Aortic Stenosis
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This document discusses aortic stenosis, including its definition as a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the heart. It notes the main causes are congenital heart defects where the valve has two leaves instead of three, calcium buildup in older individuals, and rarely, rheumatic fever. Epidemiology statistics provided show it occurs in 3 per 1000 births for congenital cases and is rare for rheumatic causes. Pathophysiology is described as the stenosis causing pressure overload on the left ventricle, eventually leading to dilatation and heart failure if longstanding. Clinical signs include dyspnea, angina, fainting, murmurs, and low pulse pressure. A case study example is
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Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It is most commonly caused by calcification and fibrosis of the aortic valve. Symptoms include dyspnea, exertional dizziness, and exertional angina as the left ventricle has to work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output against the increased resistance. On examination, the carotid pulse is weak and delayed while auscultation reveals a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border that radiates to the carotid arteries. Management involves prompt aortic valve replacement for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis.
Aortic stenosis
The aortic valve has three cusps that open and close to regulate blood flow from the heart to the aorta. Aortic stenosis occurs when the valve opening narrows due to calcium buildup on the cusps. In the elderly, aortic stenosis is usually caused by age-related degeneration and calcification of the valve. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, Doppler ultrasound and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include medications, balloon valvuloplasty, open-heart surgery to replace the valve, and newer transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures for high-risk elderly patients.
ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal opening in the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. There are four main types of VSD. VSDs can be small or large depending on size, and large VSDs typically require surgical closure. Symptoms include heart murmur, fatigue, sweating, and cyanosis. Echocardiogram and ECG are used for diagnosis. Treatment involves medication for heart failure symptoms or closure of the defect via catheterization or open-heart surgery. Post-operative nursing care focuses on monitoring for dysrhythmias and improving cardiac output and gas exchange.
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery is narrowed, restricting blood flow from the heart to the lungs. There are four main types depending on the location of the narrowing. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to difficulty breathing in more severe cases. Diagnosis involves listening for a heart murmur and tests like echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include balloon dilation to widen the area, open heart surgery to repair or replace the valve, or valvuloplasty.
Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is an abnormal opening in the wall separating the left and right atria of the heart. There are several types of ASDs including secundum, ostium primum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects. ASDs are usually diagnosed through echocardiography which can determine the size and location of the defect. Small, asymptomatic ASDs may not require treatment, but larger defects with evidence of right heart strain often warrant closure either through open heart surgery or a nonsurgical approach using an implantable device delivered through catheters. Both methods effectively close the defect to prevent long-term complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
Heart block
This document discusses different types of heart block. It defines heart block as an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly due to blocked electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers. The types of heart block are described as first, second, and third degree. First degree heart block causes a prolonged PR interval but no symptoms. Second degree heart block can be Mobitz type I or II, with type II being more significant. Third degree or complete heart block causes complete dissociation between the upper and lower chambers and requires a pacemaker.
Ventricular Septal Defect
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the septum separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. VSDs are the most common type of congenital heart defect, occurring in about 2 out of every 1000 live births. They can range from small to large in size. Echocardiography is the primary way to diagnose a VSD and determine its location and size. Small VSDs may close on their own, but larger defects often require surgery to repair.
Atrial fibrillation & Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter are types of arrhythmia where the heart beats irregularly. Atrial fibrillation occurs when rapid, irregular electrical signals cause the heart's upper chambers (atria) to beat very fast and irregularly. Atrial flutter is similar but the heart beats fast in a regular pattern. These conditions are diagnosed through electrocardiograms which detect abnormal heart rhythms. Holter monitors and event recorders can also detect arrhythmias over longer periods of time when symptoms occur. Complications include stroke and heart failure, so treatment focuses on rate or rhythm control and preventing clots.
Recommended
Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It is most commonly caused by calcification and fibrosis of the aortic valve. Symptoms include dyspnea, exertional dizziness, and exertional angina as the left ventricle has to work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output against the increased resistance. On examination, the carotid pulse is weak and delayed while auscultation reveals a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border that radiates to the carotid arteries. Management involves prompt aortic valve replacement for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis.
Aortic stenosis
The aortic valve has three cusps that open and close to regulate blood flow from the heart to the aorta. Aortic stenosis occurs when the valve opening narrows due to calcium buildup on the cusps. In the elderly, aortic stenosis is usually caused by age-related degeneration and calcification of the valve. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, Doppler ultrasound and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include medications, balloon valvuloplasty, open-heart surgery to replace the valve, and newer transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures for high-risk elderly patients.
ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal opening in the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. There are four main types of VSD. VSDs can be small or large depending on size, and large VSDs typically require surgical closure. Symptoms include heart murmur, fatigue, sweating, and cyanosis. Echocardiogram and ECG are used for diagnosis. Treatment involves medication for heart failure symptoms or closure of the defect via catheterization or open-heart surgery. Post-operative nursing care focuses on monitoring for dysrhythmias and improving cardiac output and gas exchange.
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery is narrowed, restricting blood flow from the heart to the lungs. There are four main types depending on the location of the narrowing. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to difficulty breathing in more severe cases. Diagnosis involves listening for a heart murmur and tests like echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include balloon dilation to widen the area, open heart surgery to repair or replace the valve, or valvuloplasty.
Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is an abnormal opening in the wall separating the left and right atria of the heart. There are several types of ASDs including secundum, ostium primum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects. ASDs are usually diagnosed through echocardiography which can determine the size and location of the defect. Small, asymptomatic ASDs may not require treatment, but larger defects with evidence of right heart strain often warrant closure either through open heart surgery or a nonsurgical approach using an implantable device delivered through catheters. Both methods effectively close the defect to prevent long-term complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
Heart block
This document discusses different types of heart block. It defines heart block as an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly due to blocked electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers. The types of heart block are described as first, second, and third degree. First degree heart block causes a prolonged PR interval but no symptoms. Second degree heart block can be Mobitz type I or II, with type II being more significant. Third degree or complete heart block causes complete dissociation between the upper and lower chambers and requires a pacemaker.
Ventricular Septal Defect
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the septum separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. VSDs are the most common type of congenital heart defect, occurring in about 2 out of every 1000 live births. They can range from small to large in size. Echocardiography is the primary way to diagnose a VSD and determine its location and size. Small VSDs may close on their own, but larger defects often require surgery to repair.
Atrial fibrillation & Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter are types of arrhythmia where the heart beats irregularly. Atrial fibrillation occurs when rapid, irregular electrical signals cause the heart's upper chambers (atria) to beat very fast and irregularly. Atrial flutter is similar but the heart beats fast in a regular pattern. These conditions are diagnosed through electrocardiograms which detect abnormal heart rhythms. Holter monitors and event recorders can also detect arrhythmias over longer periods of time when symptoms occur. Complications include stroke and heart failure, so treatment focuses on rate or rhythm control and preventing clots.
Aortic stenosis
This document discusses aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation. It defines aortic stenosis as a narrowing of the aortic valve opening, with common causes being a bicuspid aortic valve, calcification, or rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms include angina, syncope, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiography. Treatment options are balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement. Aortic regurgitation is defined as retrograde blood flow through the aortic valve during diastole. Common causes are rheumatic fever, hypertension, or a bicuspid valve. Symptoms progress from palpitations to dyspnea. Physical exam may reveal a wide pulse pressure.
Coarctation of aorta
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Coarctation of aorta.
This document provides an overview of coarctation of the aorta, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It defines coarctation of the aorta as a narrowing of the aorta that most commonly occurs just below the origin of the left subclavian artery. The pathophysiology involves increased blood pressure in vessels proximal to the narrowing and decreased blood pressure distal to it. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like blood pressure discrepancies and imaging like echocardiography and MRI. Treatment is typically surgical repair of the narrowed segment. Complications can include rebound hypertension after surgery. Prognosis is generally good if repaired, but risks include recoarctation and aneurysm
Atrial septal defect
This document discusses common congenital heart defects including atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). It provides details on the types, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis of each. ASD is an abnormal opening between the atria causing left to right shunting. VSD is an abnormal opening between the ventricles resulting in left to right then possible right to left shunting. Both can cause increased pulmonary pressures and potential heart failure if large or untreated. Surgical closure is the management for moderate to large defects.
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease which leads to inflammation and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets, reducing the mitral valve orifice area. Severe mitral stenosis, defined as a mitral valve area less than 1.0 cm2, can cause pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, and right heart failure as the heart tries to maintain sufficient cardiac output against the back pressure. Physical exam may reveal signs of pulmonary hypertension like a loud pulmonary component to S2, as well as a tapping apex, opening snap, and mid-diastolic rumble on cardiac auscultation. Echocardiography can determine the severity of mitral stenosis and assess
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT ( ASD)
This document discusses atrial septal defect (ASD), a type of congenital heart defect where a hole exists in the wall separating the left and right atria of the heart. It defines ASD as an opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood to shunt between the left and right sides of the heart. It describes the three main types of ASD - ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus - and their locations and characteristics. The document also covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, risk factors, and management of ASD.
Atrial Septal Defect
- An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an opening in the wall separating the left and right atria of the heart that was not present at birth.
- The most common type is an ostium secundum defect, which accounts for 70-75% of ASDs.
- Small ASDs may close on their own, but larger defects require closure to prevent long term complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
- Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic test used to identify the size, location and type of ASD.
Aortic regurgitation
The document discusses aortic regurgitation, including its anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Key points include:
- Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.
- Causes include conditions like infective endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome.
- In acute severe cases, a rapid increase in left ventricular preload can cause pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Chronic cases involve left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy to compensate for the increased preload over time.
- Physical exam may
Mitral valve stenosis powerpoint
Mitral valve stenosis involves a blockage of blood flow through the mitral valve due to abnormalities of the valve leaflets. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Risk factors include acute rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections. The narrowed valve orifice increases pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray. Treatment may include diuretics, anticoagulants, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fluid overload, promoting rest and oxygenation, and educ
Tricuspid valve disease
This document discusses the anatomy, assessment, and management of tricuspid valve disease. It covers tricuspid stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation. For tricuspid stenosis, the most common causes are rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis. Symptoms include fatigue and swelling. Transthoracic echocardiogram is used to assess the mean gradient and valve morphology. For tricuspid regurgitation, the most common primary causes are rheumatic fever and carcinoid heart disease. Secondary causes are related to right ventricular dilation. Symptoms are similar to stenosis. Echocardiogram can assess the severity of regurgitation and pulmonary pressures. Management involves medical therapy depending on severity of disease.
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
Atrial septal defect
The document discusses atrial septal defect (ASD), including its embryology, types, pathophysiology, natural history, evaluation, and management. ASD is a congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum that causes blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium. The size and location of the defect determines symptoms and treatment, which may include medical management, interventional closure, or surgical repair.
Tricuspid Valvular Heart Disease for post graduates
This document provides information on abnormal valve function, essential questions in evaluating patients for valvular intervention, and tricuspid valve disease. It discusses valve stenosis, regurgitation, combined lesions, and the causes of abnormal valve function. Physical exam findings, echocardiography, ECG, chest x-ray, and invasive evaluations are described for diagnosis. Pathophysiology and management considerations for tricuspid regurgitation and stenosis are also covered.
MITRAL STENOSIS
This presentation includes everything about the mitral stenosis which bpt students need to know. This presentation is made for learning purpose only.
Sick sinus syndrome
This document defines and describes sick sinus syndrome, which is a dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It may be caused by certain drugs, aging, or underlying heart conditions. Symptoms can include fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram showing arrhythmias. Treatment options include medications or a pacemaker if symptoms are severe. The document also briefly discusses different types of heart block.
Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Mitral valve stenosis
Mitral valve stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that causes blood to back up in the lungs. The main cause is rheumatic fever which causes thickening and scarring of the mitral valve leaflets. As the opening narrows below 2 cm^2, it causes increased pressure in the lungs and left atrium that can lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram and symptoms of exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and cough. Treatment options include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve, and percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty using a balloon catheter.
Valvular heart disease
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
Aortic regurgitation
This document discusses aortic regurgitation (AR), which occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left ventricle. It can be caused by damage to the aortic valve leaflets or distortion of the aorta. Common causes include rheumatic heart disease, bicuspid aortic valves, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome. Over time, the left ventricle must work harder to compensate for the backflow of blood, which can lead to enlarged and weakened heart muscles. Symptoms may include palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves listening for an early diastolic murmur and confirming the diagnosis with echocardiogram
Patent ductus arteriosus
The document discusses the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), which is a persistent opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that usually closes shortly after birth. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and management of PDA. PDA is more common in preterm infants and left untreated can cause complications like pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, and infections. Treatment involves the use of medications like indomethacin or ibuprofen to close the opening or surgical ligation if medications fail. Nursing care focuses on relieving respiratory distress, improving cardiac output and oxygenation, adequate nutrition, and preventing infections.
Aortic stenosis
An 85-year-old female presented with edema, tiredness, and dyspnea at rest. She reported angina and nearly fainting. On examination, she had a weak pulse of 66 beats/min, elevated blood pressure of 145/85 mmHg, a thrill over the carotid artery, and a loud systolic murmur. These findings can be explained by severe aortic stenosis causing a reduced cardiac output, which results in low blood oxygen and pressure, explaining her symptoms. The murmur and thrill are due to restricted blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve during systole.
Supraventricular tachycardia
Most people with supraventricular tachycardia don't need activity restrictions or treatment. For others, lifestyle changes, medication and heart procedures may be needed to control or eliminate the rapid heartbeats and related symptoms.
Types
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) falls into three main groups:
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). This is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia.
Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). AVRT is the second most common type of supraventricular tachycardia. It's most commonly diagnosed in younger people.
Atrial tachycardia. This type of SVT is more commonly diagnosed in people who have heart disease. Atrial tachycardia doesn't involve the AV node.
Other types of supraventricular tachycardia include:
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus nodal reentrant tachycardia (SNRT)
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST)
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET)
Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia (NPJT)
Symptoms
The main symptom of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a very fast heartbeat (100 beats a minute or more) that may last for a few minutes to a few days. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly, with stretches of typical heart rates in between.
Some people with SVT have no signs or symptoms.
Signs and symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia may include:
Very fast (rapid) heartbeat
A fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations)
A pounding sensation in the neck
Weakness or feeling very tired (fatigue)
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Sweating
Fainting (syncope) or near fainting
In infants and very young children, signs and symptoms of SVT may be difficult to identify. They include sweating, poor feeding, pale skin and a rapid pulse. If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, ask your child's care provider about SVT screening.
When to see a doctor
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is generally not life-threatening unless you have heart damage or other heart conditions. However, in extreme cases, an episode of SVT may cause unconsciousness or cardiac arrest.
Call your health care provider if you have an episode of a very fast heartbeat for the first time or if an irregular heartbeat lasts longer than a few seconds.
Some signs and symptoms of SVT may be related to a serious health condition. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have an episode of SVT that lasts for more than a few minutes or if you have an episode with any of the following symptoms:
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Weakness
Dizziness
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Causes
For some people, a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT
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Aortic stenosis
This document discusses aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation. It defines aortic stenosis as a narrowing of the aortic valve opening, with common causes being a bicuspid aortic valve, calcification, or rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms include angina, syncope, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiography. Treatment options are balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement. Aortic regurgitation is defined as retrograde blood flow through the aortic valve during diastole. Common causes are rheumatic fever, hypertension, or a bicuspid valve. Symptoms progress from palpitations to dyspnea. Physical exam may reveal a wide pulse pressure.
Coarctation of aorta
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Coarctation of aorta.
This document provides an overview of coarctation of the aorta, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It defines coarctation of the aorta as a narrowing of the aorta that most commonly occurs just below the origin of the left subclavian artery. The pathophysiology involves increased blood pressure in vessels proximal to the narrowing and decreased blood pressure distal to it. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like blood pressure discrepancies and imaging like echocardiography and MRI. Treatment is typically surgical repair of the narrowed segment. Complications can include rebound hypertension after surgery. Prognosis is generally good if repaired, but risks include recoarctation and aneurysm
Atrial septal defect
This document discusses common congenital heart defects including atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). It provides details on the types, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis of each. ASD is an abnormal opening between the atria causing left to right shunting. VSD is an abnormal opening between the ventricles resulting in left to right then possible right to left shunting. Both can cause increased pulmonary pressures and potential heart failure if large or untreated. Surgical closure is the management for moderate to large defects.
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease which leads to inflammation and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets, reducing the mitral valve orifice area. Severe mitral stenosis, defined as a mitral valve area less than 1.0 cm2, can cause pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, and right heart failure as the heart tries to maintain sufficient cardiac output against the back pressure. Physical exam may reveal signs of pulmonary hypertension like a loud pulmonary component to S2, as well as a tapping apex, opening snap, and mid-diastolic rumble on cardiac auscultation. Echocardiography can determine the severity of mitral stenosis and assess
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT ( ASD)
This document discusses atrial septal defect (ASD), a type of congenital heart defect where a hole exists in the wall separating the left and right atria of the heart. It defines ASD as an opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood to shunt between the left and right sides of the heart. It describes the three main types of ASD - ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus - and their locations and characteristics. The document also covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, risk factors, and management of ASD.
Atrial Septal Defect
- An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an opening in the wall separating the left and right atria of the heart that was not present at birth.
- The most common type is an ostium secundum defect, which accounts for 70-75% of ASDs.
- Small ASDs may close on their own, but larger defects require closure to prevent long term complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
- Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic test used to identify the size, location and type of ASD.
Aortic regurgitation
The document discusses aortic regurgitation, including its anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Key points include:
- Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.
- Causes include conditions like infective endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome.
- In acute severe cases, a rapid increase in left ventricular preload can cause pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Chronic cases involve left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy to compensate for the increased preload over time.
- Physical exam may
Mitral valve stenosis powerpoint
Mitral valve stenosis involves a blockage of blood flow through the mitral valve due to abnormalities of the valve leaflets. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Risk factors include acute rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections. The narrowed valve orifice increases pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray. Treatment may include diuretics, anticoagulants, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fluid overload, promoting rest and oxygenation, and educ
Tricuspid valve disease
This document discusses the anatomy, assessment, and management of tricuspid valve disease. It covers tricuspid stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation. For tricuspid stenosis, the most common causes are rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis. Symptoms include fatigue and swelling. Transthoracic echocardiogram is used to assess the mean gradient and valve morphology. For tricuspid regurgitation, the most common primary causes are rheumatic fever and carcinoid heart disease. Secondary causes are related to right ventricular dilation. Symptoms are similar to stenosis. Echocardiogram can assess the severity of regurgitation and pulmonary pressures. Management involves medical therapy depending on severity of disease.
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
Atrial septal defect
The document discusses atrial septal defect (ASD), including its embryology, types, pathophysiology, natural history, evaluation, and management. ASD is a congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum that causes blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium. The size and location of the defect determines symptoms and treatment, which may include medical management, interventional closure, or surgical repair.
Tricuspid Valvular Heart Disease for post graduates
This document provides information on abnormal valve function, essential questions in evaluating patients for valvular intervention, and tricuspid valve disease. It discusses valve stenosis, regurgitation, combined lesions, and the causes of abnormal valve function. Physical exam findings, echocardiography, ECG, chest x-ray, and invasive evaluations are described for diagnosis. Pathophysiology and management considerations for tricuspid regurgitation and stenosis are also covered.
MITRAL STENOSIS
This presentation includes everything about the mitral stenosis which bpt students need to know. This presentation is made for learning purpose only.
Sick sinus syndrome
This document defines and describes sick sinus syndrome, which is a dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It may be caused by certain drugs, aging, or underlying heart conditions. Symptoms can include fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram showing arrhythmias. Treatment options include medications or a pacemaker if symptoms are severe. The document also briefly discusses different types of heart block.
Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Mitral valve stenosis
Mitral valve stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that causes blood to back up in the lungs. The main cause is rheumatic fever which causes thickening and scarring of the mitral valve leaflets. As the opening narrows below 2 cm^2, it causes increased pressure in the lungs and left atrium that can lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram and symptoms of exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and cough. Treatment options include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve, and percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty using a balloon catheter.
Valvular heart disease
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
Aortic regurgitation
This document discusses aortic regurgitation (AR), which occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left ventricle. It can be caused by damage to the aortic valve leaflets or distortion of the aorta. Common causes include rheumatic heart disease, bicuspid aortic valves, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome. Over time, the left ventricle must work harder to compensate for the backflow of blood, which can lead to enlarged and weakened heart muscles. Symptoms may include palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves listening for an early diastolic murmur and confirming the diagnosis with echocardiogram
Patent ductus arteriosus
The document discusses the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), which is a persistent opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that usually closes shortly after birth. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and management of PDA. PDA is more common in preterm infants and left untreated can cause complications like pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, and infections. Treatment involves the use of medications like indomethacin or ibuprofen to close the opening or surgical ligation if medications fail. Nursing care focuses on relieving respiratory distress, improving cardiac output and oxygenation, adequate nutrition, and preventing infections.
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Tricuspid Valvular Heart Disease for post graduates
Tricuspid Valvular Heart Disease for post graduates
Similar to Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis
An 85-year-old female presented with edema, tiredness, and dyspnea at rest. She reported angina and nearly fainting. On examination, she had a weak pulse of 66 beats/min, elevated blood pressure of 145/85 mmHg, a thrill over the carotid artery, and a loud systolic murmur. These findings can be explained by severe aortic stenosis causing a reduced cardiac output, which results in low blood oxygen and pressure, explaining her symptoms. The murmur and thrill are due to restricted blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve during systole.
Supraventricular tachycardia
Most people with supraventricular tachycardia don't need activity restrictions or treatment. For others, lifestyle changes, medication and heart procedures may be needed to control or eliminate the rapid heartbeats and related symptoms.
Types
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) falls into three main groups:
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). This is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia.
Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). AVRT is the second most common type of supraventricular tachycardia. It's most commonly diagnosed in younger people.
Atrial tachycardia. This type of SVT is more commonly diagnosed in people who have heart disease. Atrial tachycardia doesn't involve the AV node.
Other types of supraventricular tachycardia include:
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus nodal reentrant tachycardia (SNRT)
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST)
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET)
Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia (NPJT)
Symptoms
The main symptom of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a very fast heartbeat (100 beats a minute or more) that may last for a few minutes to a few days. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly, with stretches of typical heart rates in between.
Some people with SVT have no signs or symptoms.
Signs and symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia may include:
Very fast (rapid) heartbeat
A fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations)
A pounding sensation in the neck
Weakness or feeling very tired (fatigue)
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Sweating
Fainting (syncope) or near fainting
In infants and very young children, signs and symptoms of SVT may be difficult to identify. They include sweating, poor feeding, pale skin and a rapid pulse. If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, ask your child's care provider about SVT screening.
When to see a doctor
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is generally not life-threatening unless you have heart damage or other heart conditions. However, in extreme cases, an episode of SVT may cause unconsciousness or cardiac arrest.
Call your health care provider if you have an episode of a very fast heartbeat for the first time or if an irregular heartbeat lasts longer than a few seconds.
Some signs and symptoms of SVT may be related to a serious health condition. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have an episode of SVT that lasts for more than a few minutes or if you have an episode with any of the following symptoms:
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Weakness
Dizziness
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Causes
For some people, a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT
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Chf
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1) Aortic stenosis occurs when the aortic valve narrows, obstructing blood flow from the heart into the aorta.
2) It has several causes, including congenital bicuspid valve issues, calcification of normal or rheumatic valves, and rarely atherosclerosis.
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- 1. Aortic Stenosis Abdullatiff Sami Al-Rashed Group 6
- 2. Objectives • Definition. • Etiology. • Epidemiology. • Pathophysiology. • Clinical pictures. • The Case
- 3. Aortic Stenosis • Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a disease of the heart valves in which the opening of the aortic valve is narrowed. • This narrowing prevents the valve from opening fully, which obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta and onward to the rest of your body.
- 6. Etiology Congenital heart defect: Normal aortic valves have three leaves (tricuspid), but some individuals are born with an aortic valve that has two leaves (bicuspid). • Calcium buildup on the valve: In old age, Caused by accumulation of calcium in the valve • Rheumatic fever: More in males
- 8. Epidemiology Age Percentage Over 65 2% Over 75 3% Over 85 4% Type Number of cases congenital Aortic valve stenosis Occurs in 3 of every 1,000 births. Type Number of Cases Rheumatic AS Rare http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/aortic-stenosis-pro http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_stenosis#Epidemi ology
- 9. Pathophysiology 1. Pressure overload causes obstruction to LV outflow, which results in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). 2. With long standing as, the left ventricle dilates, causing progressive lv dysfunction. 3. This end with heart failure due to pressure overload
- 11. Clinical Picture Symptoms: • Dyspnea on exertion. • Angina. • Fainting, weakness, or dizziness with activity. • Palpitations. • Syncope.
- 12. Clinical Picture Signs: • Low pulse pressure. • Sustained apex. • Systolic thrill. • Ejection systolic murmur • Soft delayed aortic component
- 13. The Case • How can these observations be explained? Let’s discuss !
- 14. The Case • A 85 year old women comes to the outpatient clinic because of edema. She is tired and she never ad a full collapse. Her medical history shows no cardiac disease. Physical examination shows BP of 145/85 mmHg, her pulse is weak with rate of 66 beats per minute. There is a thrill over the carotid arteries. Her second heart sound is feeble and a loud systolic murmur has a maximum at the second intercostal space right to the sternum. The murmur is almost is connected to the second heart sound. Physical examination of her lungs is normal and She has no edema
- 15. Important things in the case: • Dyspnea in rest. • History of angina. • Faints, but she never had a full collapse. • No history of cardiac diseases. • BP: 145/85 … Hypertensive. • Weak pulse… 66 beats per min. • Thrill over carotid artery. • 2nd heart sound is feeble. • Loud systolic murmur. • No edema
Editor's Notes
- The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta, the largest artery in the body, which carries the entire output of blood to the systemic circulation.