1) Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections have increased in recent years despite antibiotic prophylaxis at implantation. The estimated risk of infection is approximately 2% at 5 years after implantation.
2) Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are common infecting microorganisms. Clinical presentation varies depending on infection site and organism virulence.
3) Complete removal of the infected device is necessary to cure infection and reduce morbidity and mortality. A new CIED should be placed at a remote site after infection is controlled and negative blood cultures.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
Evaluation of prosthetic valve function and clinical utility.Ramachandra Barik
Many of the prosthesis-related complications can be prevented or their impact minimized through optimal prosthesis selection in the individual patient and careful medical management and follow-up after implantation.
Definition of LVA Centerline analysis of RWMA on LV angio in 30º RAO shows hypocontractile segments moving more than 2 standard deviations out of normal range.
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Chronic Stable Angina- Diagnosis & management
By Dr Awadhesh Kumar Sharma
Dr. Awadhesh kumar sharma is a young, diligent and dynamic interventional cardiologist. He did his graduation from GSVM Medical College Kanpur and MD in Internal Medicine from MLB Medical college jhansi. Then he did his superspecilisation degree DM in Cardiology from PGIMER & DR Ram Manoher Lohia Hospital Delhi. He had excellent academic record with Gold medal in MBBS,MD and first class in DM.He was also awarded chief ministers medal in 2009 for his academic excellence by former chief minister of UP Smt Mayawati in 2009.He is also receiver of GEMS international award.He had many national & international publications.He is also in editorial board of international journal- Journal of clinical medicine & research(JCMR).He is also active member of reviewer board of many journals.He is also trainee fellow of American college of cardiology. He is currently working in NABH Approved Gracian Superspeciality Hospital Mohali as Consultant Cardiologist.
Evaluation of prosthetic valve function and clinical utility.Ramachandra Barik
Many of the prosthesis-related complications can be prevented or their impact minimized through optimal prosthesis selection in the individual patient and careful medical management and follow-up after implantation.
Definition of LVA Centerline analysis of RWMA on LV angio in 30º RAO shows hypocontractile segments moving more than 2 standard deviations out of normal range.
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Chronic Stable Angina- Diagnosis & management
By Dr Awadhesh Kumar Sharma
Dr. Awadhesh kumar sharma is a young, diligent and dynamic interventional cardiologist. He did his graduation from GSVM Medical College Kanpur and MD in Internal Medicine from MLB Medical college jhansi. Then he did his superspecilisation degree DM in Cardiology from PGIMER & DR Ram Manoher Lohia Hospital Delhi. He had excellent academic record with Gold medal in MBBS,MD and first class in DM.He was also awarded chief ministers medal in 2009 for his academic excellence by former chief minister of UP Smt Mayawati in 2009.He is also receiver of GEMS international award.He had many national & international publications.He is also in editorial board of international journal- Journal of clinical medicine & research(JCMR).He is also active member of reviewer board of many journals.He is also trainee fellow of American college of cardiology. He is currently working in NABH Approved Gracian Superspeciality Hospital Mohali as Consultant Cardiologist.
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Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
A powerpoint presentation about infective Endocarditis, with the most recent updates from the most reliable sources. I highlighted an introduction, pathology, approach to disease & different management plans in this presentation. 2018. Please don't forget to give me credit to my work.
It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual
variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment
with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The IDSA considers
adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination
regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient’s
individual circumstances.
Vitamin D is an important prohormone for optimal intestinal calcium absorption for mineralization of bone. Because the vitamin D receptor is present in multiple tissues, there has been interest in evaluating other potential functions of vitamin D, particularly, in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cross-sectional studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of CVD, including hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Initial prospective studies have also demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing incident hypertension or sudden cardiac death in individuals with preexisting CVD. Very few prospective clinical studies have been conducted to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. The mechanism for how vitamin D may improve CVD outcomes remains obscure; however, potential hypotheses include the downregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, direct effects on the heart, and vasculature or improvement of glycemic control. This review will examine the epidemiologic and clinical evidence for vitamin D deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor and explore potential mechanisms for the cardioprotective effect of vitamin D.
How to deal with CALCIFIED CORONARY ARTERY LESIONS .Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is highly prevalent in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. There are two recognized type of CAC—intimal and medial calcification, and each of them have specific risk factors. Several theories about the mechanism of vascular calcification have been put forward, and we currently believe that vascular calcification is an active, regulated process. CAC can usually be found in patients with severe CHD, and this asymptomatic phenomenon make early diagnosis of CAC important. Coronary computed tomographic angiography is the main noninvasive tool to detect calcified lesions. Measurement of coronary artery calcification by scoring is a reasonable metric for cardiovascular risk assessment in asymptomatic adults at intermediate risk. To date, effective medical treatment of CAC has not been identified. Several strategies of percutaneous coronary intervention have been applied to CHD patients with CAC, but with unsatisfactory results. Prognosis of CAC is still a major problem of CHD patients. Thus, more details about the mechanisms of CAC need to be elucidated in order to improve the understanding and treatment of CAC.
Hypertension is a common medical and social problem leading to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Antihypertensive drugs are clinically applied to decrease the morbidity and mortality induced by hypertension itself and its complications. The 2014 hypertension guideline of the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC8) for hypertension therapy in the United States has made several significant changes with respect to the clinical management of hypertension and the initiative medications, as compared with the previous guidelines. In addition to the instructions that pharmacologic treatment should be initiated when blood pressure (BP) is 150/90 mmHg or higher in adults over 60 years, 140/90 mmHg in adults younger than 60 years, or 140/90 mmHg or higher (regardless of age) in patients with hypertension and diabetes, a thiazide-type diuretic, calcium (Ca2+) channel blocker (CCB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) should be considered to start an initial antihypertensive medication in non-black population. In black population with or without diabetes, initial antihypertensive treatment should include a thiazide-type diuretic or CCB. Thus, CCB has become one of the most important initial agents for antihypertensive monotherapy. Furthermore, since CCBs have been proved not to increase the risk of coronary events and stroke,CCBs appear to be a favorable choice for monotherapy as well as for combination with other agent classes in the treatment of hypertension and may provide specific benefits beyond BP lowering.Nowadays, dihydropyridine (DHP) CCBs are one group of most frequently prescribed antihypertensive medications in China and other Eastern Asian countries.
Among patients with or at high risk of CVD, use of an FDC strategy for blood pressure, cholesterol, and platelet control vs usual care resulted in significantly improved medication adherence.Polypill therapy significantly improved adherence, SBP and LDL-cholesterol in high risk patients compared with usual care, especially among those who were under-treated at baseline.
A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) uses echocardiography to assess the structure and function of the heart. During the procedure, a transducer (like a microphone) sends out ultrasonic sound waves. When the transducer is placed at certain locations and angles, the ultrasonic sound waves move through the skin and other body tissues to the heart tissues, where the waves bounce or "echo" off of the heart structures. The transducer picks up the reflected waves and sends them to a computer. The computer displays the echoes as images of the heart walls and valves.
A traditional echocardiogram is done by putting the transducer on the surface of the chest. This is called a transthoracic echocardiogram. A transesophageal echocardiogram is done by inserting a probe with a transducer down the esophagus. This provides a clearer image of the heart because the sound waves do not have to pass through skin, muscle, or bone tissue. The TEE probe is much closer to the heart since the esophagus and heart are right next to each other.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. INTRODUCTION
The use of cardiovascular implantable electronic
devices (CIEDs) has increased in recent
years, owing largely to the expansion of their
functions and of indications for their use.
Despite the use of antibiotic prophylaxis at the time
of device placement, rates of device-related
infection may have increased, according to reports
from several databases.
Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol 2010;33:414-9
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;
48:590-1.
4. The risk of infection associated with epicardial
systems is similar to that associated with
transvenous systems.
Estimated risk to be approximately 2% at 5 years
after implantation.
5. SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS
Renal failure
Complications at the generator incision
site, including hematoma formation
Implantation of devices with multiple leads, which
are characteristic of the devices currently used
Device replacement- REPLACE Registry) showed a
low rate of major infection (0.8%)
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol
2010;21:786-90.
6. INFECTING MICROORGANISMS
Staphylococcus aureus
coagulase-negative staphylococci - often resistant
to oxacillin
Other gram negative bacteria and fungi are less
commonly found
J Am Coll Cardiol
2007;49:1851-9.
7. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
The clinical presentation varies with the site or sites
of infection and with the virulence of the infecting
organism.
Infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci
usually have an indolent presentation
S. aureus infections, particularly those complicated
by bloodstream infection or CIED related infective
endocarditis, develop more rapidly, with more
severe systemic manifestations
Am J Cardiol 2012 July 2 (Epub ahead
of
print).
8. DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION
The diagnosis is most often (in about 70% of cases)
based on findings at the generator pocket
site, including local
pain, swelling, redness, drainage, and skin and
soft-tissue ulceration.
The first sign of infection may be erosion through
the skin at the site of the generator pocket
Persistent local pain without obvious swelling, or
healing of the incision may be delayed-may be the
first sign
Aspiration of the pocket site could result in infection
and should therefore be avoided.
9. In patients who present with lead infection, fever
and signs of systemic infection are usually evident.
The lungs may also be involved, with emboli or
infection.
Blood cultures are recommended in all suspected
cases of CIED infection
A single blood culture that is positive for coagulase-
negative staphylococci usually represents
contamination rather than infection.
Circulation 1997;95:2098-
107.
10. USE OF TEE
Recommended for patients with
bacteremia, especially if the bloodstream infection
is due to staphylococcal species or if the source is
not identified, and for patients with signs of
systemic infection, regardless of blood-culture
results
The main purpose of TEE is to identify
complications such as valvular vegetations or
myocardial or perivalvular abscesses.
11. Vegetations on a lead are consistent with, but not
diagnostic of, lead-related endocarditis.
Bland (uninfected) clots on leads have been found
on echocardiographic examination in 5 to 10% of
CIED recipients without infection, and these mass
lesions usually cannot be distinguished from
infected vegetations.
J Invasive Cardiol 2006;18:599-601
12. The size of a lead vegetation identified on TEE
correlates with the risk associated with
percutaneous extraction (e.g., the risk of pulmonary
emboli).
Significant emboli are more common in patients
with a larger lead vegetation (>2 to 3 cm in
diameter)
13. CONFIRMATION OF THE DIAGNOSIS
Clinical findings at the pocket site that are
suggestive of infection include
purulence, inflammatory changes, gelatinous
material, loss or thinning of subcutaneous
tissue, and poor capsule formation.
Deep-tissue specimens at the pocket site and lead
tips should be obtained intraoperatively for culture
and drug susceptibility testing of isolates.
14. MANAGEMENT
Observations from several medical centers
universally support complete removal of the device
to cure infection and reduce morbidity and mortality
Removal of the generator without lead extraction
should be avoided.
A new CIED should be placed in a remote
anatomical location,usually the shoulder
contralateral to the site of the infected device.
It should not be done until blood-culture results are
negative in those with previously positive culture
results and until infection at the pocket site has
been controlled
15. Although data from randomized trials to define the
appropriate timing for placement of a new device
are lacking, author implant a new device at least 72
hours after the infected device has been removed
and would place the new device in the contralateral
side of the chest.
16. MEDICAL THERAPY
Intravenous vancomycin is recommended as the
initial empirical therapy pending culture results and
when cultures are negative.
17.
18. PREVENTION
A meta-analysis of seven randomized trials
suggested that antibiotic prophylaxis given at the
time of permanent pacemaker insertion significantly
reduced the infection rate (pooled odds ratio, 0.26;
95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.66).
Cefazolin prophylaxis was used predominantly in
one of the case–control studies; unidentified
betalactam antibiotics were used in the other case–
control study and for most of the patients included
in the large, prospective registry.
Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:166-73.
19. The incidence of device-related infection was
significantly lower in the cefazolin group than in the
placebo group (0.63% vs. 3.28%).
The presence of a CIED is not considered an
indication for systemic antibiotic prophylaxis for
invasive procedures.