inoculation of explant
• For in vitro culture mature endosperm, seeds having massive endosperm are
decoated, surface sterilized with suitable disinfectant and after 2-3 washings with
sterile distilled water, planted on the nutrient medium.
• For in vitro culture of an immature endosperm, the entire seed or kernel is
surface sterilized and the endosperm tissue is excised under aseptic conditions. In
cereals, top of kernel or immature ovaries (micropyle end) are cut off with a
sterile knife and exposed endosperm squeezed out and placed on the callus
induction nutrient medium.
• The basal medium is supplemented with tomato juice, yeast extract, grape juice.
Sucrose (2-4%) is used as a source of carbohydrates. In some cases, addition of
2,4- D or IAA, cytokinin necessary.
23. 3. Incubation/ maintenance of culture
To induce callus, the endosperm cultures are maintained darkness or diffused light.
Differentiation take place when calli are transferred to bright light (2000 lux – 4000
lux) and 25°C temperature
4. Shoot bud differentiation or embryogenesis
• Plantlet formation from endosperm callus maturation follow organogenic or
embryogenic mode of development.
• Embryo differentiation occurs when the proliferated tissue is transferred from
callusing to basal medium with or without gibberellins. So culturing carried out
up to complete development of plantlet.
5. plantlet developed are hardened in green house by transferring in vermiculture
media and maintaining proper humidity.
26. Advantages
1. A novel method for triploid plant production
• This technique has enabled the production of triploid plants. Triploid plants are self
sterile and usually seedless.
• Endosperm culture technique is applied to economically important cultivars for
raising superior triploid plants.
• The trait increases the edibility of fruits.
• E.g., Apple, Banana, Mulberry, Sugar beet, Peach, Watermelon etc., which are
commercially important for their edible parts.
Triploidy…
27. 2. Increases yield of timber and fuel
• In timber and fuel yielding plants, triploids show better performance over their
relative diploids and tetraploids.
3. Rescuing embryos from incompatible crosses
• The most useful and popular application of embryo cultures is to raise rare
hybrids by rescuing embryos from incompatible crosses.
4. Overcoming dormancy and shortening breeding cycle
• Long, periods of dormancy in seeds delay breeding works, especially in
horticultural and crop plants. Using embryo cultures techniques the breeding
cycle can be shortened in these plants.
Triploidy…
28. 5. Overcoming seed sterility
• In early ripening fruit cultivars, seed do not germinate because their embryos
are still immature.
• Using the embryo culture method it is possible to raise seedling from sterile
seeds of early ripening stone fruits, peach, apricot and plum.
6. To exploit in the biosynthesis of some natural products. E.g.:- Cultured
endosperm of coffee synthesizes caffeine. The level of this alkaloid in callus is
synthesized by three times after two weeks and by 6 times after 4-5 weeks.
7. Various trisomic developed from triploids may also be useful in gene mapping
for cytogenetic studies.
Triploidy…
29. Limitations
1. Triploid production through endosperm culture technique has been successful
only in a limited number of species. In majority of species mature endosperm
proliferation resulted in a callus tissue of unlimited growth. But the induction
of organogenesis in endosperm culture has always being a challenging
problem.
2. In cereals (or) crops where grains (or) seeds are used, triploids are undesirable.
Triploidy…
30. Reference
1. Bhojwani, S. S., & Razdan, M. K. (1986). Plant tissue culture: theory and
practice. Elsevier.
2. De K.K. (2003). Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book agency (P) Ltd, Calcutta.
3. Razdan M.K. (2000). An introduction to plant tissue Culture. Oxford& IBH
publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Calcutta.
4. Wang, X., Cheng, Z. M., Zhi, S., & Xu, F. (2016). Breeding triploid plants: a
review. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 52(2), 41-54.
5. https://www.ehow.com/info_12013003_triploid-plants.html