Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes can occur at multiple levels. In prokaryotes, the lac operon is a classic example of negative gene regulation at the transcription level. The lac operon is induced in the presence of lactose, when the lactose binds to the repressor and inactivates it, allowing transcription. In eukaryotes, gene regulation can occur through transcription factors binding promoter regions to activate transcription, or through displacement factors blocking transcription. Regulation can also occur post-transcriptionally or post-translationally.
1) Reporter genes produce a detectable phenotype that allows transformed cells to be easily identified and selected. They are useful tools for studying gene expression.
2) Common reporter genes include GFP and luciferase, which produce fluorescent and luminescent proteins, respectively, that can be quantified.
3) Selectable marker genes, like antibiotic resistance genes, allow transformed cells to survive selective conditions that kill untransformed cells. This enables isolation of transformed cells.
The document summarizes gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes. It discusses how prokaryotes transcribe genes only when needed to increase efficiency. Gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcription level through operons like the lac and trp operons. The lac operon is induced by lactose and inhibited by glucose, while the trp operon is repressed by tryptophan to control biosynthesis. Both operons use repressor proteins that bind DNA in response to metabolites to regulate transcription.
This document discusses genes and gene expression. It begins by defining genes as subunits of DNA that carry the genetic blueprint and code for specific proteins. It then explains that gene expression is the process by which genes are used to direct protein assembly. There are several mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including controlling transcription, RNA processing, translation, and more. Gene expression can be regulated positively or negatively. Key examples of gene regulation discussed are the lac and tryptophan operons in prokaryotes. The document also covers gene expression in eukaryotes and some of the control points involved.
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes, focusing on the lac operon in E. coli. It describes how the lac operon is regulated by a repressor protein, lactose as an inducer, and CRP/cAMP as a positive regulator. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. In the presence of lactose, it binds to the inducer and detaches from the operator, allowing transcription. CRP/cAMP activate transcription when glucose is low. The lac operon thus demonstrates negative and positive, inducible and repressible regulation depending on environmental conditions.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose or when lactose is not available. This is controlled by the lac repressor binding to the operator region and blocking transcription. Other examples include the trp operon and regulation by attenuation. Overall, prokaryotic gene regulation ensures the right genes are expressed at the right times through various mechanisms operating at the transcriptional and translational levels.
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes through the use of operons. It describes the lac and tryptophan operons. The lac operon controls genes involved in lactose metabolism and is regulated by the presence of lactose. The tryptophan operon controls genes for tryptophan synthesis and is regulated by the presence of tryptophan. Operons allow for the coordinated expression of genes through a single promoter region and regulatory protein that can turn transcription on or off in response to environmental conditions.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes can occur at multiple levels. In prokaryotes, the lac operon is a classic example of negative gene regulation at the transcription level. The lac operon is induced in the presence of lactose, when the lactose binds to the repressor and inactivates it, allowing transcription. In eukaryotes, gene regulation can occur through transcription factors binding promoter regions to activate transcription, or through displacement factors blocking transcription. Regulation can also occur post-transcriptionally or post-translationally.
1) Reporter genes produce a detectable phenotype that allows transformed cells to be easily identified and selected. They are useful tools for studying gene expression.
2) Common reporter genes include GFP and luciferase, which produce fluorescent and luminescent proteins, respectively, that can be quantified.
3) Selectable marker genes, like antibiotic resistance genes, allow transformed cells to survive selective conditions that kill untransformed cells. This enables isolation of transformed cells.
The document summarizes gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes. It discusses how prokaryotes transcribe genes only when needed to increase efficiency. Gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcription level through operons like the lac and trp operons. The lac operon is induced by lactose and inhibited by glucose, while the trp operon is repressed by tryptophan to control biosynthesis. Both operons use repressor proteins that bind DNA in response to metabolites to regulate transcription.
This document discusses genes and gene expression. It begins by defining genes as subunits of DNA that carry the genetic blueprint and code for specific proteins. It then explains that gene expression is the process by which genes are used to direct protein assembly. There are several mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including controlling transcription, RNA processing, translation, and more. Gene expression can be regulated positively or negatively. Key examples of gene regulation discussed are the lac and tryptophan operons in prokaryotes. The document also covers gene expression in eukaryotes and some of the control points involved.
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes, focusing on the lac operon in E. coli. It describes how the lac operon is regulated by a repressor protein, lactose as an inducer, and CRP/cAMP as a positive regulator. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. In the presence of lactose, it binds to the inducer and detaches from the operator, allowing transcription. CRP/cAMP activate transcription when glucose is low. The lac operon thus demonstrates negative and positive, inducible and repressible regulation depending on environmental conditions.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose or when lactose is not available. This is controlled by the lac repressor binding to the operator region and blocking transcription. Other examples include the trp operon and regulation by attenuation. Overall, prokaryotic gene regulation ensures the right genes are expressed at the right times through various mechanisms operating at the transcriptional and translational levels.
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes through the use of operons. It describes the lac and tryptophan operons. The lac operon controls genes involved in lactose metabolism and is regulated by the presence of lactose. The tryptophan operon controls genes for tryptophan synthesis and is regulated by the presence of tryptophan. Operons allow for the coordinated expression of genes through a single promoter region and regulatory protein that can turn transcription on or off in response to environmental conditions.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and virusesNOOR ARSHIA
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and viruses includes gene expression mechanism of prokaryotes such as lac operon ,trp operon, feedback inhibition, types of temporal response, positive and negative gene regulation. It also includes mechanisms such as reverse transcriptase in viruses.
Regulation of gene expression allows cells to control which genes are expressed and when. In prokaryotes like E. coli, genes are often organized into operons, clusters of genes that are co-transcribed. The lac and tryptophan operons are examples that are regulated by repressor proteins - the lac operon is induced by lactose binding to the repressor, while the tryptophan operon is derepressed in the absence of tryptophan. Eukaryotes like humans have more complex gene expression involving different cell types each expressing different gene sets.
The document discusses genes in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like gene, prokaryotic gene, and operon. It explains that prokaryotic genes consist of a promoter region, RNA coding sequence, and terminator region. Gene expression involves transcription and translation processes that occur in the cytoplasm. Gene regulation is achieved through repressible and inducible operons like the trp and lac operons, which are controlled by repressor and activator proteins that bind to DNA in response to environmental stimuli.
The document discusses the concept of operons in prokaryotes. It defines an operon as a coordinated group of genes that are transcribed together to regulate a metabolic pathway. The key components of an operon are structural genes, an operator, promoter and regulator gene. Operons can be regulated by repressors or activators binding to the operator, which determines if transcription occurs. Examples discussed include the lac and tryptophan operons, which are regulated by negative and positive control, respectively. Transcriptional attenuation is also described as another level of gene regulation. In conclusion, precise regulation of gene expression is essential for organisms to produce the correct phenotypes under different conditions.
Gene expression,Regulation of gene expression by dr.Tasnimdr Tasnim
This document discusses gene expression and its regulation. It defines gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional product, often protein or RNA. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and protein utilization. The document provides details on the lac operon in E. coli as an example of prokaryotic gene regulation and compares differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression mechanisms.
Genome size, organization,& gene regulation in prokaryotes (lac-operon)Iqra Wazir
Genome size refers to the total amount of DNA in an organism and can vary widely between species. Prokaryotic genomes typically consist of a single circular chromosome between 0.6-10 megabases in length, and sometimes plasmids up to 1.7 megabases. Gene regulation in prokaryotes occurs at the transcriptional level through operons, which contain multiple genes regulated by a single promoter. The lac operon in E. coli contains genes to break down lactose which are regulated by a repressor protein; in the presence of lactose or its isomer allolactose, the repressor detaches from the operator and allows transcription.
Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into protein. There are two main types of genes - constitutive genes which are continually expressed, and inducible genes which are expressed only when needed. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modification. Key mechanisms of transcriptional control include operons in prokaryotes and the actions of transcription factors in eukaryotes.
1) Gene mutation and regulation of gene expression involve changes to DNA sequences and control over which genes are expressed. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication or from environmental factors and can have beneficial, harmful, or no effects depending on their location and type.
2) There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and changes in single nucleotide bases that can change amino acid sequences and alter protein function.
3) Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, operons control groups of genes in response to environmental signals. In eukaryotes, chromatin structure and many
Reporter genes are genes that produce easily detectable and quantifiable proteins to track the expression of other genes. Common reporter genes include GFP, luciferase, CAT, and β-galactosidase. Reporter genes are used to study gene expression patterns, monitor plant transformation, and study regulatory elements. There are two main types of reporter genes - scorable markers, which produce a quantifiable phenotype, and selectable markers, which allow cells to survive under selective conditions using antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It notes that in eukaryotes, gene expression can be regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. In prokaryotes, regulation primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through interactions between repressor proteins and operator sequences near promoters. A key example discussed is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates genes for lactose metabolism through binding of the lac repressor protein to the lac operator. When lactose is present, it acts as an inducer by causing the repressor to dissociate from the operator and allowing transcription.
Regulation of gene expression and genetics.pptHanySaid33
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In prokaryotes, gene expression is mainly controlled at the transcriptional level through the use of operons. Operons include a promoter, operator, and structural genes. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional level as well as post-transcriptionally through RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation. This allows for more complex regulation in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes.
Regulation of gene expression.ppt234578w3e45alizain9604
This document discusses regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes short and long term control of gene expression and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at six levels - transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein degradation. Prokaryotes typically use operons to regulate transcription, while eukaryotes also regulate gene expression through RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation.
This document discusses regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes short and long term control of gene expression and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at six levels - transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein degradation. Prokaryotes typically use operons to regulate transcription, while eukaryotes regulate genes in units but not operons and have more complex regulation involving the nucleus.
This document discusses regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes short and long term control of gene expression and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at six levels - transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein degradation. Prokaryotes typically use operons to regulate transcription, while eukaryotes regulate genes in units but not operons and have more complex regulation involving the nucleus.
The operon theory proposes that genes are organized into operons - clusters of genes under the control of a single promoter. An operon contains a promoter, operator, and multiple structural genes. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. It is negatively regulated - in the absence of lactose, a repressor binds the operator to prevent transcription, but lactose or allolactose induce transcription by binding to the repressor. The operon theory explains how bacteria regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions.
The document describes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, gene expression is regulated through operons, clusters of genes that are coordinately controlled. The lac and trp operons in E. coli are discussed as examples, with the lac operon being inducible and the trp operon being repressible. In eukaryotes, gene expression can be regulated at many stages including chromatin modifications, transcription, RNA processing, translation and protein modification. This allows for cell specialization and differential gene expression with the same genome.
Regulation of Gene Expression in ProkaryotesDoaa GadAllah
Gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily regulated at the transcription initiation step through the use of operons, which contain clusters of genes controlled by a single promoter. Operons include structural genes, operators that repressors can bind to, and promoters where RNA polymerase binds. Key examples like the lac operon are regulated by repressors that bind to the operator in the absence of an inducer, and activators like CAP that help recruit RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and virusesNOOR ARSHIA
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and viruses includes gene expression mechanism of prokaryotes such as lac operon ,trp operon, feedback inhibition, types of temporal response, positive and negative gene regulation. It also includes mechanisms such as reverse transcriptase in viruses.
Regulation of gene expression allows cells to control which genes are expressed and when. In prokaryotes like E. coli, genes are often organized into operons, clusters of genes that are co-transcribed. The lac and tryptophan operons are examples that are regulated by repressor proteins - the lac operon is induced by lactose binding to the repressor, while the tryptophan operon is derepressed in the absence of tryptophan. Eukaryotes like humans have more complex gene expression involving different cell types each expressing different gene sets.
The document discusses genes in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like gene, prokaryotic gene, and operon. It explains that prokaryotic genes consist of a promoter region, RNA coding sequence, and terminator region. Gene expression involves transcription and translation processes that occur in the cytoplasm. Gene regulation is achieved through repressible and inducible operons like the trp and lac operons, which are controlled by repressor and activator proteins that bind to DNA in response to environmental stimuli.
The document discusses the concept of operons in prokaryotes. It defines an operon as a coordinated group of genes that are transcribed together to regulate a metabolic pathway. The key components of an operon are structural genes, an operator, promoter and regulator gene. Operons can be regulated by repressors or activators binding to the operator, which determines if transcription occurs. Examples discussed include the lac and tryptophan operons, which are regulated by negative and positive control, respectively. Transcriptional attenuation is also described as another level of gene regulation. In conclusion, precise regulation of gene expression is essential for organisms to produce the correct phenotypes under different conditions.
Gene expression,Regulation of gene expression by dr.Tasnimdr Tasnim
This document discusses gene expression and its regulation. It defines gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional product, often protein or RNA. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and protein utilization. The document provides details on the lac operon in E. coli as an example of prokaryotic gene regulation and compares differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression mechanisms.
Genome size, organization,& gene regulation in prokaryotes (lac-operon)Iqra Wazir
Genome size refers to the total amount of DNA in an organism and can vary widely between species. Prokaryotic genomes typically consist of a single circular chromosome between 0.6-10 megabases in length, and sometimes plasmids up to 1.7 megabases. Gene regulation in prokaryotes occurs at the transcriptional level through operons, which contain multiple genes regulated by a single promoter. The lac operon in E. coli contains genes to break down lactose which are regulated by a repressor protein; in the presence of lactose or its isomer allolactose, the repressor detaches from the operator and allows transcription.
Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into protein. There are two main types of genes - constitutive genes which are continually expressed, and inducible genes which are expressed only when needed. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modification. Key mechanisms of transcriptional control include operons in prokaryotes and the actions of transcription factors in eukaryotes.
1) Gene mutation and regulation of gene expression involve changes to DNA sequences and control over which genes are expressed. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication or from environmental factors and can have beneficial, harmful, or no effects depending on their location and type.
2) There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and changes in single nucleotide bases that can change amino acid sequences and alter protein function.
3) Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, operons control groups of genes in response to environmental signals. In eukaryotes, chromatin structure and many
Reporter genes are genes that produce easily detectable and quantifiable proteins to track the expression of other genes. Common reporter genes include GFP, luciferase, CAT, and β-galactosidase. Reporter genes are used to study gene expression patterns, monitor plant transformation, and study regulatory elements. There are two main types of reporter genes - scorable markers, which produce a quantifiable phenotype, and selectable markers, which allow cells to survive under selective conditions using antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It notes that in eukaryotes, gene expression can be regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. In prokaryotes, regulation primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through interactions between repressor proteins and operator sequences near promoters. A key example discussed is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates genes for lactose metabolism through binding of the lac repressor protein to the lac operator. When lactose is present, it acts as an inducer by causing the repressor to dissociate from the operator and allowing transcription.
Regulation of gene expression and genetics.pptHanySaid33
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In prokaryotes, gene expression is mainly controlled at the transcriptional level through the use of operons. Operons include a promoter, operator, and structural genes. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional level as well as post-transcriptionally through RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation. This allows for more complex regulation in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes.
Regulation of gene expression.ppt234578w3e45alizain9604
This document discusses regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes short and long term control of gene expression and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at six levels - transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein degradation. Prokaryotes typically use operons to regulate transcription, while eukaryotes also regulate gene expression through RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation.
This document discusses regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes short and long term control of gene expression and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at six levels - transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein degradation. Prokaryotes typically use operons to regulate transcription, while eukaryotes regulate genes in units but not operons and have more complex regulation involving the nucleus.
This document discusses regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It describes short and long term control of gene expression and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at six levels - transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein degradation. Prokaryotes typically use operons to regulate transcription, while eukaryotes regulate genes in units but not operons and have more complex regulation involving the nucleus.
The operon theory proposes that genes are organized into operons - clusters of genes under the control of a single promoter. An operon contains a promoter, operator, and multiple structural genes. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. It is negatively regulated - in the absence of lactose, a repressor binds the operator to prevent transcription, but lactose or allolactose induce transcription by binding to the repressor. The operon theory explains how bacteria regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions.
The document describes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, gene expression is regulated through operons, clusters of genes that are coordinately controlled. The lac and trp operons in E. coli are discussed as examples, with the lac operon being inducible and the trp operon being repressible. In eukaryotes, gene expression can be regulated at many stages including chromatin modifications, transcription, RNA processing, translation and protein modification. This allows for cell specialization and differential gene expression with the same genome.
Regulation of Gene Expression in ProkaryotesDoaa GadAllah
Gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily regulated at the transcription initiation step through the use of operons, which contain clusters of genes controlled by a single promoter. Operons include structural genes, operators that repressors can bind to, and promoters where RNA polymerase binds. Key examples like the lac operon are regulated by repressors that bind to the operator in the absence of an inducer, and activators like CAP that help recruit RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Reporter genes.......................pptx
1. R E P O R T E
R
S Y S T E M S
REPORTER SYSTEMS
L A C Z S Y S T E M , G F P
2. • Reporter genes
• Features
• Types
• Lac Z system
• GFP
• Measurement of expression
C O N T E N T S
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3. R E P O R T E R G E N E S
• A reporter or marker gene is a gene, which produces a specific phenotype, in
turn enables the differentiation of the cells possessing this particular gene
from those without this gene. Hence, the transformed cells can be selected
easily among the thousands of non transformed cells.
• They form specific protein products, which are easily detectable and
quantifiable, sometimes even without destroying the tissue.
• They are an invaluable tool to track and study another associated gene in
bacterial and mammalian cell culture, animals and plants. One can easily find
out the expression patterns of a gene within the cell by fusing its promoter
with one of the several reporter genes and transfecting inside the living cells.
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4. F E A T U R E S O F A N I D E A L R E P O R T E R G E N E
• Easily quantifiable
• Should not be toxic to cells
• Products of the reporter gene should
be resistant to the chemicals used in
the processing
• Assay should be sensitive and reliable
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5. P R I N C I P L E O F R E P O R T E R G E N E
• A plasmid containing a reporter gene downstream of the natural gene promoter is inserted into a
recombinant cell, and activation of the promoter results in production of a reporter protein
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7. T Y P E S O F R E P O R T E R G E N E S
Reporter genes are mainly two types
• Selectable reporter gene
• Scorable reporter gene
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8. 1. Selectable Reporter Gene
• The cells that contain this type of marker gene show the ability to
survive under selective conditions. These selective conditions would
otherwise result in the death of the cells lacking that specific gene.
• Most commonly used selective agents are antibiotics. Out of the
millions and billions of cells, only few of them get transformed by the
foreign DNA. It is practically impossible to check every individual cell,
so a selective agent is required to eliminate the non- transformed cells,
leaving only the desired ones.
• Example: Lac Z gene
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9. L A C Z S Y S T E M
• The lactose operon designated as lac operon.
• The lac operon codes for enzymes involved in the catabolism
(degradation) of lactose.
• Lactose is the disaccharide which is made up of glucose & galactose.
• It is the inducible operon since the presence of lactose induce the
operon to switched on.
Thelac
Operon
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10. • Regulatory gene i– It codes for the repressor protein.
• P- promoter region.
• O-Operator region to which repressor bind.
• z gene– It codes for beta-galactosidase which catalyses
the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose.
• y gene– It codes for permease which regulates the
lactose permeability in the cell.
• a gene– It codes for transacetylase which assists the
enzyme beta-galactosidase.
Components Of lac Operon
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14. • In the absence of lactose (inducer), the regulator gene
produce a repressor protein which bind to the operator site
& prevent the transcription as a result, the structural gene
do not produce mRNA & the proteins are not formed.
Functioning Of lac Operon
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16. • When lactose(inducer), introduce in the medium, binds to the
repressor the repressor now fails to binds to the operator.
• Therefore the operator is made free & induces the RNA
polymerase to bind to the initiation site on promoter which
results in the synthesis of lac mRNA.
• This mRNA codes for three enzyme necessary for lactose
catabolism.
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25. 2. Scorable Reporter Gene
• Expression of this kind of marker gene results in a quantifiable
phenotype i.e., it will make the cells containing it to look different.
• The main principle behind the use of these reporter genes for the
study of molecular processes in living cells means that in natural
genes, synthetic modification have introduced in order to either
simplify the detection of the product or to distinguish it from similar
genes in the genome.
• Example: GFP and Luciferase.
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26. • Green Fluorescent Protein
• Obtained from jelly fish Aequoria victoria
• The gene is cloned upstream to the MCS along with a strong
constitutive promoter
• On exposure to UV the protein emits a green fluorescent light.
• Ideal system for in vivo detection of gene expression
• A 238 residue polypeptide (Mw 26,888)
• A partner protein called aequorin which receives the light and
transfers energy to GFP
G F P
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29. • No special biosynthetic pathways; can be synthesized by any cell
system
• The protein structure contains a barrel of 11 ẞ strands with a
chromophore in the centre
• This is a post-translational modification
• Mainly used as a reporter as well as a tag system
• Used to locate proteins within cells / tissues
• Also used to measure the levels of expression
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30. M E A S U R E M E N T O F E X P R E S S I O N O F R E P O R T E R
G E N E
• Enzyme activity assay of the expressed enzyme encoded by the
reporter gene using chromo, fluoro, luminogenic substrate.
• Immunological assay of the expressed protein encoded by the
reporter gene.
• Histochemical staining of cells or tissue typically to localize
enzymatic activity expressed from reporter gene construct cells.
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