preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Transesophaheal echo cardiography, the basic views. It is a diagnostic procedure to visualize the heart and have a better understanding of the structure and functions of the heart
cardiac bio markers are important diagnostic and prognostic tool in acute coronary syndrome. several new emerging bio markers are coming with more sensitivity and specificity.
differentiating between supraventicular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia in wide complex rhythm is always confusing and management is totally different. correct diagnosis will make dramatic difference in patient management.
Brugada Syndrome is a inherited sodium channel disorder leading to life threatening ventricular fibrillation in young population. diagnosis and ICD therapy could be life saving.
kawasaki disease is disease of pediatric age group leading to involvement of coronaries in 25% of case. some of presented as fetal complication. early diagnosis and treatment useful measure to prevent complications.
takayasu arteritis is inflammatory disorder of medium sized arteries of unknown etiology, prevent in young female. lead to life threatening complication and long lasting morbidity. early diagnosis and treatment prevent complication and improve quality of life
Trans catheter intervention is emerging field in cardiac intervention. due to complex anatomy of mitral valve understanding of anatomy and three dimensional imaging is most important aspect of successful intervention and could be life saving in high risk surgical candidate
RHD is prevalent in India, many patients requires valve replacement. understanding of prosthetic valve anatomy, morphology and early detection of valve related complication is very important for saving life. TTE and TEE are important tool for identifying these complications.
there are several limitation in VKA,to over come these problem NOACs came in picture but still limited indication for NOACs currently,required further study inter and intra comparison between anticoagulants.
rotablation is procedure used in complex pci with heavily calcified lesion for adequate expansion of stent.if used in indicated case and well aware of contraindication is necessary for achieving good results.
ebstein anomaly is rare congenital disorder,with variable presentation in neonate to adults,early diagnosis and timely take decision make remarkable difference in patients life.
diabetes is most prevalent disease in asia, incidence of heart failure is also increasing in diabetic population, understanding the pathophysiology is very important to deal with these cases.
atherosclerosis is one of most common cause of aortic ds,screening of abdominal aorta in vulnerable population is very useful for prevention and early detection of future omplication.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. WHEN TO SUSPECT IN 2D ECHO
•RIGHT VENTRICULAR DILATION
ABNORMAL MOTION OF IVS- brisk anterior
movement in early systole or flattened
movement throughout systole
•? IAS DROP OUT IN APICAL 4C VIEW
•RELATIVE ATRIAL INDEX
4. 2D ECHO
RA RV VOLUME OVERLOAD
SEPTAL FLATTENING IN DIASTOLE
5. The Relative Atrial Index (RAI)—A Novel, Simple, Reliable, and Robust
Transthoracic Echocardiographic Indicator of Atrial Defects
Cutoff value of >0.92 predicted patients with ASDs v/s matched
controls with 99.1% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity
Natalie A Kelly -Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 275-281, March 2010
6. SUB COSTAL 4C VIEW
• Keeps the atrial septum perpendicular to the ultrasound
beam
• Distinguishes OS , OP & SV ASDs
• SV ASD are consistently visualised in the SUBCOSTAL 4C
VIEW
• Anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins
• Atrial septal aneurysm
• Viewed with breath held in inspiration- index marker in 3o`
clock position
SUB COSTAL SHORT AXIS
• Index marker at 12o`clock position and sweeping the transducer
from midline to Rt side of patient
7. SUBCOSTAL 4C VIEW
SUB COSTAL SHORT AXIS VIEW
ALSO SHOWS IVC DRAINING TO RA
AND EUSTACHIAN VALVE
8. Other TTE -views for ASD
• PSAX-IAS separates Rt &Lt atrium and runs
posteriorly from NCC of aortic valve. Not seen in
entirety as a result of drop out artefact
• APICAL 4C- Posterior aspect of Interatrial septum
is clearly delineated in this view but drop out
artefact is seen in region of fossa ovalis.
• Pulmonary venous drainage- 3 veins draining to
LA
• APICAL 5C VIEW- Anterior aspect of interatrial
septum
9. PSAX VIEW
IAS AGAINST NCC OF AORTA
APICAL 4C VIEW SHOWING THE IAS AND 3 VEINS
DRAINING TO LA, RT LOWER PULMONARY VEIN
IS USUALLY NOT SEEN
10.
11. ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VEIN
• Can be associated with ASD or can
occur as an isolated anomaly
• 95% of SV ASD a/w RUPV-SVC
• RUPV-SVC; LUPV- innominate vein ;
RLPV- IVC
• Isolated LLPV – extremely rare
13. En face view in 2D
• First the apical 4c view was taken.
The image index marker was at approximately
kept at 1 o'clock.
Keeping the atrial septum and ASD in the
region of interest, the transducer was rotated
counterclockwise approximately 45° to 60°
Xinseng et al Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography Volume 23, Issue 7 , Pages 714-721, July
2010
15. Morphological variations
1.MC- Deficient aortic rim (42.1%)
2.Central defects (24.2%)
3.Deficient Inferoposterior rim (12.1%)
4.Perforated aneurysm of the septum (7.9%)
5.Multiple defects (7.3%)
6.Combined deficiency of mitral and aortic rims
(4.1%),
7.Deficient SVC rim (1%),
8.Deficient coronary sinus rim (1%).
Podnar T, Martanovic P, Gavora P,Masura J. Morphological variations of secundum-
type atrial septal defects: feasibility for percutaneous closure using Amplatzer
septal occluders. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001;53:386 –91.
16.
17. ATRIAL SEPTAL ANEURYSM
CRITERIA
A-PROTRUSION OF ANEURYSM ATLEAST
15MM OF PLANE OF IAS OR IAS SHOWING
15MM OF PHASIC EXCURSION DURING
CARDIORESPIRATORY CYCLE
B- BASE WIDTH≥ 15MM
26. RIMS OF ASD
Aortic - Superoanterior
Atrioventricular (AV) valve -mitral or inferoanterior
Superior Vena Caval SVC – Superoposterior
Inferior venacaval (IVC or Inferoposterior) Posterior
(from the posterior free wall of the atria).
29. Measurement of the ASD rims
• Atleast 5 mm
• IVC rim-most important
Schematic representation of the
locations of the ASD rims
30. TEE 4-chamber view depicting an adequate
posterior rim for percutaneous closure of
20 mm.
Transesophageal 4-chamber view:
The AV rim measures 9.5 mm, which
is adequate for PCT
31. TEE upper-esophageal 4-chamber view with rightward (clockwise) rotation of
the probe revealing an adequate RUPV rim of 15 mm . Beside, Doppler color
image shows in red the inflow of the RUPV (white arrow). Note the correct ECG
timing of the measure at the end of the ventricular systole while the atrio-
ventricular valves are still closed.
32. Mid-esophageal short axis
view of the aortic rim at 56
degrees with an adequate
aortic rim (11 mm) for
percutaneous closure
33. • Absent aortic rim makes the procedure more
challenging but does not, preclude device
closure of the defect
34. Mid-esophageal bi-caval view at 97
degrees, an adequate SVC rim is noted,
measuring 13 mm .
Mid-esophageal bi-caval view at 97
degrees with an adequate IVC rim
of 10 mm
35. Special tee views for Inferoposterior
rims
No Infero posterior rim with probe in normal position
36. Catheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects With Deficient IVC Rim Under
TEE Guidance
K.S. Remadevi, MD, FNB, Edwin Francis, DM, and Raman Krishna Kumar, DM, FACC .
Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions (2008)
Retroflexed probe in the stomach and bought towards the esophagus and viewed
In the 70-90o view
37. 3D ECHO
• Matrix transducers – pyramid shaped volumes
• Full volume 3D dataset in 4-7 cardiac cycles
• Ideal window is the mid esophageal basal long
axis (bicaval view)
• Subcostal 4c view- enface septum
• Low parasternal 4c view case of suboptimal
windows
• 3D tee overcomes 3D TTE if suboptimal windows
38. • Real-time 3D imaging demonstrates the
changing shape of the ASD during a cardiac
cycle, with maximum size in diastole
• As we take the Bicaval view structures – we
first remove the right atrial free wall .
• Images are taken with suspended respiration
and ECG gating with optimal gain settings
• Low gain – drop outs and high gain – blurring
of structural details
47. The correlations between the ASD maximal diameter by RT-3DE and operation or balloon sizing were excellent
(r > 0.95). All surrounding rims of the atrial septum could be assessed on 3D reconstruction; except for the
aortic rim, a cross-sectional reconstruction was created mimicking the transesophageal echocardiographic
cross section (r > 0.92)
48. • Maximal criteria for transcatheter closure with
ASO device are
(1) ASD secundum with a maximum TEE
diameter of 34 mm
(2) rims, except the anterosuperior rim, of at
least 5 mm, and
(3) the dimensions of the total length of the
atrial septum were not smaller than the left
atrial disk of the chosen device
49. Measurement of ASD size
• Maximal ASD
diameter must be
measured at the end
of ventricular systole
• Atleast two
orthogonal views
• SBP = Max in TEE + 4
to 6mm
Mid-esophageal 4-chamber
view at 0 degree depicting
an ostium secundum ASD
with a maximal transverse
diameter of 18 mm .
Mid-esophageal bi-caval view at
97 degrees showing an ASD
with a maximal longitudinal
diameter of 14 mm
50.
51.
52.
53.
54. • Max size of device used -44 mm
• Device embolisation in 3/169 patients
• 2- deficient posterior rim and large size (38
mm, 35 mm) were the reasons for instability,
• In the third patient, the complete absence of
aortic rim with malaligned septum made the
procedure difficult
55. CONCLUSION
• Proper case selection
• It is important to have inferior and posterior
rims
• An anterior rim is not as important as the
device will grasp the aorta
• A superior rim is less important as the device
will grasp the SVC orifice