This document discusses how to determine sex from the human skull. Several features of the skull are sexually dimorphic and can indicate if the skull belonged to a male or female. These features include the supraorbital ridges, orbits, glabella, zygomatic arches, mastoid process, and mandible. In general, male skulls tend to be larger and more robust than female skulls. Each of the sexually dimorphic features are described in terms of typical male and female characteristics. The document also discusses using metrics of the mandible alone to determine sex when the full skull is not available.
whenever and wherever a Disaster takes place in the form of Tsunami, Earthquake, Terrorist attack or Bomb blast the bodies which we get at the crime scene are either damaged or sometimes face cannot be identified.
whenever and wherever a Disaster takes place in the form of Tsunami, Earthquake, Terrorist attack or Bomb blast the bodies which we get at the crime scene are either damaged or sometimes face cannot be identified.
this presentation deals with the forensic aspects of identification using various 2D & 3D techniques, including the facial approximation methods.....
The efforts of Dr. R V Singh and Ms. Alka Gupta in making of this presentation is appreciated..
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Portrait Parle via Bertillon System By G S ShaktawatG.S Shaktawat
The individualization of the human is very hard thing from the ages. People had done or invented certain ways for the proper individualization of the person. The Bertillon System is the first anthropological technique for individualization invented by Sir Bertillon.
This PPT contains the content mainly from the history to the decline of the Bertillon system. And the center point of the PPT is the Portrait Parle or Bertillonage.
this presentation deals with the forensic aspects of identification using various 2D & 3D techniques, including the facial approximation methods.....
The efforts of Dr. R V Singh and Ms. Alka Gupta in making of this presentation is appreciated..
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Portrait Parle via Bertillon System By G S ShaktawatG.S Shaktawat
The individualization of the human is very hard thing from the ages. People had done or invented certain ways for the proper individualization of the person. The Bertillon System is the first anthropological technique for individualization invented by Sir Bertillon.
This PPT contains the content mainly from the history to the decline of the Bertillon system. And the center point of the PPT is the Portrait Parle or Bertillonage.
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Position of the Mental Foramen in a Northern Regional Palestinian PopulationAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Background: The mental foramen is one of important anatomical features frequently encountered
in maxillofacial surgical procedures in premolars area. Its position has been shown to vary according to
race. In this study researchers aim to study the position, shape, and appearance of the mental foramen,
as seen on panoramic radiographs of Palestinians, and to compare our findings with international
values.
Materials and methods: A randomly selected panoramic radiographs (368 with 736 sides)
from the records of dental patients attending three dental services in north of Palestine, the mental
foramina’s anterior–posterior position, shape, and radiologic appearance were subjected to analysis.
Results: The most frequent anterior–posterior position was in the area between the long axes of
first and second mandibular premolar teeth. The most frequent appearance was the continuous type
and majority of foramina were rounded in shape.
Conclusion: The position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in this selected group
of Palestinians was most commonly between the mandibular premolars. The continuous type and
rounded shape of the mental foramen was founded in majority of cases. These results are similar to
previous findings in Caucasian populations.
Antropological Comparision Between Human and Non-human Skeleton RemainsG.S Shaktawat
The skeleton remains can be found at the scene of crime and to confirm the skeleton belongs to human or non human is very important. And for this one should able to do the camparision among them and should drive the investigation in right path. So, In this presentation you will see the some comparisions between human and non human skeleton remains,which is an important topic of the Forensic Anthropology.
ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIATION OF EXTERNAL EAR AND ITS CORRELATION WITH AGEindexPub
Objective: This study was purposed to anthropological variations of external ear in different sexes, and associative changes in male and female external ears according to their height and age. Material and Methods: All possible dimensions of the external ear of 300 people (211 males and 89 females, aged 18 and above, were measured in accordance with standard anthropometric measurement procedures. A total of 7 dimensions i.e. Total Ear Length, Total Ear Width, Lobular Length, and Lobular Width were measured.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. SEX DETERMINATION FROM SKULL
Skull is a bony structure which serves as the general framework for the head.
The skull supports the structures of the face and protects against injury.
Skull can be subdivided into two parts:
1. Cranium
2. Mandible
2. FEATURES THAT INDICATES SEX ARE
1. General appearance
2. Supra orbital ridges
3. Orbitals
4. Glabella
5. Zygomatic arches
6. Mastoid process
7. External occipital protuberance
8. Mandible
4. MALES FEMALES
• When compared, the female skull appears smaller and more
gracile. The male skull is usually larger and more rugged.
GENERALAPPEARANCE OF THE SKULL
5. SUPRAORBITAL RIDGES
• This is the region directly above the orbit and nose,
or the “brow ridge”.
• Less pronounced=female
• More pronounced=male
• Supraorbital ridges are more marked in males.
6. • The frontal bone (forehead) of males tends to be
slanted back and on females it tends to be more
rounded.
• Male skull is larger and has a more sloping
forehead.
9. ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
MALES
The zygomatic arch is more pronounced or
robust, and tends to extend posteriorly
beyond the external auditory meatus.
FEMALES
The zygomatic arch is less pronounced, and
tends to not extend posteriorly beyond the
external auditory meatus.
11. MASTOID PROCESS
MALES
Larger and more blunt.
FEMALES
Smaller and more pointed.
• The mastoid processes are located on the inferior portion of the temporal bone, just posterior
to the external auditory meatus.
13. MALES
Heavier, bone is thicker, areas of muscle
attachment are more defined.
Forehead and brow ridge are less rounded and
slope backwards at a gentler angle.
Eye socket are square with blunt upper eye
margins
Jaw are square and line between the outer edge
of the jaw and the ear is vertical.
Sloping(obtuse) angle of jaw.
FEMALES
Lighter bone is thin ,areas of muscle
attachment are not defined.
Forehead and brow ridge are more rounded.
Eye socket are round with sharp upper eye
margins.
Jaw are pointed and the edge of the jaw
slopes gently towards the ear.
Vertical(acute) angle of the jaw.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE
SKULL
14. CONCLUSION
It can be challenging to identify the sex of an individual purely from
the skull as it may not show all of the characteristics usually found in
one sex, but by looking at each feature and identifying whether a skull
prominently favors one or two characteristics from one sex, we can
make an estimation.
15. MANDIBLE
When remains of human are found the mandible
is one of the most common findings, sometimes
the only bone found.
In cases where the intact skull is not found
mandible may play a vital role in sex
determination as it is the most dimorphic, largest
and strongest bone of the skull.
16. SEX DETERMINATION FROM MANDIBLE
Determination of sex from unknown human bone is an important role in forensic
and anthropology field.
To determine the sex from human skeletal remains the pelvic is the most reliable
source for sex dimorphism among human bones but when a complete pelvis is
absent in such cases other bone such as mandible can be an important aid in
identification. Many researchers claim a sexing accuracy of 80% from the
cranium alone, 90% from the skull and mandible and 98% from the pelvis.
17. The morphometric parameters of dry mandible and radiographic parameters of mandibular bones which
can be used successfully as a tool for sex dimorphism are:-
Ramus
Among the most prominent parameters significant sex dimorphism was the ramus of mandible which
showed differences in ramus breadth and height. From the studies it is concluded that the measured value
for both the parameters were higher for male than females.
Bicondyler width
Bigonial breadth
Mandibular length and chin height value were also evaluated and measurements were higher for males
than females.
19. POSITION OF MANDIBLE FOREMAN
A large number of studies were conducted on the position of mental foramen. It is concluded that a
statistical significant sex difference existed between the superior margins of mental foramina to
crust of the alveolar ridge. It is found the distance to be statistically more in males and can be used
as a tool for sex dimorphism with high accuracy.
75% of morphometric studies of dry mandible showed a positive correlation between sex dimorphism
and mandibular parameters.
It is better to use more number of parameters for higher accuracy in identification of the mandible in
sex dimorphism.
Growing mandible cannot be used as very accurate method in sex differentiation than adult bone.
20. Identification of sex from the available skeletal remains is of great anthropological and medicolegal significance.
The traditional non-metrical method for determination of sex of various parts of the skeleton depends on expert’s
ability and experience. The present study has utilized the parametric analysis like bigonial breadth, bicondylar
breadth and mandibular length for gender determination of South Indian population. The application of these
metrical parameters along with morphological features could be an useful tool for mandible. This may be useful
in treatment of dentofacial conditions. The present study included mandibular index which has not been cited in
earlier studies. More studies involving other group of population could be an additional value to assist in
identification of racial and ethnic differences by using the mandible. Studies with larger samples may help to
correlate gender determination using metric parameters or morphology among South Indian population.
CONCLUSION
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